IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques最新文献_第10页

Codesigned Planar-Packaged THz Transmitter With Integrated CMOS Chip and Folded Reflectarray 集成CMOS芯片和折叠反射阵的平面封装太赫兹发射机的协同设计

IF 4.1 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2025-03-25 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3550168

Jiawei Yang;Yizhu Shen;Shizhe Xu;Zhenghuan Wei;Sanming Hu

{"title":"Codesigned Planar-Packaged THz Transmitter With Integrated CMOS Chip and Folded Reflectarray","authors":"Jiawei Yang;Yizhu Shen;Shizhe Xu;Zhenghuan Wei;Sanming Hu","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3550168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3550168","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces a planar-packaged terahertz (THz) transmitter, codesigned with a highly integrated CMOS active chip and a folded reflectarray (FRA). This design addresses the essential demands for high-power and cost-effective packaging solutions in THz applications. The CMOS active chip incorporates a four-stage ring oscillator and a differential on-chip patch antenna, both integrated into a single chip. A four-stage ring oscillator with a gate-loaded varactor configuration is proposed to broaden the frequency tuning range. The integration of the four-stage ring oscillator functionally multiplexing an on-chip antenna enables direct harmonic radiation without an impedance matching network, facilitating a compact, symmetrical chip layout. Furthermore, the chip-integrated FRA codesigned with the CMOS feeding source significantly narrows the beamwidth and enhances the equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP) without introducing additional power consumption. The fabricated prototype exhibits an EIRP of 12.3 dBm at 335 GHz, representing a significant EIRP enhancement of up to 22 dB over a standalone CMOS feeding source while maintaining a minimal dc power consumption of 49.6 mW. Additionally, the THz transmitter exhibits a frequency tuning range from 315 to 337.5 GHz, offering a relative bandwidth of 7.1%, and a dc-to-EIRP efficiency of 34.2%. The proposed chip-integrated FRA, with its low cost, low profile, and planar active integration capability, provides a substantial advancement for THz applications.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 6","pages":"3133-3143"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Dual-Mode Building Block Based on Frequency-Dependent Coupling for Bandpass Filter Synthesis Design 一种基于频率相关耦合的双模构建块用于带通滤波器综合设计

IF 4.5 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2025-03-24 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3551363

Jun-Jie Yan;Fu-Chang Chen;Kai-Ran Xiang

{"title":"A Dual-Mode Building Block Based on Frequency-Dependent Coupling for Bandpass Filter Synthesis Design","authors":"Jun-Jie Yan;Fu-Chang Chen;Kai-Ran Xiang","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3551363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3551363","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a method for designing bandpass filters by introducing frequency-dependent coupling (FDC) into dual-mode resonant cavities. In a single cavity, an electric coupling post and a magnetic coupling post are employed to simultaneously couple the TM120 (TE120) and TM210 (TE210) modes. The utilization of a mixed coupling structure enables the establishment of an FDC characteristic, thereby facilitating the introduction of a controllable transmission zero (TZ) near the passband. The coupling coefficient and the TZ position can be flexibly controlled by adjusting the physical parameters of the two posts. The proposed coupling structure is advantageous because a very wide tuning range of the coupling coefficient can be achieved. In this article, the proposed dual-mode resonator with FDC is considered as a building block to realize various high-selectivity filters. To validate the concept, the building block is first used as a second-order filter to be analyzed in detail. Two building blocks are cascaded to configure inline fourth-order filters. Finally, to verify the flexibility in applying different topologies, a traditional dual-mode cavity is used as a transversal unit to cascade with two proposed building blocks, resulting in the design of a sixth-order filter. Furthermore, fourth- and sixth-order filters at 5 GHz with a bandwidth of 100 MHz are fabricated as a demonstration. The measured results are in good agreement with the results of the simulations.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"6567-6577"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Photonic-Assisted True Time Delay Beamforming With Spatial Anti-Interference Capability 具有空间抗干扰能力的光子辅助真时延波束形成

