IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques最新文献

{"title":"A Method for Designing Multibeam Higher Order Mode Extended Interaction Oscillators Based on Subwavelength Hole Array Smith-Purcell Radiation","authors":"Youfeng Yang;Ping Zhang;Yuan Zheng;Yang Dong;Shengpeng Yang;Bingyang Liang;Zhanliang Wang;Zhigang Lu;Shaomeng Wang;Yubin Gong","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3467283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3467283","url":null,"abstract":"Combining the radiation characteristics of a subwavelength hole array (SHA) with the resonance characteristics of higher order mode resonant cavities, a method for designing multibeam higher order mode extended interaction oscillators (EIOs) based on the SHA narrowband Smith-Purcell (SP) characteristic radiation region has been proposed. For the validation of the feasibility of this design method, first, the feasibility of the higher order mode operation was verified by cold cavity characteristics, hot cavity particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation, and cold cavity experiment, respectively. Therefore, the law of the operating modes corresponding to peak characteristic impedance <inline-formula> <tex-math>$R/Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> has been confirmed, and the device has been confirmed to operate at higher order modes TM<inline-formula> <tex-math>$_{n,1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2pi $ </tex-math></inline-formula>(<inline-formula> <tex-math>$n = 3$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, 5, 7, 9, and 11) modes stably and show the best resonance characteristic in its corresponding mode. Second, the feasibility of the multibeam design scheme was verified by a proposed x-SHA x-beam (xSHAxB) higher order mode EIO, whose output power is more than x(<inline-formula> <tex-math>$x = 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula>–6) times that of the 1SHA1B EIO. Consequently, this study offers a novel perspective on the design of interaction resonant cavities and provides an effective way for designing multibeam higher order mode EIOs, contributing to further improvement of output power.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 4","pages":"2242-2250"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143808943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupling Matrix Synthesis With Repeated Poles in S-Parameters","authors":"Ping Zhao;Jiyuan Fan;Zhi-Ang Xiong;Jinzhu Zhou","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3467040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3467040","url":null,"abstract":"Analytical coupling matrix synthesis techniques are essential to the accurate design of coupled-resonator networks. Conventional approaches synthesize coupling matrices from partial fraction expansions of Y-parameters. A recently proposed technique synthesizes multiport coupling matrices directly from partial fraction expansions of S-parameters. However, none of these works discusses coupling matrix synthesis problems with repeated poles in the rational characteristic functions. When the prescribed S-parameter rational functions have repeated poles, their partial fraction expansions take nonregular forms, requiring special treatment in the coupling matrix synthesis procedure. This article demonstrates such a situation by constructing a class of three-port S-parameter rational functions with repeated poles for diplexers. Then, it introduces a direct multiport coupling matrix synthesis technique from partial fraction expansions of these S-parameter rational functions. Two synthesis examples are provided to demonstrate the applications of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 4","pages":"2366-2375"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143809007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optically Modulated Split Ring Resonator Sensor for Optical Density Analysis of Liquid Analytes in Microwave Regime","authors":"Zahra Sarpanah Sourkouhi;Vishal Balasubramanian;Mohammad Hossein Zarifi","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3461568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3461568","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional optical sensors are insensitive to the variations in the dielectric properties of materials, while typical microwave sensors are insensitive to the variations in the material’s optical properties. This work presents a photoresponsive microwave split ring resonator (SRR) sensor designed for the simultaneous analysis and characterization of both the dielectric and optical properties of the liquid analytes. Through the integration of a light-sensitive element (photoresistor) into the SRR, the proposed method enables the microwave sensor to characterize the optical density of the liquid analyte while distinguishing the dielectric properties of the sample. In the designed system, optical illumination with blue light (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$lambda = 460$ </tex-math></inline-formula> nm) and red light (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$lambda = 630$ </tex-math></inline-formula> nm) affects the conductivity of the photoresistor integrated with the microwave SRR, depending on the optical density of the liquid analyte, thus affecting the sensor’s <inline-formula> <tex-math>$S_{21}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> response. The developed system demonstrates a sensitivity of −0.57 dB per log10(Colorant Volume) for red-light illumination passing through blue-colored samples and −0.17 dB per log10(Colorant Volume) for the blue-light illumination in red-colored liquids. The presented system promises potential application in industries, including chemical, biological, pharmaceutical, and food processing.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 3","pages":"1610-1618"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143564021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unconditionally Stable Explicit Time-Domain Transmission-Line Matrix Method","authors":"Abdelrahman A. Ijjeh;Marylene Cueille;Alexandre Debard;Jean-Lou Dubard;Michel M. Ney","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3467037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3467037","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the mathematical model of the unconditionally stable explicit transmission-line matrix (USE-TLM) method, which can operate at a time step beyond the Courant-Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL) limit. This technique is based on the eigenmode decomposition of the system matrix that represents the computational domain. Then, by eliminating all unstable modes, the system size is reduced and is usually much simpler to manipulate in terms of computational resources. Indeed, in practical simulations, the number of modes one should conserve is very small compared to when the entire set of eigenmodes is considered. This procedure can considerably reduce the size of the system matrix leading to some substantial computational gain as compared to the traditional TLM method. Finally, some issues regarding the accuracy of the proposed technique are investigated. Several numerical experiments are presented and comparisons with other approaches show the validity and the performance of the proposed TLM procedure.