{"title":"Constrained FCS-MPC-Based Current Controller for Voltage Source Converters: Application to Shunt Active Power Filters","authors":"Shahram Karimi, Hesam Seifinejad, Hassan Moradi, Hossein Bagheri, Siroos Hemmati","doi":"10.1049/elp2.70025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/elp2.70025","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Due to the discrete nature of switching in voltage source converters (VSCs), the finite control set-model predictive control (FCS) can be a proper choice for using in the control system of VSCs. This paper introduces a constrained FCS-based current controller (CFCS-CC) to control VSC output currents. In the proposed CFCS-CC, the objective function is the same as used in the traditional FCS-based current controller (TFCS-CC) and an additional constraint is considered to reduce the average switching frequency. Because only one objective function is used in the suggested current controller, it does not need tunable parameters or weighting factors. Design simplicity and low computational burden are the main advantages of the suggested approach. Because the reference current of shunt active power filters (SAPFs) contains harmonic components, SAPFs require a high-performance current controller. Therefore, the performance of the suggested CFCS-CC is assessed on a three-phase SAPF. The proposed current controller is implemented on field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The results obtained from FPGA in-the-loop simulations and experimental verification show that the suggested CFCS-CC provides a lower switching frequency while maintaining the overall performance of the TFCS-CC, such as fast dynamic response and low total harmonic distortion.</p>","PeriodicalId":13352,"journal":{"name":"Iet Electric Power Applications","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/elp2.70025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143892915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Analytical Prediction of Optimal Split Ratio for Maximum Torque Per Copper Loss in AFPM Machines","authors":"Lingyun Shao, Tao Liu, Zhuoran Zhang, Xueyi Yan, Zhongze Wu, Wei Hua","doi":"10.1049/elp2.70027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/elp2.70027","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) synchronous machine has advantages of high torque density and high efficiency. In the design process, the ratio of inner to outer diameter, that is, the split ratio, directly affects the electromagnetic performance of the AFPM machine, for example, torque, copper loss and efficiency. Due to the three-dimensional magnetic circuit, a fast prediction of the optimal split ratio can significantly reduce the computation load for machine optimization. This paper proposes an analytical method for quickly predicting the optimal split ratio <i>λ</i><sub><i>opt</i></sub> for the maximum torque per copper loss for the AFPM machine. Different from the existing analytically predicted optimal split ratio <i>λ</i><sub><i>opt</i></sub> for the maximum torque, that is, <i>λ</i><sub><i>opt</i></sub> ≈ 0.58, it is found that the optimal split ratio <i>λ</i><sub><i>opt</i></sub> for the maximum torque per copper loss depends on the stator slot number <i>Q</i>, that is, <i>λ</i><sub><i>opt</i></sub> increases with a larger <i>Q</i>, whilst the rotor pole number 2<i>p</i> has little influence on <i>λ</i><sub><i>opt</i></sub>. The accuracy of the proposed prediction method is verified by finite element analysis, and the absolute error is ≤ 1.1%.</p>","PeriodicalId":13352,"journal":{"name":"Iet Electric Power Applications","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/elp2.70027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Litong Zheng, Yuhan Guo, Xin Zhao, Xiuyu Zhang, Hongwei Li
{"title":"Optimal Trajectory-Based Thermal Balance Control Strategy of Wide Input Voltage Dual Resonant Cavity LLC Converter for Vehicle Power Supply","authors":"Litong Zheng, Yuhan Guo, Xin Zhao, Xiuyu Zhang, Hongwei Li","doi":"10.1049/elp2.70036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/elp2.70036","url":null,"abstract":"<p>DC-DC converters in electric vehicles require a wide input voltage range to address voltage fluctuations in power batteries. Thus, this paper proposes a dual resonant cavity converter to achieve a wide input voltage range. Firstly, three different modes are proposed by reconfiguring modulation schemes. The fundamental wave analysis method is used to derive different voltage gain models under three modes. Under this effect, wide input voltage characteristics are achieved by switching between these modes. Meanwhile, the sliding mode control is used to determine the switching frequency. Compared with the traditional control, the dynamic response speed is significantly improved. Moreover, the optimal trajectory-based thermal balance control strategy is proposed to achieve balanced heat production. Therein, optimal trajectory control is used to determine the switching of resonant cavity and topology modes. Therefore, the safety of the converter can be improved due to thermal balance. At the same time, both the resonant current and output voltage fluctuations during mode switching are significantly reduced. Finally, the correctness and feasibility of the proposed topology and strategy are verified through simulation and experimental results.</p>","PeriodicalId":13352,"journal":{"name":"Iet Electric Power Applications","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/elp2.70036","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143871760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dileep Kumar Kana Padinharu, Guang-Jin Li, Guang-Bo Zhang, Zi-Qiang Zhu, Peng Wang, Richard Clark, Ziad Azar
