IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques最新文献_第8页

A Preclinical System Prototype and Experimental Validation of Focused Microwave Brain Hyperthermia 聚焦微波脑热疗的临床前系统原型及实验验证

IF 4.1 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2024-12-18 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2024.3482986

Zijun Xi;Jiaqi Feng;Ke Ye;Dantong Liu;Xuanyu Wang;Xiaoqiang Wang;Xiong Wang

{"title":"A Preclinical System Prototype and Experimental Validation of Focused Microwave Brain Hyperthermia","authors":"Zijun Xi;Jiaqi Feng;Ke Ye;Dantong Liu;Xuanyu Wang;Xiaoqiang Wang;Xiong Wang","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3482986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3482986","url":null,"abstract":"Focused microwave hyperthermia is a noninvasive, non-ionizing, and accurate treatment method that is promising for dealing with many kinds of cancers. Although focused microwave brain hyperthermia (FMBH) has been studied by some previous works, experimental evaluation of this technique in a practical experimental context has not been reported. This article aims to address this issue by developing a preclinical system prototype of FMBH and performing systematic experimental evaluation using several realistic head phantoms. We designed a 1.3-GHz hyperthermia applicator with 17 antennas and built nine different head phantoms based on a real human skull. We perform electromagnetic and thermal simulations and prove that the designed applicator can reliably achieve a good focused field and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$45~^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>C temperature at the tumor. We then realize the FMBH system prototype and experimentally test the performance by applying fabricated 3-D head phantoms. The measured temperature results demonstrate that the FMBH system prototype is able to selectively treat the tumor. We also prove that the temperature at the tumor can be controlled at a constant level for a demanded time period for hyperthermia. This work provides a valuable experimental demonstration of the FMBH technique and is meaningful for its future development and clinical applications.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 2","pages":"1147-1157"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143361404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Metasurface Window With Customized Transparency for Sunlight and Switchable Transmission for Microwaves 超表面窗口与定制透明度的阳光和可切换的传输微波

IF 4.1 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2024-12-17 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2024.3512670

Xinqi Cai;Zuntian Chu;Fan Wu;Xinmin Fu;Huiting Sun;Yajuan Han;Jie Yang;Ruichao Zhu;Tonghao Liu;Jiafu Wang

{"title":"Metasurface Window With Customized Transparency for Sunlight and Switchable Transmission for Microwaves","authors":"Xinqi Cai;Zuntian Chu;Fan Wu;Xinmin Fu;Huiting Sun;Yajuan Han;Jie Yang;Ruichao Zhu;Tonghao Liu;Jiafu Wang","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3512670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3512670","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, reconfigurable metasurfaces (RMs), as real-time controllable 2-D metamaterials, have become an emerging platform for manipulating spatial electromagnetic (EM) waves by loading dynamic components. To date, many RMs have been reported, most of which are without special considerations on optical transmittance or only support limited functions of absorption and reflection. In this work, we propose an optically transparent RM (OTRM) window simultaneously with customized transparency for sunlight-proof and switchable transmission of microwaves for EM pollution prevention. The metasurface window is based on an optically transparent substrate with a metallic mesh, which can reduce the proportion of opaque space required to customize the optical transmittance. The dual-layer rheostatic diodes implement dynamic control of transmission, absorption, and reflection of EM waves, including continuous modulation and complete switch-ON/OFF in the microwave band (5.2–6.4 GHz). The working mechanism of the metasurface in the microwave band was theoretically explained using the Drude model and the Lorentz model. A proof-of-concept prototype was designed, fabricated, and measured, further demonstrating sunproof optical transparency and switchable control of EM waves. This work may find applications in future 5G or 6G intelligent wireless communications for diverse EM modulations.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 7","pages":"3670-3682"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144550557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Compact Multifunctional Reconfigurable Coupler With Quadrature and Rat-Race Functions 具有正交和大鼠竞赛函数的紧凑型多功能可重构耦合器

IF 4.1 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2024-12-17 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2024.3514149