IF 4.5 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2025-03-24 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3549474

Xiaoyang Li;Aijun Wen;Xiandeng Li;Jinming Hu;Mengpu Wang

{"title":"Photonic-Assisted True Time Delay Beamforming With Spatial Anti-Interference Capability","authors":"Xiaoyang Li;Aijun Wen;Xiandeng Li;Jinming Hu;Mengpu Wang","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3549474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3549474","url":null,"abstract":"A photonic-assisted true time delay (TTD) beamforming system capable of simultaneous beam and null steering (NS) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The system integrates a directly modulated laser with an optical delay attenuation module to achieve TTD and NS weighting. This approach enables spatial filtering without compromising the broadband beamforming performance achieved by optical TTD. The phase adjustment for the null weighting is precalculated and converted into optical delay, while the amplitude adjustment is achieved through optical attenuation. In a proof-of-concept experiment, 5° step beam steering was achieved with an eight-element array. The system suppressed frequency-sweeping interference with a NS depth of 30 dB and over 1 GHz suppression bandwidth at 10 GHz. The null region enhancement (NRE) technique improves the robustness of the system in spatial anti-interference capabilities. The spatialfrequency response shows stable main beam gain across varying frequencies while null regions are formed. The proposed scheme addresses the issue of interference from sidelobe leakage in TTD beamforming and shows promise in meeting the spatial anti-interference requirements of future wideband radar and wireless communication systems.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"6719-6727"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An Enhanced Spatial-Domain Probe Compensation Method With SRM for Near-Field Scanning 基于SRM的近场扫描增强空域探针补偿方法

IF 4.5 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2025-03-24 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3549752

Lixiao Wang;Zheng He;Qingtao Sun;Qing Huo Liu

{"title":"An Enhanced Spatial-Domain Probe Compensation Method With SRM for Near-Field Scanning","authors":"Lixiao Wang;Zheng He;Qingtao Sun;Qing Huo Liu","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3549752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3549752","url":null,"abstract":"In the near-field scanning technique, the near-field probe is the key sensor and the probe output is related to the probe receiving characteristics and the field distribution. Therefore, it is necessary to compensate the probe output distribution to the real field distribution based on the probe receiving characteristics. There are two main probe compensation methods: the spectral-domain method and the spatial-domain method. Due to the use of the 2-D Fourier transform algorithm, the spectral probe compensation method does not work well when the probe output spatial distribution is truncated while fields are not negligible. In this article, we present an enhanced spatial probe compensation technique for electromagnetic near-field scanning. This method enables the direct compensation of the truncated probe output, resulting in a more accurate field distribution. To overcome the poor constraint ability of traditional spatial probe compensation methods, electromagnetic constraints are introduced to transform the probe compensation problem into a source reconstruction problem. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by the numerical example and laboratory experiments.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"6529-6538"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Liquid Crystal-Based Tunable Millimeter-Wave Attenuator Design 基于液晶的可调谐毫米波衰减器设计

IF 4.5 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2025-03-21 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3548471