{"title":"Direct-Drive Vernier Machine With Innovative Stator Design for Enhanced Demagnetisation Withstand Capability","authors":"Dileep Kumar Kana Padinharu, Guang-Jin Li, Guang-Bo Zhang, Zi-Qiang Zhu, Peng Wang, Richard Clark, Ziad Azar","doi":"10.1049/elp2.70032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/elp2.70032","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper proposes a Vernier machine with an improved stator design that adopts open stator slots and permanent magnets installed on both the rotor and stator. Compared to an existing Vernier machine in the literature, referred to as Design 1, the exclusive stator slots for permanent magnets in the proposed machine help mitigate demagnetisation issues by physically isolating the windings and the magnets. Additionally, the open stator slot design facilitates the installation of form-wound coils which is desirable for large generators used in direct-drive wind power applications. Using 2-dimensional finite element analysis, the proposed design is compared with a conventional surface-mounted permanent magnet machine, a conventional Vernier machine and Design 1. The findings indicate that the proposed Vernier machine uses both odd and even harmonics to generate torque, and it can exhibit superior electromagnetic performance, including torque and efficiency, compared to the conventional surface-mounted permanent magnet machine and conventional Vernier machines and demonstrate comparable electromagnetic performance to Design 1. Furthermore, to enhance the torque-to-mass ratio of the proposed Vernier machine, through-slots below the stator magnets are introduced and found to be effective without significantly compromising torque and efficiency. The simulations have been validated by experiments based on a prototype.</p>","PeriodicalId":13352,"journal":{"name":"Iet Electric Power Applications","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/elp2.70032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143871686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modelling and Simulation of a Novel Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Hysteresis Motor Comparing Different Disc Structures","authors":"Hashem Yousefi Javid, Aydin Yousefi Javid","doi":"10.1049/elp2.70008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/elp2.70008","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Conventional radial flux permanent magnet hysteresis motor has the advantages of both permanent magnet and hysteresis motor types in starting and steady states. Compared to radial flux, the structure of axial flux motor has many advantages such as high efficiency and torque in similar dimensions, adjustable air-gap and the ability to multi-stack. In this paper, a new structure of axial flux permanent magnet hysteresis motor is presented. To achieve this structure, first, different proposed structures on a disc of axial flux hysteresis motor were analysed by using the elliptical model in finite element software. The motor that has the highest torque in the similar dimensions as well as a simple structure is selected. Next, the equations of the proposed motor are presented. Then, considering the importance of the hysteresis modelling method, using the precise method of the Preisach model, finite element analysis for starting and steady states is made and the results are compared. The results show a considerable increase in the steady state torque compared to the torque of the initial hysteresis motor as well as a favourable starting torque.</p>","PeriodicalId":13352,"journal":{"name":"Iet Electric Power Applications","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/elp2.70008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143865956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Fast Calculation Method of 3D Temperature Field of Oil-Immersed Transformer Based on Point Cloud U-Net++ Neural Network","authors":"Rongyun Fu, Yunpeng Liu, Kexin Liu, Gang Liu, Liwei Jiang, Haoyu Liu, Shuguo Gao","doi":"10.1049/elp2.70026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/elp2.70026","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To address the challenges in real-time 3D temperature field analysis for intelligent power systems, we propose a fast calculation method based on point cloud U-net++ neural network. Taking a 35 kV oil-immersed transformer as an example, initially, we input key temperature-influencing factors into our algorithm. These input features are randomly combined in a limited range according to a specific step. The sets of 3D temperature are computed by Fluent on the Jinan Shanhe supercomputing platform. And the three-dimensional mathematical model is then converted into point clouds. Finally, we determined the optimal hyperparameters and proceeded with parameter training, evaluation and debugging. The results demonstrate that the method proposed can reduce single calculation time to 0.04 s with the vast majority of the error in the region of 0K or so, significantly improving the efficiency of the calculation. Meanwhile, the U-net++ neural network also achieves significantly higher accuracy than the U-net network. To validate the algorithm's effectiveness, we establish a platform for assessing the temperature increase. The experimental results indicate that the temperature rise trend from U-net++ neural network calculations aligns closely with the experimental data, and the temperature difference is within only 4K.</p>","PeriodicalId":13352,"journal":{"name":"Iet Electric Power Applications","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/elp2.70026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143865957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jingxia Wang, Shicheng Cao, Wei Qin, Ming Cheng, Qingqing Yuan, Kun Xia, Wei Yu
{"title":"PM Eddy Current Loss Calculation Based on Magductance for FSPM Machine","authors":"Jingxia Wang, Shicheng Cao, Wei Qin, Ming Cheng, Qingqing Yuan, Kun Xia, Wei Yu","doi":"10.1049/elp2.70034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/elp2.70034","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper proposes a novel model for calculating eddy current losses (ECL) in permanent magnets (PMs) using the principle of magductance. The focus is on integrating magductance elements into the 2D electromagnetic field finite element method (FEM) analysis, thereby enabling simultaneous consideration of eddy current reactions, iron nonlinearity and saturation effects. The proposed method is based on the 2D distribution of eddy currents within the PMs, accounting for both axial and radial segmentations. Firstly, the analytical expression for the magductance corresponding to the PM eddy current reaction in a flux switched permanent magnet (FSPM) motor is derived based on the magductance principle. Secondly, the magductance is integrated into the 2D electromagnetic field FEM model with equivalent windings corresponding to the magductance added to the model. According to the magductance principle, the Joule losses of the magductance windings can be regarded as the PM ECL. Finally, the accuracy of the proposed method is validated through 3D electromagnetic field FEM analysis and experimental results.