Xiangguan Tan;Zhuojie Ma;Yuxia Zhang;Rikang Zhao

{"title":"A Compact Multifunctional Reconfigurable Coupler With Quadrature and Rat-Race Functions","authors":"Xiangguan Tan;Zhuojie Ma;Yuxia Zhang;Rikang Zhao","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3514149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3514149","url":null,"abstract":"For the first time, this article presents a compact multifunctional reconfigurable coupler that combines the functionalities of both a quadrature coupler and a rat-race coupler. By utilizing a novel tunable unit to replace traditional <inline-formula> <tex-math>$lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula>/4 or <inline-formula> <tex-math>$3lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula>/4 transmission lines, this design not only integrates two coupler functions but also allows for tuning the frequency or power-dividing ratio for each function. A compact tunable coupler is designed, fabricated, and measured to validate the design. The measurement results indicate that in the quadrature coupler mode, first, the coupling-paths [i.e., forward coupling (FWCP) and backward coupling (BWCP)] can be switched. Subsequently, 3-dB frequency tuning from 1.36 to 2.9 GHz can be achieved on both paths while maintaining return loss and isolation >15 dB and >18 dB, respectively. Finally, the power-dividing ratios are tuned from −16 to 4 dB, −15.8 to 7 dB, and −16 to 3.6 dB at 1.6, 2.0, and 2.6 GHz, respectively. This tuning is also achievable on both paths, with return loss and isolation >14.3 dB and >15.5 dB, respectively, throughout the tuning process. In the rat-race coupler mode, 3-dB frequency tuning from 1.3 to 1.85 GHz can be achieved, with return loss and isolation exceeding 27 and 35 dB, respectively, across all states.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 7","pages":"3722-3732"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144550274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Pilot-Based SFO Estimation for Bistatic Integrated Sensing and Communication 基于飞行员的双基地集成传感与通信SFO估计

IF 4.1 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2024-12-17 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2024.3508018

Lucas Giroto de Oliveira;Yueheng Li;Silvio Mandelli;David Brunner;Marcus Henninger;Xiang Wan;Tie Jun Cui;Thomas Zwick;Benjamin Nuss

{"title":"Pilot-Based SFO Estimation for Bistatic Integrated Sensing and Communication","authors":"Lucas Giroto de Oliveira;Yueheng Li;Silvio Mandelli;David Brunner;Marcus Henninger;Xiang Wan;Tie Jun Cui;Thomas Zwick;Benjamin Nuss","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3508018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3508018","url":null,"abstract":"Enabling bistatic radar sensing within the context of integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) for future sixth-generation (6G) mobile networks demands strict synchronization accuracy, which is particularly challenging to be achieved with over-the-air (OTA) synchronization. Existing algorithms handle time and frequency offsets adequately but provide insufficiently accurate sampling frequency offset (SFO) estimates that result in the degradation of obtained radar images in the form of signal-to-noise ratio loss and migration of range and Doppler shift. This article introduces an SFO estimation algorithm named tilt inference of time offset (TITO) for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)-based ISAC. Using available pilot subcarriers, TITO obtains channel impulse response (CIR) estimates and extracts information on the SFO-induced delay migration to a dominant reference path with constant range, Doppler shift, and angle between transmit and receive ISAC nodes. TITO then adaptively selects the delay estimates that are only negligibly impaired by SFO-induced intersymbol interference (ISI), ultimately employing them to estimate the SFO. Assuming a scenario without a direct line of sight (LoS) between the aforementioned transmitting and receiving ISAC nodes, a system concept with a relay reflective intelligent surface (RIS) that is used to create the aforementioned reference path is proposed. Besides a mathematical derivation of accuracy bounds, simulation and measurements at 26.2 GHz are presented to demonstrate TITO’s superiority over existing methods in terms of SFO estimation accuracy and robustness.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 7","pages":"4143-4161"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144550477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Noncontact Multipoint Vital Sign Monitoring With mmWave MIMO Radar 非接触式多点生命体征监测与毫米波MIMO雷达

IF 4.1 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2024-12-17 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2024.3513399

Wei Ren;Jiannong Cao;Huansheng Yi;Kaiyue Hou;Miaoyang Hu;Jianqi Wang;Fugui Qi

{"title":"Noncontact Multipoint Vital Sign Monitoring With mmWave MIMO Radar","authors":"Wei Ren;Jiannong Cao;Huansheng Yi;Kaiyue Hou;Miaoyang Hu;Jianqi Wang;Fugui Qi","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3513399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3513399","url":null,"abstract":"Multipoint vital sign monitoring is essential for providing detailed insights into physiological changes. Traditional single-sensor approaches are inadequate for capturing multipoint vibrations. Existing contact-based solutions, while addressing this need, can cause discomfort and skin allergies, whereas noncontact optical and acoustic methods are highly susceptible to light interference and environmental noise. In this article, we aim to develop a noncontact, multipoint vital sign monitoring technique using multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) radar, focused on physically differentiating and precisely measuring chest-wall surface vibrations at multiple points induced by cardiopulmonary mechanical activity. The primary challenges in developing such a technique involve developing algorithms to extract and separate entangled signals, as well as establishing a reliable method for validating detection accuracy. To address these limitations, we introduce MultiVital, a wireless system that leverages mmWave MIMO radar for synchronous multipoint vital sign monitoring. It integrates two reference modalities: five-channel seismocardiography (SCG) sensors and a one-channel electrocardiogram (ECG) electrode, enabling comprehensive radar-based research and performance validation across multiple physiological metrics. In addition, we have developed a multimodal signal processing framework, consisting of a radar signal processing module, an SCG calibration module, and a spatial alignment scheme. To evaluate the radar signal processing module, we conducted mathematical derivation and simulation. The experimental results indicate that the noncontact MultiVital system achieves multipoint synchronous monitoring with high precision, highly consistent with the results from reference modalities. This system enables precise detection of subtle cardiopulmonary movements in different regions of the human body, providing more accurate and comprehensive information for cardiopulmonary health monitoring.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 7","pages":"4176-4190"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144550276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Hilbert Dipoles-Based Hybrid Metasurface for Ultrahigh-Field MRI 一种基于Hilbert偶极子的超高场MRI混合超表面

