Immunity, Inflammation and Disease最新文献

{"title":"Oligonucleotide-Based Modulation of Macrophage Polarization: Emerging Strategies in Immunotherapy","authors":"Hanfu Zhang,&nbsp;Yizhi Yu,&nbsp;Cheng Qian","doi":"10.1002/iid3.70200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iid3.70200","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Recent advances in immunotherapy have spotlighted macrophages as central mediators of disease treatment. Their polarization into pro‑inflammatory (M1) or anti‑inflammatory (M2) states critically influences outcomes in cancer, autoimmunity, and chronic inflammation. Oligonucleotides have emerged as highly specific, scalable, and cost‑effective agents for reprogramming macrophage phenotypes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To review oligonucleotide strategies—including ASOs, siRNAs, miRNA mimics/inhibitors, and aptamers—for directing macrophage polarization and their therapeutic implications.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Review Scope</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We examine key signaling pathways governing M1/M2 phenotypes, describe four classes of oligonucleotides and their mechanisms, and highlight representative preclinical and clinical applications.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Key Insights</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Agents such as AZD9150, MRX34, and AS1411 demonstrate macrophage reprogramming in cancer, inflammation, and infection models. Advances in ligand‑conjugated nanoparticles and chemical modifications improve delivery and stability, yet immunogenicity, off‑target effects, and formulation challenges remain significant barriers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Future Perspectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Optimizing delivery platforms, enhancing molecular stability, and rigorous safety profiling are critical. Integration with emerging modalities—such as engineered CAR‑macrophages—will enable precise, disease‑specific interventions, and advance oligonucleotide‑guided macrophage modulation toward clinical translation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13289,"journal":{"name":"Immunity, Inflammation and Disease","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/iid3.70200","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143908932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the Serum Protein Landscape in Celiac Disease: Current Evidence and Future Directions","authors":"Sajjad Bakhtiari,&nbsp;Behrooz Ahmadi,&nbsp;Nastaran Asri,&nbsp;Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani,&nbsp;Somayeh Jahani-Sherafat,&nbsp;Andrea Masotti,&nbsp;Mohammad Rostami-Nejad","doi":"10.1002/iid3.70169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iid3.70169","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by an abnormal immune response to gluten, leading to intestinal inflammation and various clinical manifestations. Serum proteins are increasingly recognized as potential biomarkers in CD, reflecting inflammation, malabsorption, and immune activation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This review aims to elucidate the role of serum proteins in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of CD, emphasizing their potential as noninvasive biomarkers and therapeutic targets.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A comprehensive review of current literature was conducted, focusing on key serum proteins such as albumin, transthyretin (TTR), transferrin, β2-microglobulin (β2M), C-reactive protein (CRP), and immunoglobulins. Their alterations in CD and their relevance to disease activity, nutritional status, and treatment response were examined.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>CD-related inflammation leads to increased acute-phase proteins (e.g., CRP) and decreased transport proteins (e.g., albumin, TTR, transferrin), contributing to malnutrition and anemia. TTR serves as a sensitive marker of nutritional status, while transferrin levels correlate with iron deficiency, a common CD complication. Immunoglobulin profiles reflect immune responses to gluten. These proteins provide insights into CD pathophysiology and offer potential utility for diagnosis and monitoring.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Serum proteins represent promising biomarkers for CD diagnosis and management, with potential for integration into clinical practice. Further research is necessary to validate their utility in routine patient care and explore their role in personalized therapeutic strategies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13289,"journal":{"name":"Immunity, Inflammation and Disease","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/iid3.70169","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143908952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research Progress of Plasma Cell Mastitis","authors":"Zhebin Liang,&nbsp;Lifeng Zhang","doi":"10.1002/iid3.70199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iid3.70199","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Plasma cell mastitis (PCM), also termed mammary duct ectasia, is a chronic nonbacterial inflammatory disease characterized by mammary duct dilation and plasma cell infiltration. Due to its varied and nonspecific clinical presentation, PCM is frequently misdiagnosed as breast cancer, complicating clinical management.