</p>","PeriodicalId":13352,"journal":{"name":"Iet Electric Power Applications","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/elp2.70034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143856692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Research on Torque Ripple Suppression of Open-Winding BLDCM Based on Zero Vector","authors":"Weiyang Ding, Jianfei Yang, Xin Qiu, Lun Hu, Guoyang Qi","doi":"10.1049/elp2.70028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/elp2.70028","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Brushless DC motors (BLDCM) are widely utilised due to their simple mechanical structure and high power density. To enhance energy efficiency, environmental sustainability and control flexibility, open-winding brushless DC motors (OW-BLDCM) have been introduced. Direct torque control (DTC) is an efficient control strategy for BLDCM; however, the nonsinusoidal back electromotive force and phase-off operation characteristics of OW-BLDCM present fundamental theoretical challenges for its implementation. This paper investigates these challenges from both mechanistic and physical perspectives. The commutation current paths under zero-voltage vector conditions are analysed, and an optimised zero-voltage vector selection strategy is proposed to prevent simultaneous three-phase conduction and phase current reversal, thereby mitigating commutation torque ripple. Additionally, a duty-cycle control algorithm is introduced to further reduce torque ripple within each sector. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed zero-voltage vector strategy effectively reduces torque ripple by 27.8% by eliminating undesirable current behaviours. Further application of the duty-cycle control algorithm achieves an additional 26.9% reduction in torque ripple. These findings validate the theoretical analysis and confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method, providing a solid foundation for the future application of modern control strategies in OW-BLDCM.</p>","PeriodicalId":13352,"journal":{"name":"Iet Electric Power Applications","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/elp2.70028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143849221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Analysis of Mechanical Characteristics and Operation Risk of Synchronous Condenser Rotor Under Dynamic Conditions With Typical Fault","authors":"Minghan Ma, Hao Wang, Yucai Wu, Xinkai Zhu","doi":"10.1049/elp2.70030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/elp2.70030","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To address the safety concerns regarding the mechanical performance of the rotor, a coupled electromagnetic–structural–fatigue simulation model is established to investigate the impact of transient shock processes under rotor interturn short circuit (RISC) and static air-gap eccentricity (SAGE) faults on the dynamic response and fatigue damage of the rotor shaft system during forced excitation operation of the synchronous condenser. First, the unbalanced magnetic pull (UMP) acting on the rotor is theoretically derived and its magnitude is obtained through electromagnetic simulation, followed by the calculation of the rotor's vibration response and corresponding experimental validation. Subsequently, a coupled electromagnetic–structural–fatigue simulation model is established to analyse the stress distribution of the rotor and verify its transient load-bearing capacity. Finally, a fatigue simulation is conducted to evaluate the impact of forced excitation fault operation on the rotor's service life. The results show that the rotor can maintain stable vibration in normal operation, and the amplitude of rotor characteristic frequency vibration increases during fault. Forced excitation operation with faults has a significant effect on the fatigue damage of the rotor shaft system. As the degree of fault increases, the fatigue life of the rotor shaft system decreases sharply.</p>","PeriodicalId":13352,"journal":{"name":"Iet Electric Power Applications","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/elp2.70030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143840637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammad Afrank, Mohammad Amirkhani, Ehsan Farmahini Farahani, Mojtaba Mirsalim, Nick J. Baker
{"title":"Comprehensive Analysis of Alternative Magnet Configurations in a Biased-Flux Machine","authors":"Mohammad Afrank, Mohammad Amirkhani, Ehsan Farmahini Farahani, Mojtaba Mirsalim, Nick J. Baker","doi":"10.1049/elp2.70014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/elp2.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Biased-flux motors are a type of electric machine that operate in an unconventional manner but can offer structural and performance advantages over more conventional topologies. Achieving a suitable design in this relatively uncommon topology requires identifying the effect of various factors on its performance. Even small changes in the structure and magnet configuration can have a significant impact on performance. In this paper, the magnet configuration, flux barriers and bridges are investigated to try and improve the performance of a baseline biased-flux motor. The details of the structure and operating principles are explained, and structures are optimised for torque production in a fixed volume. The no-load and full-load operations of alternative variants are studied in terms of cogging torque, flux density, flux line, torque profiles and overload capability. Moreover, a complete comparison has been made between split-magnet and single-magnet topologies in an intermodular permanent magnet motor. The magnetic stresses on the PMs are studied to assess the demagnetisation risks. It has been explained how splitting the magnets and introducing flux barriers increase the torque density and flux bridges decrease the demagnetisation risk. To better analyse the PM demagnetisation, a thermal study is carried out, and the PMs' B-H curve is modified accordingly. A comparative study is also conducted with other stator-permanent magnet motors to better assess the demagnetisation behaviour of the proposed topologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":13352,"journal":{"name":"Iet Electric Power Applications","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/elp2.70014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}