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 4","pages":"2298-2308"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143808954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pareto-Optimal Multimetric Model Extraction for Digital Predistortion of RF Power Amplifiers for Error Spectrum Redistribution","authors":"Hang Yin;Anding Zhu","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3467250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3467250","url":null,"abstract":"In complex spectrum coordination scenarios in wireless communications, different frequency regions may have distinct linearity requirements. Digital predistortion (DPD), a widely used linearization technique, must address these varying needs properly by effectively redistributing the linearity errors across different frequency regions. To cope with this issue, this article proposes a model extraction method to identify Pareto-optimal coefficients for DPD to meet multimetric requirements, in which distinct requirements on multiple linearity metrics across different frequency regions are posed. Extensive experimental results on a Doherty power amplifier (PA) demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively find the desired solutions during DPD coefficient extraction for a given model, accommodating various spectral error distributions. This allows for enhanced linearization performance in designated frequency regions without damaging performance in other regions. In addition, the proposed method can satisfy certain multimetric requirements with significantly fewer model kernel functions, potentially reducing the digital processing power of DPD.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 4","pages":"2230-2241"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10703184","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143808957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"XRL: An FMM-Accelerated SIE Simulator for Resistance and Inductance Extraction of Complicated 3-D Geometries","authors":"Mingyu Wang;Ping Liu;Jihong Gu;Xiaofan Jia;Abdulkadir C. Yucel","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3465428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3465428","url":null,"abstract":"A fast multipole method (FMM)-accelerated surface integral equation (SIE) simulator, called XRL, is proposed for broadband resistance/inductance (RL) extraction under the magneto-quasi-static (MQS) assumption. The proposed XRL has three key attributes that make it highly efficient and accurate for broadband RL extraction of complicated 3-D geometries: 1) the XRL leverages a novel centroid-midpoint (CM) basis transformation while discretizing surface currents, which allows converting edge-based vector potential computations to panel-based scalar potential computations. Such conversion makes the implementation of FMM straightforward and allows for drastically reducing the memory and computational time requirements of the simulator; 2) the XRL employs a highly accurate equivalent surface impedance (ESI) model that allows extracting RL parameters at low frequencies very accurately; and 3) the XRL makes use of a novel preconditioner, effectively including both diagonal entries and some near-field entries of the system matrix; such preconditioner significantly accelerates the iterative solution of SIE. The proposed XRL can accurately compute broadband RL parameters of arbitrarily shaped and large-scale structures on a desktop computer. It has been applied to RL parameter extraction of various practical structures, including two parallel square coils, a ball grid array (BGA) package, and a high brand package on package (HBPOP). Its application to the parameter extraction of the BGA shows that the XRL requires <inline-formula> <tex-math>$93.2times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$14.2times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> less computational time and memory resources compared to the commercial simulator Ansys Q3D for the same level of accuracy, respectively.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 4","pages":"2251-2258"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143808824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TE-Polarized Bessel-Beam Launchers for Wireless Power Transfer at Millimeter Waves: Theory, Design, and Experimental Validation","authors":"Francesca Benassi;Edoardo Negri;Walter Fuscaldo;Giacomo Paolini;Francesco Maita;Paolo Burghignoli;Diego Masotti;Alessandro Galli;Alessandra Costanzo","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3465011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3465011","url":null,"abstract":"Transverse-electric (TE) polarized Bessel-beam launchers working at millimeter-wave frequencies are theoretically described, simulated, realized, and experimentally validated. A limited-diffractive near-field distribution up to the so-called nondiffractive-range distance of about 30 mm has been obtained in this work. To generate a pure TE leaky mode, avoiding undesired transverse-magnetic (TM) field components, an innovative feeding scheme is designed consisting of a circular array of four radial slots. To enhance compactness, the four slots are excited through a single-port meandered microstrip feeding network, which has been optimized to ensure the same signal distribution exciting the slots while minimizing unwanted coupling among them. Full-wave simulations allowed for accurately designing a resonant cavity at 30 GHz able to generate a TE-polarized Bessel beam (BB). Two launchers of this kind are then exploited to create a wireless power transfer (WPT) link whose performance is first computed numerically and then verified by means of measurements for different transmitter-receiver distances, namely 25, 35, and 48 mm. These values respectively fall within, in proximity of, and away from the nondiffractive region of the transmitting (TX) device, showing an increasing WPT performance deterioration, as expected. For the case of a 25-mm distance, the evaluated <inline-formula> <tex-math>$|S_{21}|$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is -12 dB, in excellent agreement between full-wave and measurement results.