IF 4.1 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2024-12-16 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2024.3512872

Yuhao Wang;Haiwei Chen;Yang Gao;Zhiyan Quan;Sihong Pan;Xiaotong Zhang

{"title":"A Hilbert Dipoles-Based Hybrid Metasurface for Ultrahigh-Field MRI","authors":"Yuhao Wang;Haiwei Chen;Yang Gao;Zhiyan Quan;Sihong Pan;Xiaotong Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3512872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3512872","url":null,"abstract":"The decrease in radio frequency (RF) wavelengths leads to the B1-field homogeneity in ultrahigh-field (UHF) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), presenting a challenge regarding the low transmit efficiency in some regions, particularly in the occipital lobe. This study addresses the challenge by introducing a planar metasurface designed to enhance transmit field efficiency. The metasurface features a hybrid structure combining periodic metal square patches and third-order Hilbert curves, tailored for compatibility with a standard birdcage coil for head MRI at 7 T. An optimization of the metasurface dimensions was performed to determine the optimal unit-cell shape and dimension for maximizing the average B1 field in the region of interest (ROI). Full-wave simulations for both flat and conformal cases were conducted to evaluate the metasurface structures. Furthermore, in vivo experiments involving two volunteers were conducted to validate the improvements of the proposed metasurface. Both simulations and in vivo experiments confirmed the effectiveness of this ultrathin and flexible metasurface. The significant enhancement of the transmit field was observed, particularly in the posterior occipital lobe, while maintaining high transmission efficiency in other regions. The metasurface also improved the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by elevating both transmit field and receive sensitivity in the occipital lobe. Minimal influence of the mutual coupling was observed by negligible variations in noise correlation matrices and unaffected g-factors. The findings underscore the capability of the proposed planar metasurface to improve the transmit efficiency for specific regions at UHF MRI. It demonstrates improved performance in enhancing transmit field efficiency, particularly beneficial for imaging the posterior occipital lobe. By augmenting the Hilbert curves with additional layers of metal square patches, the capacity of metasurfaces to improved the transmit field is significantly enhanced.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 7","pages":"4044-4052"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144550475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A 2.5-D FEM Method for the Efficient Analysis of Waveguide Geometries With Cylindrical Insets 圆柱插入波导几何结构高效分析的2.5维有限元方法

IF 4.1 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2024-12-13 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2024.3510875

Lorenzo Codecasa;Cristina D'Asta;Gian Guido Gentili;Matteo Oldoni;Valentin de la Rubia

引用次数: 0

Multiobjective Distributed Beamforming Using High-Accuracy Synchronization and Localization 基于高精度同步和定位的多目标分布式波束形成

IF 4.1 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2024-12-13 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2024.3479074

Ahona Bhattacharyya;Jeffrey A. Nanzer

{"title":"Multiobjective Distributed Beamforming Using High-Accuracy Synchronization and Localization","authors":"Ahona Bhattacharyya;Jeffrey A. Nanzer","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3479074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3479074","url":null,"abstract":"We present a multinode, multiobjective open-loop microwave distributed beamforming system based on high-accuracy wireless synchronization and localization. Distributed beamforming requires accurate coordination of the spatial and electrical states of the individual elements within the array to achieve and maintain coherent beamforming at intended destinations. Of the basic coordination aspects, time synchronization and localization of the elements are among the most critical to support beamforming of modulated waveforms to destinations in both the near-field and far-field relative to the array. In this work, we demonstrate multiobjective distributed beamforming from a three-node software-defined radio distributed phased array system that leverages high-accuracy wireless time coordination for both time synchronization and 2-D localization of the elements. We use a spectrally sparse two-tone waveform for high-accuracy internode range estimation combined with a linear frequency-modulated waveform to mitigate multipath interference. Localization is performed in a centralized format, where one node is designated as the origin and the remaining nodes build the array geometry relative to the origin, from which we obtain localization accuracy of less than 1 cm. We implement a near-field multiobjective beamformer based on the location estimates, which enables simultaneous steering of a beam and a null to two receiving antennas. Multiobjective beamforming of pulsed waveforms at a carrier frequency of 2.1GHz is demonstrated in cases where one of the nodes in the distributed antenna array is moved, and where the targets (the two receiving antennas) are moved, demonstrating multiobjective with steerable beamforming and displacement of the array elements.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 4","pages":"2404-2413"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143808998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