Lei Tu;Fan-Yi Meng;Chang Ding;Jian-Qiao Han;Yu-Hang Liu;Cong Liu;Wei Wei

{"title":"A Liquid Crystal-Based Tunable Millimeter-Wave Attenuator Design","authors":"Lei Tu;Fan-Yi Meng;Chang Ding;Jian-Qiao Han;Yu-Hang Liu;Cong Liu;Wei Wei","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3548471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3548471","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces a novel design for a tunable millimeter-wave (MMW) attenuator utilizing liquid crystal (LC) material. The design features a microstrip transmission line integrated with multiple, equidistantly spaced attenuator elements. Based on the LC display (LCD) process, each element comprises a wideband coupling switch and an indium tin oxide (ITO) film that acts as a wave absorber. Notably, the permittivity of the LC is dynamically tunable through the bias voltage, enabling precise control over the working state of the attenuator element within the target frequency range. The adoption of multiple attenuator elements significantly broadens the dynamic tuning range and ensures optimal input matching. A comprehensive eight-element prototype is designed based on the LCD process and subjected to rigorous simulation analysis. It can achieve a 13 dB attenuation variation and a minimum phase shift of 6° across the 32.5–35 GHz. Furthermore, the design achieves excellent impedance matching on both ports. Considering the limitations of the team’s resources, a four-element attenuator is fabricated using printed circuit board (PCB) technology as an alternative manufacturing approach. It achieves an attenuation variation of 3.3 dB at 31 GHz, which is in good agreement with the simulation results. This innovative design scheme presents a groundbreaking implementation strategy for tunable attenuators, promising wide-ranging applications in MMW technology and beyond.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 8","pages":"4523-4533"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144853180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Improving On-Wafer Characterization of Sub-THz Devices: A Probe Influence and Crosstalk Study 改进亚太赫兹器件的片上特性：探针影响和串扰研究

IF 4.1 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2025-03-21 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3550095

Jerome Cheron;Nicholas C. Miller;Antonio Crespo;Dylan F. Williams;Rob D. Jones;Michael Elliott;Jeffrey A. Jargon;Ryan Gilbert;Benjamin F. Jamroz;Jason Shell;Bryan T. Bosworth;Edward Gebara;Nicholas R. Jungwirth;Peter H. Aaen;Christian J. Long;Nathan D. Orloff;James C. Booth;Ari D. Feldman

{"title":"Improving On-Wafer Characterization of Sub-THz Devices: A Probe Influence and Crosstalk Study","authors":"Jerome Cheron;Nicholas C. Miller;Antonio Crespo;Dylan F. Williams;Rob D. Jones;Michael Elliott;Jeffrey A. Jargon;Ryan Gilbert;Benjamin F. Jamroz;Jason Shell;Bryan T. Bosworth;Edward Gebara;Nicholas R. Jungwirth;Peter H. Aaen;Christian J. Long;Nathan D. Orloff;James C. Booth;Ari D. Feldman","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3550095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3550095","url":null,"abstract":"We evaluate the accuracy of small-signal on-wafer device characterization in the sub-THz frequency range when employing conventional and advanced calibration methods with state-of-the-art design of on-chip standards. We report that major discrepancies resulting from an interlaboratory comparison experiment are mainly attributed to the influence of microwave probes. When performing conventional multiline thru-reflect-line (mTRL) calibrations with six different models of probe from 140 to 325 GHz, we observe significant variations in the measured scattering-parameters (S-parameters) and show that probes made by various manufacturers induce disparate crosstalk responses that vary between −70 and −15 dB on open-open standards. After applying a crosstalk correction approach as a second-tier calibration, we obtain significantly better agreement between the RF performance of the same heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) measured with two different probe models. While the difference between the maximum stable gain (MSG) reaches 1.8 dB at 210 GHz after applying a conventional mTRL calibration, we reduce the error to ~0.5 dB after crosstalk correction. This study shows that crosstalk correction methods must be implemented in the sub-THz frequency range to accurately estimate the RF performance of active devices and circuits.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 6","pages":"3144-3155"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Wideband Microwave Absorber Compatible With Infrared Stealth Based on the Design of Magnetic Loss Layer 基于磁损耗层设计的兼容红外隐身的宽带微波吸收器

IF 4.5 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2025-03-21 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3549420

Xinqi Wang;Jun Li;Xilong Li;Zegeng Chen;Zhengyu Zhang;Tian Yu;Xiaoling Xiao;Qingxin Meng;Zhongxiang Zhou

