IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques最新文献

{"title":"A Combined Dual-Protection-Mode Energy-Selective Surface With Broadband High Shielding Effectiveness","authors":"Yi Du;Weiliang Yu;Yongqi Zhang;Keming Chen;Leilei Liu;Guo Qing Luo","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2026.3722392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2026.3722392","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes a combined dual-protection-mode energy-selective surface (ESS) for adaptive protection against high-power microwave (HPM) threats. By integrating protection modes of passband-shifted and passband-closed, the proposed ESS simultaneously realizes high in-band shielding effectiveness (SE) and ultra-wideband protection under HPM incidence. An equivalent circuit model (ECM) is established to reveal the two protection modes and their distinct yet complementary frequency regions. Based on this analysis, a three-layer ESS composed of diode-loaded periodic metallic structures is designed, enabling quasi-independent optimization of in-band SE and broadband shielding bandwidth. The experimental results show that the proposed ESS maintains a low insertion loss (IL) below 1 dB over a wide operating band under low-power microwave (LPM) incidence. Under HPM incidence, it achieves a broadband SE exceeding 10 dB over a fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 132.3%, and an in-band SE above 20 dB over an FBW of 30.5%. The work provides a general and scalable design framework for high-performance ESSs requiring simultaneous wideband and high protection capabilities.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"74 10","pages":"8756-8763"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149222483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Highly Integrated mmWave Dual-Polarized Phased-Array Transceiver for IBFD: Constraint Modeling and Implementation","authors":"Yang Li;Zijing Li;Yahao Wang;Dangzhao Gao;Tong Li;Wensheng Pan;Zhiya Zhang;Shihai Shao","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2026.3727265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2026.3727265","url":null,"abstract":"Strong self-interference (SI) imposes stringent receiver-linearity and hardware-integration requirements on millimeter-wave (mmWave) in-band full-duplex (IBFD) phased arrays. This article presents a highly integrated dual-linearly polarized mmWave IBFD phased-array transceiver and demonstrates its operation without an additional analog SI cancellation (A-SIC) stage or active SI-beam control under the implemented operating conditions. An SI-power constraint framework translates the radio frequency (RF) link budget, component linearity, and digital SI cancellation (D-SIC) capability into maximum allowable SI powers at the receive-element aperture and array-combined output. The corresponding design-stage limits are −19.8 and −31.8 dBm, respectively. Guided by these constraints, two identical Tx-/Rx-capable <inline-formula> <tex-math>$16times 16$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dual-polarized apertures are implemented on 18-layer printed circuit boards (PCBs) integrating the radiating elements, beamformer integrated circuits (ICs), RF and power-distribution networks, and field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based control circuitry. A finite electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) lattice and choke grooves are integrated at the Tx/Rx aperture boundary to suppress surface-wave and edge-diffraction coupling. The prototype achieves a peak equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) of 57.18 dBm and a minimum adjacent-channel leakage ratio (ACLR) of 29.63 dBc. Under same-polarization Tx/Rx operation, the maximum measured element-level and array-combined SI powers are −65.97 and approximately −52 dBm, respectively, both below their nominal design-stage limits. The combined-output SI is approximately 8 dB above the measured 400-MHz noise power. An outdoor simultaneous Tx/Rx experiment over an approximately 100-m link further demonstrates a 400-MHz 64-QAM uplink with an error vector magnitude (EVM) of −26.65 dB after approximately 12 dB of D-SIC. These results validate the constraint-guided passive-isolation design and simultaneous Tx/Rx operation of the implemented mmWave IBFD phased-array prototype.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"74 10","pages":"9251-9270"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149222536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive Analog Predistortion of RF Power Amplifiers for Transmitter Linearization: Optimal Parameter Estimation and Tracking by a Gauss--Newton Algorithm","authors":"Qing Wan;Md. Samiul Islam Borno;Angelo Cappello;Tommaso A. Cappello","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2026.3721408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2026.3721408","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents an algorithm that optimizes the linearity of an analog predistortion (APD) power amplifier (PA) by tuning its analog parameters. These parameters are controlled by a Gauss–Newton (GN) algorithm that achieves fast convergence and tracking of the optimal parameters while the transmitter operates. The algorithm is validated with an APD circuit specifically designed to correct the nonlinear distortion of a 10-W GaN PA operating at 3.75 GHz. Four parameters are considered: RF input power, two APD bias voltages, and the PA gate bias voltage. The algorithm converges to the optimal parameters in 2 and 3 iterations and achieves a normalized mean square error (NMSE) of 0.03% (−35 dB). The transmitter also achieves adjacent-channel leakage ratios (ACLRs) below the standard −45 dB for varying output powers (30–33 dBm), carrier frequencies (3.65–3.85 GHz), and signal bandwidths (10–100 MHz). As typically performed in multivariate statistical analysis, the estimated parameters are analyzed using confidence ellipses, revealing their uncertainties and correlations. The algorithm convergence time is compared against a grid-search (GS) algorithm, resulting in an exponential speedup. Finally, the transmitter configured with the optimal parameters is tested with a 5G 100-MHz 256-QAM waveform, achieving an average error vector magnitude (EVM) of 0.75% and ACLRs of −47 dB.