In-Plane and Out-of-Plane 2-D Microdisplacement Sensor Based on a Single Microwave Resonator With Machine Learning 基于单微波谐振器和机器学习的平面内外二维微位移传感器

IF 4.1 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2024-12-13 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2024.3510724

Shiyu Li;Osamah Alsalman;Jie Huang;Chen Zhu

{"title":"In-Plane and Out-of-Plane 2-D Microdisplacement Sensor Based on a Single Microwave Resonator With Machine Learning","authors":"Shiyu Li;Osamah Alsalman;Jie Huang;Chen Zhu","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3510724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3510724","url":null,"abstract":"Microwave displacement sensors have garnered significant research interest in recent years and have found successful applications in industrial automation and aerospace engineering. However, most microwave sensors are limited to measuring in-plane displacement, with the assumption that out-of-plane displacement remains constant during operation. In this work, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel concept for 2-D microdisplacement sensing that simultaneously measures both in-plane and out-of-plane displacement. We developed a proof-of-concept sensor system based on a custom-made coaxial cable resonator (CCR) serving as the stator and a rubber-metal heterogeneous plate as the movable part. The in-plane and out-of-plane micromovements of the plate relative to the CCR’s open-end plane were successfully detected by monitoring the fundamental resonant frequency of the CCR. Additionally, machine learning-based analysis was employed to decouple the CCR’s responses to the 2-D displacement, enabling independent and accurate quantification of both in-plane and out-of-plane displacements. Our strategy combines the heterogeneous plate, which adds spatial information, with machine learning analysis for response decoupling, thereby paving the way for the development of multidimensional sensing systems using a simple 1-D sensor device. The resulting 2-D displacement sensor has the potential to be extended for measuring other 2-D physical and mechanical parameters, such as vibration and acceleration.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 7","pages":"3939-3952"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144550460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Miniaturized Broadband 1 × 4 Filtering Butler Matrix With 360° Continuous Progressive Phase Shift and Simplified Control 具有360°连续递进相移和简化控制的小型化宽带1 × 4滤波管家矩阵

IF 4.1 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2024-12-13 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2024.3513634

Liu-Yu Wei;Fu-Chang Chen;Xi-Zhu Wang

{"title":"A Miniaturized Broadband 1 × 4 Filtering Butler Matrix With 360° Continuous Progressive Phase Shift and Simplified Control","authors":"Liu-Yu Wei;Fu-Chang Chen;Xi-Zhu Wang","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3513634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3513634","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a novel, miniaturized <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1 times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> filtering Butler matrix (BM) that provides 360° continuous progressive phase shift with a simplified control mechanism for broadband applications. The proposed filtering BM, which comprises a power-division module, a fixed-phase shift module, and a continuous-phase shift module, is based on a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1 times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> BM topology with two integrated single-pole-double-throw (SPDT) switches in place of a single-pole-four-throw (SP4T) switch in conventional design for miniaturization. The use of conductor-backed coplanar waveguide (CB-CPW)-based crossovers in the fixed-phase shift module enables a reduction in size, an enhancement in isolation, and an improvement in the balance of the output amplitude. To realize a 360° continuous progressive phase shift and a filtering frequency response, two phase shifters (PSs) with a continuous phase shift of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$135^{circ } ~pm ~8^{circ } $ </tex-math></inline-formula> are used in the power-division module and four filtering phase shifters (FPSs) with <inline-formula> <tex-math>$90^{circ } ~pm ~5^{circ } $ </tex-math></inline-formula> continuous phase shift are used in the continuous-phase shift module. The FPSs which are based on a composite right/left-handed transmission line (CRLH-TL) and coupled resonators demonstrate good out-of-band suppression performance when phase shifting. The combination of the three modules results in the formation of a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1 times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> BM operating at 2.1–2.7 GHz, which offers a 360° continuous phase shift and a filtering frequency response. The simulated and measured results demonstrate the validity of this design method for continuous tunable <inline-formula> <tex-math>$360^{circ } ~1 times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> filtering BM.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 7","pages":"3967-3976"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144550555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0