IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques最新文献_第9页

Efficient Beam–Wave Conversion in an X-Band Coaxial Dual-Mode Relativistic Cherenkov Oscillator Under Low Magnetic Field 低磁场下x波段同轴双模相对论切伦科夫振荡器的有效波束转换

IF 4.5 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3553398

Rujin Deng;Xingjun Ge;Fangchao Dang;Peng Zhang;Fuxiang Yang;Jiawen Li;Hang Chi;Baoliang Qian

{"title":"Efficient Beam–Wave Conversion in an X-Band Coaxial Dual-Mode Relativistic Cherenkov Oscillator Under Low Magnetic Field","authors":"Rujin Deng;Xingjun Ge;Fangchao Dang;Peng Zhang;Fuxiang Yang;Jiawen Li;Hang Chi;Baoliang Qian","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3553398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3553398","url":null,"abstract":"In order to reduce the volume and energy consumption of high-power microwave (HPM) systems, HPM sources with low guiding magnetic fields have become one of the most important trends. However, the beam-wave conversion efficiency of such devices is typically low due to the divergence of the electron beam, which lacks the constraint of a high magnetic field. Here, we investigate a coaxial dual-mode relativistic Cherenkov oscillator (RCO) that exhibits efficient beam-wave interaction at a low guiding magnetic field. On the one hand, the space charge effect of electrons can be reduced by increasing the radius of the device; on the other hand, dual-mode operation can be achieved for efficient beam-wave conversion, while the competition of higher order modes from large radii can be avoided by introducing a coaxial inner conductor to the slow wave structure (SWS). In particle simulations, a guiding magnetic field of only 0.33 T has been demonstrated to confine the electron beam, resulting in an output microwave power of 1.98 GW and a beam-wave conversion efficiency of approximately 43% when the diode voltage and diode current are 510 kV and 9 kA, respectively. Moreover, preliminary validation experiments were conducted, wherein microwaves with a power of 1.71 GW were generated with a beam-wave conversion efficiency of 36%. The experimental results obtained under low magnetic fields provide a high degree of confidence that the size and weight of HPM systems utilizing this device will be significantly reduced.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"6275-6286"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dual-Channel Balanced-to-Unbalanced Filtering Power Dividers With Equal and Unequal Division Ratios Using Hybrid Coaxial-Dielectric Resonators 采用混合同轴-介电谐振器的等分频和非等分频比双通道平衡-不平衡滤波功率分压器

IF 4.5 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3550358

Hui-Yang Li;Jin-Xu Xu;Xiu Yin Zhang

{"title":"Dual-Channel Balanced-to-Unbalanced Filtering Power Dividers With Equal and Unequal Division Ratios Using Hybrid Coaxial-Dielectric Resonators","authors":"Hui-Yang Li;Jin-Xu Xu;Xiu Yin Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3550358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3550358","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we propose a method to design the dual-channel balanced-to-unbalanced (BTU) filtering power divider with equal and unequal division ratios. The whole circuit consists of one quad-mode dielectric resonator (DR), two single-mode DRs, and two coaxial resonators. By using these hybrid coaxial and DRs, the proposed design integrates two filtering channels into one circuit, where each channel contains functions of the balun, filter, and power divider, achieving high integration. The integration of the balun circuit function for balanced-to-unbalanced signal conversion is enabled by using electromagnetic-field properties of the two single-mode TM01-mode DRs without increasing the circuit complexity. With two rotated L-shape metal probes as nonresonant nodes, the four modes of the quad-mode DR are divided into two sets and then separately coupled to the two single-mode DRs. The metal probe is loaded to each coaxial resonator to enable coupling between the coaxial resonator and quad-mode DR for the dual-channel circuit operation. Moreover, multiple feeding ports are simply arranged to the coaxial resonators to integrate the power divider function with equal and unequal power division ratios. Then, two channels of balanced-to-unbalanced filtering power dividers are realized in one circuit with high integration. For verification, design examples with equal and unequal power division ratios are provided. A 1:1:2 dual-channel filtering power divider is fabricated and measured with a high common-mode (CM) suppression, good bandpass responses, an accurate power division ratio, and high isolation between two-circuit channels.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"6578-6588"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Low-Phase-Noise Negative-Resistance Oscillator Design Based on Phase-Noise Synthesis Technique 基于相位噪声合成技术的低相位噪声负阻振荡器设计