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This review aims to summarize recent advances in the understanding of PCM, focusing on its etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment strategies, as well as clarifying differential diagnostic points with granulomatous mastitis (GLM).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We reviewed recent literature highlighting clinical characteristics, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic options related to PCM, including comparative studies addressing differences between PCM and GLM.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Recent progress has enhanced understanding of PCM's clinical and pathological features, yet distinguishing PCM from GLM remains clinically challenging due to overlapping presentations. An integrated approach involving clinical evaluation, imaging modalities, and histopathological examination is recommended to improve diagnostic accuracy and clinical outcomes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Further investigation into the pathogenesis of PCM is essential for developing more precise diagnostic criteria and effective treatments, ultimately improving patient prognosis and reducing misdiagnosis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13289,"journal":{"name":"Immunity, Inflammation and Disease","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/iid3.70199","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143880129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EGCG Regulates the Effect of HDAC6 on Oxidative Stress of Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts Induced by Lipopolysaccharide","authors":"Yang Jie,&nbsp;Liu Xia,&nbsp;Peng ZeHui,&nbsp;Long YuanZhu,&nbsp;Chen Bin,&nbsp;Li Yaohua,&nbsp;Gao Si,&nbsp;Bai GuoHui,&nbsp;Liu JianGuo,&nbsp;Fan Qin","doi":"10.1002/iid3.70198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iid3.70198","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has anti-inflammatory and antioxidative stress effects in periodontitis. However, the specific mechanisms involved remain unclear. Our study explored whether the mechanism by which EGCG on alleviates inflammation and oxidative stress in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLCs) involves HDAC6.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We treated hPDLCs with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and EGCG, and detected the resultant effects on cell proliferation by the CCK-8 method. Cells were divided into three groups: control, LPS, and EGCG + LPS. The expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected using 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. The expression of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), p62, heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), Kelch-like ECH-associating protein (Keap1), nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase-1(HO-1) mRNA was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The protein expression of HDAC6, Nrf2, and nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) was detected by western blotting.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>At concentrations of less than 100 μmol/L, EGCG can promote cell proliferation and significantly inhibit the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β. Moreover, EGCG can activate the Nrf2 pathway and inhibit ROS production. Furthermore, EGCG inhibited the expression of HDAC6 and promoted the expression of p62 and Hsp70, indicating that the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of EGCG are closely related to HDAC6.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>EGCG can regulate LPS-induced oxidative stress levels of hPDLCs through the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and reduce the expression of HDAC6-related factors. Therefore, HDAC6 may be a potential target for EGCG in the treatment of periodontal inflammation and oxidative stress.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13289,"journal":{"name":"Immunity, Inflammation and Disease","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/iid3.70198","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143880128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Relationship of Platelets With the Clinical Manifestations and Serologic Markers in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Single-Center Retrospective Study","authors":"Jinlu Ma,&nbsp;Lin Zhang,&nbsp;Mengxue Yan,&nbsp;Zhichun Liu,&nbsp;Leixi Xue","doi":"10.1002/iid3.70201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iid3.70201","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Thrombocytopenia is a common clinical manifestation of Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and platelets may play a central role in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. The study aimed to investigate the relationship between platelet count and clinical manifestations and serologic markers in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This single-center retrospective study extracted demographic data, blood cell counts, complement (C) levels, autoantibody profiles, and clinical presentation information from the electronic medical records of patients with SLE. The SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI 2000) score was calculated, and Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the correlation between platelet count and other variables.