{"title":"A Wideband Microwave Absorber Compatible With Infrared Stealth Based on the Design of Magnetic Loss Layer","authors":"Xinqi Wang;Jun Li;Xilong Li;Zegeng Chen;Zhengyu Zhang;Tian Yu;Xiaoling Xiao;Qingxin Meng;Zhongxiang Zhou","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3549420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3549420","url":null,"abstract":"Microwave absorbers (MAs) have been required to possess ultrawide effective absorption bandwidth (EAB), infrared stealth, thin thickness, and lightweight for applications in microwave technology and multispectral stealth with increasingly complex electromagnetic (EM) environments. However, there remains a challenge to achieve ultrawide EAB while pursuing thin thickness. Herein, MA (MA-V-2) was constructed by introducing resistive film (RF), infrared stealth layer (IRSL) and magnetic loss layer into polymethacrylimide (PMI) foam. The patterns of RF were optimized by genetic algorithm to obtain broadband absorption at high frequency, and then the magnetic loss layer containing carbonyl iron step-like structure and resonant ring was designed to drive EAB to step into low frequency. Te MA-V-2, thus, achieves ultrawide EAB of 2–18 GHz with a thickness of 7 mm, only 90.01% of the limit thickness for nonmagnetic absorbers. Meanwhile, it also possesses good infrared stealth with an average infrared emissivity of 46.77% (3–<inline-formula> <tex-math>$14~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m). This work, therefore, clarifies that the introduction of a designed magnetic structure can effectively break the limit between thickness and broadband absorption, providing an effective strategy for the development of broadband, lightweight MAs with thin thickness.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"6109-6121"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Frequency Reconfigurable Transceiver Front-End With Enhanced Out-of-Band-Rejection and High Phase Resolution for 5G mm-Wave Phased Arrays 一种用于5G毫米波相控阵的频率可重构收发器前端，具有增强带外抑制和高相位分辨率

IF 4.5 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2025-03-20 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3549489

Qin Chen;Xuhao Jiang;Xuanxuan Yang;Yuchen Liang;Yifei Hu;Yao Wang;Junbo Liu;Depeng Cheng;Jing Feng;Lei Luo;Long He;Xu Wu;Lianming Li

{"title":"A Frequency Reconfigurable Transceiver Front-End With Enhanced Out-of-Band-Rejection and High Phase Resolution for 5G mm-Wave Phased Arrays","authors":"Qin Chen;Xuhao Jiang;Xuanxuan Yang;Yuchen Liang;Yifei Hu;Yao Wang;Junbo Liu;Depeng Cheng;Jing Feng;Lei Luo;Long He;Xu Wu;Lianming Li","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3549489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3549489","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces a frequency reconfigurable transceiver (TRX) front-end (FE) for phased-array systems supporting 5G frequency range 2 (FR2) 24–28 and 37–40 GHz bands. Novel passive and active frequency reconfigurable networks (FRNs) based on path-selective concepts are proposed and utilized in the power amplifier (PA) and low-noise amplifier (LNA) to realize frequency reconfigurability and good out-of-band rejection. The FE employs a local-oscillator (LO) phase-shifting architecture to realize multiband operation and wideband accurate phase shifting while relaxing LO phase shifter (PS) bandwidth requirements. To enhance the phase resolution, the pMOS varactor compensation technique and layout-flexible transmission line phase shifter (TLPS) are adopted in the 7-bit vector-summing phase shifter (VSPS) to achieve <1° rms phase error. High-gain path-reconfigurable LO buffer (LOB) is introduced to reduce LO chain power consumption and chip area overhead. Fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS process, the transceiver FE has a core area of 0.78 mm2. Thanks to the proposed techniques and measurements, the FE can deliver a maximum saturated output power of 17.7 and 16.4 dBm, peak power added efficiencies of 19.3% and 12.1% at 27 and 38 GHz, respectively, while maintaining a minimum noise figure (NF) of 6.5 and 8.1 dB at 27 and 37 GHz. An image-rejection ratio (IMRR) of 22.8–43.4 and 37.3–57 dBc can be maintained for transmitter (TX) and RX, respectively. With a 100 MSym/s 64-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) modulated signal, this FE can achieve an average output power of 8.23 and 6.9 dBm at 26 and 39 GHz with the adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) of −25.46 and −25.04 dBc, respectively. Moreover, in the RX mode, this FE can support a maximum 4.8 Gb/s data rate transmission with about −37 dB EVMrms.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"6435-6451"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Impedance-Oriented Approach for Maximizing Linearity in p-i-n-Diode-Based Phase Shifters 基于p-i-n二极管的移相器线性最大化的阻抗导向方法