IF 4.5 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3552322

Menghan Sun;Di Lu;Baoqi Zhu;Weiming Ma;Kwan L. Yeung;Ming Yu

{"title":"Low-Phase-Noise Negative-Resistance Oscillator Design Based on Phase-Noise Synthesis Technique","authors":"Menghan Sun;Di Lu;Baoqi Zhu;Weiming Ma;Kwan L. Yeung;Ming Yu","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3552322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3552322","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes the general phase-noise (PN) synthesis technique for negative-resistance (NR) oscillator (OSC) design. The proposed synthesis method of designing an OSC according to the required PN and various conditions will be useful to the OSC designers struggling with tradeoffs among electrical performance, cost, and size. Specifically, a new linear PN model that takes both the frequency stabilization network and the active device with series feedback into consideration is presented. The explicit relationship between PN and the filtering frequency-selective network (FFSN) is established. According to the proposed synthesis technique, the PN of an OSC can be prescribed before design, and then, the circuit can be extracted based on the given PN performance. Four different types of 4-GHz OSCs are designed based on the prescribed PN goals: −130 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz, −145 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz, −160 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz, and −130 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz. The design results of these four OSCs meet the target specifications and match well with the theoretical PN curves, demonstrating the proposed synthesis technique. In addition, the measured figure of merit (FOM) of the novel second-order SIW OSC at 4 GHz is −213.72 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz and −216 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz, showing the state-of-the-art performance among all the reported planar OSCs.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"6452-6465"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

3-D-Printed Ultracompact Butler Matrix for Wideband Millimeter-Wave Beamforming 用于宽带毫米波波束形成的3d打印超紧凑巴特勒矩阵

IF 4.5 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3552214

Zhiwei Yin;He Zhu;Xiaojing Lv;Jiexin Lai;Yang Yang

{"title":"3-D-Printed Ultracompact Butler Matrix for Wideband Millimeter-Wave Beamforming","authors":"Zhiwei Yin;He Zhu;Xiaojing Lv;Jiexin Lai;Yang Yang","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3552214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3552214","url":null,"abstract":"An ultracompact 3-D-printed Butler matrix (BM) for wideband millimeter-wave (mm-wave) beamforming is proposed in this article. This is the first time that conductive and dielectric multimaterial 3-D printing technology is applied to realize a 3-D mm-wave <inline-formula> <tex-math>$4times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> BM. By vertically designing and optimizing the BM in 3-D space, we can eliminate a pair of crossovers typically presented in conventional BMs. The hybrid couplers and phase shifters are 3-D printed on different layers for miniaturization. The design flexibility of 3-D-printed multilayer structures is unparalleled. Curved transmission lines and enclosed metal walls are 3-D printed to improve the signal integrity for excellent wideband phase and magnitude imbalance, which are not feasible to achieve via printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing. Consequently, the spatial footprint of the proposed BM is reduced by over 75% compared to the state-of-the-art mm-wave BMs. The designed 3-D phase shifter shows an excellent phase shift performance in measurement with a phase imbalance of ±2.5° across 16–32 GHz. The measurement results agree well with the simulation results. The measured results show that the proposed <inline-formula> <tex-math>$4times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> BM has a wide bandwidth of 53% from 18 to 31 GHz with an ultracompact size of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.83lambda _{0} times 0.55lambda _{0} times 0.05lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. For the proof of concept, an antenna array is 3-D printed to demonstrate the endfire beamforming performance.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"5953-5965"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Linear Scaling Law for General High-Order Multipactor 一般高阶多因子的线性标度律