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 418 patients with SLE were included in the study. The platelet count was correlated with hemoglobin, complement 3 (C3), and C4 levels; leukocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts; and the SLEDAI 2000 score. In patients with SLE with thrombocytopenia, the platelet count was associated with the hemoglobin level and a positive direct Coombs' test. The platelet count in patients with SLE without thrombocytopenia was significantly lower compared with the healthy controls, and the platelet count in this group was correlated with C3 and C4 levels, as well as the leukocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts. The disease characteristics of patients with SLE with thrombocytopenia differed from those of patients with SLE without thrombocytopenia, whereas the clinical features were essentially the same between patients with mild to moderate SLE-associated thrombocytopenia and patients with severe SLE-associated thrombocytopenia.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Patients with SLE can be categorized into two groups with different clinical features based on the presence or absence of thrombocytopenia. Furthermore, the platelet count correlates with other blood cell counts and complement levels, particularly in patients with SLE without thrombocytopenia.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13289,"journal":{"name":"Immunity, Inflammation and Disease","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/iid3.70201","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143861556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of COVID-19 on Renal Transplant Recipients in a National Transplant Center","authors":"Pooja Koirala,&nbsp;Pukar Chandra Shrestha,&nbsp;Sugat Ratna Tuladhar,&nbsp;Kalpana Kumari Shrestha,&nbsp;Kopila Dahal","doi":"10.1002/iid3.70187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iid3.70187","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Renal transplant recipients are at higher risk of COVID-19 infection due to chronic comorbidities and immunocompromised state. Limited information is available in Nepal regarding this infection among organ transplantation patients.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 601 patients to assess the impact of COVID-19 among patients who underwent renal transplant surgery at Shahid Dharmabhakta National Transplant Center (SDNTC), Bhaktapur. All the renal transplant patients who were COVID-19 confirmed through PCR tests were included. A self-developed, semi-structured telephone interview schedule was utilized for data collection.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Among the patients who responded to our telephone calls, more than a quarter (37.9%) were diagnosed as COVID-19 positive. The mortality rate was relatively low at 5.7% overall, but significantly higher at 14.9% among those with COVID-19 positive. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus were the top two comorbid conditions. The common reporting symptom was fever followed by cough. Interestingly, 23.7% of COVID-19-positive patients were hospitalized, and among them, 72.2% were admitted for more than 2 days. Notably, 65.8% of the COVID-19 patients were not vaccinated and among vaccinated ones, only 17.1% of patients were fully vaccinated. The most common vaccine was Vero Cell. There was sixfold increased chance of COVID-19 infection among unvaccinated patients than vaccinated ones. However, there was no significant association between mortality and age, sex, occupation and vaccination status.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study highlights the heightened vulnerability of renal transplant recipients to COVID-19 as significant portion of the studied patients tested positive for COVID-19, with a notable mortality rate among these patients. The findings underscore the critical role of vaccination, as a considerable number of the COVID-19 positive patients were unvaccinated.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13289,"journal":{"name":"Immunity, Inflammation and Disease","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/iid3.70187","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143846133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to “Dexamethasone and Potassium Canrenoate Alleviate Hyperalgesia by Competitively Regulating Il-6/JAK2/STAT3 Signaling Pathway During Inflammatory Pain In Vivo and In Vitro”","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/iid3.70197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iid3.70197","url":null,"abstract":"<p>J. Liu, X. Xie, K. Qin, L. Xu, J. Peng, X. Li, X. Li and Z. Liu. “Dexamethasone and potassium Canrenoate Alleviate Hyperalgesia by Competitively Regulating Il-6/JAK2/STAT3 Signaling Pathway During Inflammatory Pain In Vivo and In Vitro,” <i>Immunity, Inflammation and Disease</i> 10, no. 11 (2022): e721, https://doi.org/10.1002/iid3.721.</p><p>In Figure 4, the immunoblot band of Cox-2 (Figure 4A) and the bar chart of Cox-2 (Figure 4I) are incorrect. The correct Figure 4 is presented below.