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 3","pages":"1866-1877"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143563912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UWB Transparent Metamaterial Absorber With Optimally Patterned Gold Nanolayer","authors":"Sahar Soghi;Hamid Heidar;Mohammad Reza Haraty;Vahid Nayyeri","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3462965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3462965","url":null,"abstract":"A novel thin, optically transparent microwave metamaterial absorber (TMMA) is presented. The proposed structure utilizes a 3-mm-thick polycarbonate (PC) main substrate coated on both sides with 8-nm-thick gold thin films deposited via thermal evaporation. To achieve maximum absorption bandwidth, polarization insensitivity, and angular stability, the unit cell of the TMMA is optimized through a pixelation and binary optimization technique. This process results in an optimal pattern of gold nanolayer on the upper surface of the substrate. The resulting periodic pattern is transferred using optical lithography. The bottom gold film acts as the electrical ground plane. An additional 3-mm-thick PC superstrate is then incorporated to improve impedance matching and protect the coating of the main substrate. Comprehensive full-wave electromagnetic simulations are employed to assess the absorption performance. The design is subsequently validated through sample fabrication and experimental measurements. The proposed TMMA exhibits over 90% absorption within an ultrawideband (UWB) range of 5.1–25.2 GHz while maintaining an average optical transparency of approximately 70%. The symmetrical design additionally offers wide angular stability and minimal polarization sensitivity.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 4","pages":"2414-2424"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143809011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DoA Estimation of Nonuniform Noise Sources via Off-Grid SBL in a Noncooperative Mode Using a Single RF Link","authors":"Chenglin Huang;Zengshan Tian;Kaikai Liu;Ze Li;Shuliang Gui;Yiwen Wang","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3464694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3464694","url":null,"abstract":"With the advancement of integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) technologies, integrating sensing capabilities to commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) communication devices has been at the forefront of research. Typically, these systems utilize antenna arrays configured across multiple radio frequency (RF) links to capture channel parameters such as direction of arrival (DoA). However, this architecture requires equipping each antenna with an independent RF link, increasing complexity and cost. Additionally, deploying sensing systems necessitates precalibration of the RF links to achieve the desired performance, further laboring deployment. To address these challenges, we design a switched antenna array (SAA) that can time-division activate each antenna within the coherence time on a single RF link, thus simulating a multi-RF links platform for accurate DoA estimation. Subsequently, a switching strategy is developed, and a matching algorithm based on random forest is introduced to tackle the issue that signals from different antennas exported from the single RF link cannot be differentiated due to the noncooperative mode between the SAA and the receiver. Additionally, addressing the impact of carrier frequency offset (CFO) caused by transceiver asynchrony on DoA estimation in the SAA system, we compensate for CFO and model its residuals as nonuniform noise. We introduce an off-grid DoA estimation algorithm based on sparse Bayesian learning (SBL), treating noise as its hyperparameter, and apply the expectation maximization (EM) and inverse iteration algorithms to reconstruct nonuniform noise model, aiming to overcome the impact of nonuniform noise on DoA estimation. We build prototype systems and conduct field trials in real-world environments. The experimental results show that our system achieves 3.7° angle of arrival (AoA) and 3.9° elevation of arrival (EoA) median estimation errors by utilizing only a single RF link without the need to perform a precalibration of the links and any modification of the COTS receiver settings.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 3","pages":"1381-1395"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143564059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Ka-Band 1024-QAM CMOS I/Q Modulator Using a 15th-Order Cascaded Subharmonically Injection-Locked Frequency Multiplier Chain With FTL","authors":"Hong-Yeh Chang;Liang-Yu Chen;Po-Yuan Chen","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3462972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3462972","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the design and analysis of a Ka-band advanced in-phase and quadrature (I/Q) modulator using a 90-nm CMOS process. To achieve a subharmonic number of up to 15 while maintaining good quadrature accuracy, a cascaded subharmonically injection-locked frequency multiplier (SILFM) chain, incorporating a frequency-tracking loop (FTL) and differential injection, is employed in the local oscillation (LO) generation for the proposed I/Q modulator. Accurate modulation quality is ensured by performing vector modulation through four reflection-type modulators. The design methodology of the cascaded SILFM, along with theoretical results, is presented, focusing on locking range, quadrature accuracy with injection, phase noise, and jitter. The SILFM consumes a total dc power of 74 mW and features a measured locking range from 27 to 28.7 GHz, a minimum phase noise of −122.8 dBc/Hz at a 1-MHz offset, and an rms jitter of 27.5 fs integrated from 1 kHz to 40 MHz. In addition, the proposed I/Q modulator demonstrates superior performance up to 1024 quadrature amplitude modulation (1024-QAM) due to the LO chain’s low jitter and high quadrature accuracy. The measured rms error vector magnitudes (EVMs) are within 1.46% and −26.4 dB for QAM and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) schemes.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 1","pages":"102-117"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}