IF 4.5 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3553119

Fazhong Shen;Lixin Ran

引用次数: 0

Low RF Power Harvesting Enabled Wireless Sensor Node With Long-Distance Communication Capability 具有远距离通信能力的低射频功率采集无线传感器节点

IF 4.5 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3552170

Lei Guo;Mengxi Yan;Ruixu Hu;Ruiyao Du;Peng Chu;Yang Li;Yangping Zhao;Ke Wu

{"title":"Low RF Power Harvesting Enabled Wireless Sensor Node With Long-Distance Communication Capability","authors":"Lei Guo;Mengxi Yan;Ruixu Hu;Ruiyao Du;Peng Chu;Yang Li;Yangping Zhao;Ke Wu","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3552170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3552170","url":null,"abstract":"It has been challenging for a wireless sensor node to realize long-range real-time information feedback in the low power harvesting scenarios, due to the limited power budget. In this article, a sensor node powered by low radio frequency (RF) power harvesting is proposed with long-communication capability without using an RF power amplifier or external power source. The proposed sensor node is capable of rectifying input RF power as low as −20 dBm at 433 MHz, while simultaneously generating a 866 MHz second harmonic during the harvesting process. To address problems of long-range data transmission, the generated harmonic is amplified by a tunnel diode powered by rectified dc power, while carrying sensor data of temperature, humidity, and CO2 concentration. The fabricated sensor node shows an output power of around −14.75 dBm for the second harmonic, even with an injecting RF power as low as −20 dBm. It enables a long range exceeding 40 m for indoor communication scenarios with a low energy consumption of just 20.7 mJ. The sensor node demonstrates a great potential for future internet of things (IoT) applications in low RF power harvesting scenarios.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 8","pages":"5547-5555"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144853293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessment of Doppler Radar Demodulation Techniques for Accurate Characterization of Cardiorespiratory Signals 评价多普勒雷达解调技术对心肺信号的准确表征

IF 4.5 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2025-03-29 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3570194

Mohammad Shadman Ishrak;Jannatun Noor Sameera;Olga Borić-Lubecke;Victor M. Lubecke

{"title":"Assessment of Doppler Radar Demodulation Techniques for Accurate Characterization of Cardiorespiratory Signals","authors":"Mohammad Shadman Ishrak;Jannatun Noor Sameera;Olga Borić-Lubecke;Victor M. Lubecke","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3570194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3570194","url":null,"abstract":"Doppler radar systems can demonstrably provide accurate measurement of physiological motion for sedentary and partially sedentary subjects. In this research, quadrature and single-channel demodulation techniques are evaluated and their performance is compared for the extraction of vital-signs-related displacement and rate information from clutter and noise. Computational complexity, degree of displacement waveform correlation, and spectral analysis resolution are taken into account. The demodulation techniques were tested by synthesizing realistic cardiorespiratory motion using a robotic mover, and with human data. Arctangent demodulation (AD) and linear demodulation (LD) were demonstrated to be computationally more efficient than the other methods, and AD provided phase information needed for accurate quantitative tracking of the measured displacement waveform. Divide and cross multiply (DACM) methods were found to have a greater resilience against noise when recovering cardiac rate information, while discrete cosine transform (DCT) methods demonstrated greater frequency resolution over shorter segments of data when making respiratory measurements. These findings provide important guidance when selecting a demodulation method that is best suited for a particular measurement system or application.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 8","pages":"4312-4321"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11018167","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144853072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dual-Wideband Three-Stage Doherty Power Amplifier Using Reciprocal Bias Configuration 采用反向偏置配置的双宽带三相多尔蒂功率放大器

IF 4.5 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2025-03-27 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3551738

Yi Zhang;Jingzhou Pang;Ruibin Gao;Mingyu Li;Weimin Shi;Shichang Chen;Zhijiang Dai