</p><p><b>Corrected</b> Figure 4</p><p>Additionally, the legend for Figure 4 is corrected (change is shown in bold):</p><p>IL-6-induced signaling pathway and inflammation-related protein changes were assessed in the spinal cord by Western blotting. (A–I): Levels of IL-6, IL-6Rα, JAK-2, pJAK-2, STAT3, pSTAT3 (Ser727), MIF, and Cox-2 proteins in the spinal cord following intraplantar injection of Dexa (100 μg), Cane (200 μg), and the combination (Dexa 100 μg + Cane 200 μg). After intraplantar injection of Dexa and/or Cane, the IL-6, pJAK2, pSTAT3 protein expression levels were reduced in FCA-treated rats, and STAT3, MIF, Cox-2 did not change between groups (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05). Values were normalized against GAPDH and expressed as a percentage of control. Data are expressed as mean ± SD (<b><i>n</i> = 5–6</b>). *<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05; **<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01; ***<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001. Statistical comparisons were conducted using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni's test. ANOVA, analysis of variance; Cane, potassium canrenoate; Cox-2, cyclooxygenase-2; Dexa, dexamethasone; FCA, Freund's complete adjuvant; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-6Rα, interleukin 6 receptor α; IOD, integrated optical density; JAK2, Janus kinase 2; MIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor; STAT3, Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3.</p><p>The corrections do not change the results and conclusions. The authors apologize for this error.</p>","PeriodicalId":13289,"journal":{"name":"Immunity, Inflammation and Disease","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/iid3.70197","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143846134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune Checkpoint Molecules: A Review on Pathways and Immunotherapy Implications","authors":"Erfan Rezazadeh-Gavgani,&nbsp;Reza Majidazar,&nbsp;Parisa Lotfinejad,&nbsp;Tohid Kazemi,&nbsp;Ali Shamekh","doi":"10.1002/iid3.70196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iid3.70196","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Background&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Today, treating cancer patients with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), by targeting immune checkpoints, is one of the most outstanding immunotherapeutic methods. Immune checkpoints are special molecules having regulatory role in immune system responses. Once these molecules are presented on cancer cells, these cells will be capable of evading the immune system through their own specific pathways. This Evasion can be prevented by counterbalancing immune system responses with immune checkpoints related antibodies.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Aims&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;The current study aimed to highlight immunotherapy and its methods, describe the immune checkpoints pathways, outline the immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and recent advances in this field, and sketch an outlook on the best treatment options for the most prevalent cancers.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Materials &amp; Methods&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;This research implemented a narrative review method. A comprehensive literature review on the history, molecular and cellular biology, and the clinical aspects of immune checkpoint molecules was performed to illustrate the pathways involved in various cancers. Also, currently-available and future potential immunotherapies targeting these pathways were extracted from the searched studies.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Results&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;The immune checkpoint family consists of many molecules, including CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1, LAG-3, TIM-3, and TIGIT. Attempts to modify these molecules in cancer treatment led to the development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Most of these antibodies have entered clinical studies and some of them have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to be used in cancer patients' treatment plans.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Discussion&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;With these novel treatments and the combination therapies they offer, there is also hope for better treatment outcomes for the previously untreatable metastatic cancers. In spite of the beneficial aspects of immune checkpoint therapy, similar to other treatments, they may cause side effects in some patients. Therefore, more studies are needed to reduce the probable side effects and uncover their underlying mechanism.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Based on the data shown in this review, there is still a lack of knowledge about the co","PeriodicalId":13289,"journal":{"name":"Immunity, Inflammation and Disease","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/iid3.70196","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143840929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk of Serious Infections in Patients Treated With Biologic or Targeted-synthetic Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs in Qatar","authors":"Sreethish Sasi,&nbsp;Hamad Abdel Hadi,&nbsp;Masautso Chaponda,&nbsp;Reem El Ajez,&nbsp;Mohamed Ataelmanan,&nbsp;Sief Khasawneh,&nbsp;Hind Saqallah,&nbsp;Maisa Ali,&nbsp;Nabeel Abdulla,&nbsp;Javed Iqbal,&nbsp;Ali S. Omrani,&nbsp;Muna Al Maslamani,&nbsp;Abdullatif Al-Khal","doi":"10.1002/iid3.70195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iid3.70195","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Biologic and targeted-synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (b/tsDMARDs), are pivotal in the management of autoimmune-inflammatory disorders, acting by suppressing pathological immune activation. Because of associated immune dysfunction, opportunistic or serious infections (SIs), and latent disease reactivation is frequently reported. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology, risk factors, and outcomes of SIs in patients treated with b/tsDMARDs in Qatar.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A retrospective cohort study was conducted at Hamad Medical Corporation, including all the patients treated with one of 10 b/tsDMARDs, between January 2017 and July 2021. Besides descriptive statistics, the Chi-square test and Kaplan–Meyer survival analysis were used for statistical analysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Out of 1092 patients, 86 (7.9%) had SIs, with an incidence rate of 39.4 per 1000 patient years. Mean duration of onset was 10.8 months post-initiation of therapy. Younger age groups (18–52 years) were predominantly affected. A significant association was observed between the primary diagnosis (rheumatological followed by gastrointestinal, neurological, and dermatological disorders) and the occurrence of SIs (<i>χ</i>² = 9.512, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.050). Adalimumab and infliximab had a higher risk of SIs compared to other b/tsDMARDs. There was no significant difference between TNF-inhibitors and others. Ocrelizumab was significantly associated with incidence of COVID-19 SIs (<i>χ</i>² = 16.84, <i>p</i> = 0.0000408), and etanercept with <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> SIs (<i>χ</i>² = 17.51, <i>p</i> = 0.0000285). Predominant infection sites were skin–soft tissue and respiratory tract. Most of the SIs were secondary to either bacteria (43%) or viruses (17.4%). The mean duration of hospitalization was 9 days, and 7% of patients required critical care, with no recorded 90-day mortality.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Patients with inflammatory conditions managed with b/tsDMARDs are at significant risk of SIs, which necessitate appropriate patient selection weighing benefits and risks, as well as careful long-term management that include patient education and relevant preventive therapy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13289,"journal":{"name":"Immunity, Inflammation and Disease","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/iid3.70195","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143831241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness and Safety of Simnotrelvir/Ritonavir and Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir in the Treatment of Moderate to Severe COVID-19","authors":"Xin Chen,&nbsp;Xiao-Qing Lin,&nbsp;Fang Cheng,&nbsp;Shi-Lin Zheng,&nbsp;Qiang Zhang,&nbsp;Te Wu,&nbsp;Xian-Gao Jiang,&nbsp;Ji-Chan Shi","doi":"10.1002/iid3.70174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iid3.70174","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background and Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Simnotrelvir/ritonavir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir are major treatments for COVID-19, but their comparative efficacy and safety, especially in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19, remain unclear.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This was a retrospective cohort study using electronic medical record data. From May 30, 2023, to October 8, 2023, 115 patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 were retrospectively collected from Wenzhou Central Hospital. They were treated with simnotrelvir/ritonavir or nirmatrelvir/ritonavir. The clinical effectiveness and adverse reactions were analyzed and compared between the two groups.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 115 hospitalized patients were included in the study. They were 65 (56.5%) men and 50 (43.5%) women, with a mean age of 61 years. 58 (50.4%) were treated with simnotrelvir/ritonavir and 57 (49.6%) with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir. There was a similar rate of composite disease progression (10.3% vs. 7.0%, <i>χ</i>² = 0.401, <i>p</i> = 0.527) and mortality (5.2% vs. 3.5%, <i>χ</i>² = 0.191, <i>p</i> = 0.662) between the two groups. The progression rate from moderate COVID-19 to severe COVID-19 was not significantly different between the two groups (4.5% vs. 6.4%, <i>χ</i>² = 0.148, <i>p</i> = 0.701). Median time for hospitalization was 7.0 (6.0, 8.0) days and 9.0 (8.0, 10.0) days (<i>p</i> = 0.338), and time for SARS-CoV-2 negative conversion was 6.0 (6.0, 7.0) days and 7.0 (6.0, 7.0) days (<i>p</i> = 0.934) in the simnotrelvir/ritonavir group and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir group, respectively. Among moderate patients, time for hospitalization was shorter in the simnotrelvir/ritonavir group [6.0 (6.0, 7.0) vs. 8.0 (8.0, 10.0) days, log-rank <i>p</i> = 0.004, HR = 1.838 (95% CI 1.199–2.815)]. And 5 (8.6%) had adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in the simnotrelvir/ritonavir group and 6 (10.5%) had ADRs in the nirmatrelvir/ritonavir group.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This is the first study comparing the effectiveness of simnotrelvir/ritonavir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in moderate and severe COVID-19 patients. Patients who received simnotrelvir/ritonavir exhibited shorter hospitalization. Disease progression, viral clearance times, and symptom resolution time were similar between the two groups.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13289,"journal":{"name":"Immunity, Inflammation and Disease","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/iid3.70174","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}