IF 4.5 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2025-03-20 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3547970

Farhad Ghorbani;Jiafeng Zhou;Yi Huang;Mattias Gustafsson

{"title":"Impedance-Oriented Approach for Maximizing Linearity in p-i-n-Diode-Based Phase Shifters","authors":"Farhad Ghorbani;Jiafeng Zhou;Yi Huang;Mattias Gustafsson","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3547970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3547970","url":null,"abstract":"In full-duplex telecommunication systems, where simultaneous transmission and reception occur, component nonlinearity imposes strict limits on maximum transmit power. Phase shifters, essential in phased array antennas, often contribute significantly to intermodulation distortion. In this article, an analytical approach is presented for enhancing the linearity of p-i-n diode-based radio frequency (RF) switches in phase shifters by optimizing the impedance seen by p-i-n diodes. An optimal impedance range for each p-i-n diode is identified through theoretical analysis, demonstrating improvements in linearity, as quantified by the third input intercept point (IIP3). Moreover, linearity is shown to increase when p-i-n diodes are arranged in parallel, reducing RF current in the <sc>on</small> state, though trade-offs are acknowledged in the <sc>off</small> state. To validate these findings, three RF switches with one, two, and four parallel p-i-n diodes, respectively, were designed and implemented using coupler impedance transformers for optimal impedance conversion. It is shown that a highly linear three-bit phase shifter with an IIP3 of 90 dBm and an insertion loss (IL) of 1.4 dB/bit was successfully designed and implemented for a frequency range of 1.9–2.2 GHz, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Compared to conventional p-i-n diode-based switched-line phase shifters, the design achieves an IIP3 improvement of more than 17 dB.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 8","pages":"4513-4522"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144853139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Polarimetric Assessment Methodology for Doppler Radar Respiratory Measurements 多普勒雷达呼吸测量的极化评估方法

IF 4.5 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2025-03-20 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3564536

Jon H. Itokazu;Marija Milijić;Branka Jokanović;Olga Boric-Lubecke;Victor M. Lubecke

{"title":"Polarimetric Assessment Methodology for Doppler Radar Respiratory Measurements","authors":"Jon H. Itokazu;Marija Milijić;Branka Jokanović;Olga Boric-Lubecke;Victor M. Lubecke","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3564536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3564536","url":null,"abstract":"Physiological radar measurements are used to extract biomedical motion data from body scattered radio signals. These often-faint reflected signals undergo both Doppler-phase and polarization alterations. Polarimetric analysis of physiological radar measurements can provide insight into the nature of the scattering mechanism and lead to the development of methods for enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for such systems and potentially expand the range of biomedical data which can be extracted. This article presents a comprehensive polarimetric study of physiological Doppler radar signatures and reports on an empirical study intended to examine polarimetric scattering associated with human respiration. A compact dual-polarization antenna was employed in a full-polarimetric configuration and a dual-receive configuration, enabling precise polarimetric measurements. Simulation and experimental results with robotic respiratory phantoms and human subjects demonstrated consistent levels of cross-polarized scattering across configurations and revealed a complex nature for cross-polarized signal generation from robotic targets and human subjects. Cross-polarized amplitudes of up to 15.6% of co-polarized amplitudes were observed for robotic phantoms, while a wide range was observed for human subjects with most at 70% or less, while in some cases amplitudes as high as 198% of co-polarized amplitudes were observed. The results indicate that a significant, yet difficult to predict, amount of polarization rotation occurs from both vertical and horizontal transmit polarizations, and that for either incident polarization there is no clear preference for co-polarized received signals. Thus, there is significant potential for improved SNR and signature content via polarimetric radar systems which can transmit and/or receive signals with complementary polarizations.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 8","pages":"4375-4385"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11007501","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144853435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0