{"title":"Dual-Wideband Three-Stage Doherty Power Amplifier Using Reciprocal Bias Configuration","authors":"Yi Zhang;Jingzhou Pang;Ruibin Gao;Mingyu Li;Weimin Shi;Shichang Chen;Zhijiang Dai","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3551738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3551738","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents an innovative power amplifier (PA) architecture designed to achieve dual-mode three-stage Doherty operation through the incorporation of a reciprocal bias configuration. A modified three-stage load modulation network (LMN) is proposed with the objective of simultaneously achieving an extended high-efficiency range and dual-wideband performance. Furthermore, a detailed account of the relevant three-stage Doherty load modulation process is provided, accompanied by a theoretical bandwidth analysis. To validate the proposed architecture and design method, a three-stage Doherty PA (DPA) prototype employing commercial gallium nitride (GaN) active devices has been designed and meticulously fabricated. The prototype exhibits a bandwidth of 1.0–1.7 GHz in Mode I and 0.5–0.9 GHz in Mode II, thereby corroborating the efficacy of the proposed approach. The fabricated three-stage DPA achieves a peak output power of 43.6–44.6 dBm across the two designated bands. The drain efficiency was found to be between 41.5% and 51.6% and between 44.0% and 58.0% at 9–10-dB output power back-off (OBO) in Mode I and Mode II, respectively. When driven by a 10-MHz 64QAM signal with a 9-dB peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), an average efficiency exceeding 40% was achieved.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"6209-6220"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Microwave Integrated Sensing and Imaging Using Reconfigurable Metacavity 基于可重构元腔的微波集成传感与成像

IF 4.5 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2025-03-27 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3552130

Mengran Zhao;Luyi Wang;Shitao Zhu;Xiaoming Chen;Okan Yurduseven

引用次数: 0

Design and Measurement of a Sub-Millimeter-Wave Rectangular TE1,0 to Circular TE0,1 Mode Converter 亚毫米波矩形te0.1到圆形te0.1模式转换器的设计与测量

IF 4.5 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2025-03-26 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3550734

Mingxu Li;Jingrui Duan;Zhigang Lu;Peng Gao;Yuan Zheng;Ping Zhang;Zhanliang Wang;Shaomeng Wang;Huarong Gong;Yubin Gong

{"title":"Design and Measurement of a Sub-Millimeter-Wave Rectangular TE1,0 to Circular TE0,1 Mode Converter","authors":"Mingxu Li;Jingrui Duan;Zhigang Lu;Peng Gao;Yuan Zheng;Ping Zhang;Zhanliang Wang;Shaomeng Wang;Huarong Gong;Yubin Gong","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3550734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3550734","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a sub-millimeter-wave (MMW) rectangular TE1,0 to circular TE0,1 mode converter is designed, fabricated, and tested. The mode conversion is achieved sequentially from rectangular TE1,0 mode to rectangular TE2,0 mode and then to circular TE0,1 mode. To realize the mode conversion from rectangular TE1,0 to rectangular TE2,0, a compact serpentine mode converter design is investigated. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed serpentine mode converter demonstrates high mode conversion efficiency across a wide bandwidth. The simulated transmission characteristics reveal that the rectangular TE1,0 to circular TE0,1 mode conversion achieves a 1-dB conversion bandwidth of 96.9 GHz (356.0–452.9 GHz), with high mode purity (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$S_{21}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> for circular TE<inline-formula> <tex-math>$_{2,1} lt -20$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dB) and low reflection coefficients (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$S_{11} lt -23$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dB). The fabricated mode converter was realized on oxygen-free copper (OFC) using the nano computer numerical control (nano-CNC) milling technology. The cold-test results of the transmission characteristics have an agreement of ±5% over 1-dB conversion bandwidth with the simulations. Within the bandwidth range of 397.2–446.7 GHz, the mode converter exhibits a transmission loss of approximately 5 dB. Compared to a conventional rectangular waveguide (RW), the transmission loss is significantly lower, highlighting the effectiveness of the mode converter. The compact sub-MMW circular TE0,1 mode converter reveals its advantages for low-loss terahertz (THz) waveguides, providing substantial potential for integration into high-frequency systems.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"6625-6631"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0