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"74 10","pages":"8926-8939"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11672202","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149222532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interindividual Variability in Temperature Rise From Localized Exposure at 1--80 GHz Using 131 Anatomical Head Models","authors":"Itsuki Komine;Essam A. Rashed;Sachiko Kodera","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2026.3731163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2026.3731163","url":null,"abstract":"International exposure guidelines specify the 10-g averaged specific absorption rate (SAR) below 6 GHz and absorbed power density (APD) above 6 GHz as basic restrictions for local exposure. However, quantitative data on interindividual variability in radio frequency (RF)-induced temperature rise remain limited. In this study, temperature rise in the human head was evaluated using 131 anatomical models exposed to near-field RF sources from 1 to 80 GHz. Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) were computed using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and steady-state temperature rise was obtained from the bioheat transfer equation. A heating factor (HF), defined as the ratio of the spatial peak temperature rise to 10-g SAR or APD, was used to quantify the relationship between absorbed electromagnetic power and thermal response. Interindividual variability was substantially lower for APD-based HF than for SAR-based HF. The coefficient of variation (CV) remained within approximately 20% for SAR-based HF and below 5% for APD-based HF. Similar behavior was observed across different antenna-to-skin separation distances and skin perfusion conditions. These findings suggest that APD is a stable metric for assessing localized temperature rise above 6 GHz, with only limited influence of anatomical variability.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"74 10","pages":"8811-8819"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149222402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Compact and Wideband Multiple Evanescent Mode Diplexer With Low Insertion Loss and Broad Stopband Based on Substrate Integrated Coaxial Line","authors":"Xing Quan;Jinsong Zhan;Yinghao Yang;Zihan Jiang","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2026.3725868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2026.3725868","url":null,"abstract":"A compact and wideband diplexer with low insertion loss and broad stopband based on substrate integrated coaxial line (SICL) in single-layer printed circuit board (PCB) technology is presented. The proposed diplexer consists of two SICL resonators and matching networks. Multiple evanescent modes (TM₀₁, TM₁₁, and T<inline-formula> <tex-math>${mathrm{M}}_{21}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) are excited in each resonator, which comprises a segment of SICL shorted at one end and loaded with four lumped capacitors. These evanescent modes enable the diplexer to achieve compact size, wide bandwidth, and low insertion loss and broadband out-of-band suppression. Furthermore, the resonant frequencies of the two SICL resonators can be independently determined, offering increased design flexibility. The proposed diplexer is fabricated with low-cost PCB technology and occupies a compact footprint of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$43.9times 30.7$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm. It achieves a 1-dB fractional bandwidths of 17.0% for Channel I (center frequency <inline-formula> <tex-math>$f_{mathbf {1}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> <bold>@ 1.88 GHz</b>) and 16.7% for Channel II (center frequency <inline-formula> <tex-math>$f_{mathbf {2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> @ 3.06 GHz), respectively. The corresponding 3-dB fractional bandwidths are 19.7% for Channel I and 19.5% for Channel II. The in-band isolations are better than 36 and 42 dB in Channel I and Channel II, respectively. Additionally, the diplexer features with a rejection level of 27 dB at 8.89 GHz (approximately <inline-formula> <tex-math>$4.75f_{1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), demonstrating excellent stopband performance.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"74 10","pages":"9049-9059"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149222405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 340-GHz 7 × 2 Radiator Array With Coupled-Line-Based Mode-Decoupling Harmonic Enhancement and Chip-to-Waveguide Interface","authors":"Meng Yang;Liang Wu","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2026.3732054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2026.3732054","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a 334–348-GHz <inline-formula> <tex-math>$7times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> radiator array that demonstrates enhanced power efficiency and high equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP). Each element operates at a fundamental frequency of approximately 170 GHz, with the second-order harmonic extracted to minimize harmonic conversion losses—a significant advancement over many existing solutions that rely on higher order harmonics. Furthermore, a coupled-line-based mode-decoupling harmonic enhancement (MDHE) technique is proposed to decouple the fundamental and harmonic modes, effectively boosting output power and suppressing signal leakage. To support system-level integration, a chip-to-waveguide interface is implemented, providing a standard waveguide port for the array’s radiated signal and enabling the use of off-chip components such as high-gain antennas. Fabricated using a 65-nm CMOS process, the radiator chip features a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$7times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> element array with on-chip loop antennas, all within a compact core area of 1.18 mm². It measures a 1-D beam-steering range of 80° and phase noise levels of –85.2 and –111.4 dBc/Hz at 1- and 10-MHz offsets from 340 GHz, respectively. Consuming 140 mW of DC power, the radiator delivers a radiated power of –4.2 dBm at 345.8 GHz, resulting in a DC-to-RF efficiency of 0.27%. This marks one of the highest reported efficiencies for CMOS radiators in the 330–500 GHz (Y-band) frequency range. Assembled with a transition waveguide horn and a Cassegrain antenna, the system achieves a peak EIRP of 30.5 dBm.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"74 10","pages":"8913-8925"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149222541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MMIC Oscillator Using High-Q Glass-Embedded Resonator for a Chip-Scale Atomic Beam Clock","authors":"Alec Russell;Christopher Nordquist;Alexander Staron;William McGehee;Zoya Popović","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2026.3725641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2026.3725641","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents design and measurements of a 4.596-GHz InGaP/GaAs low-phase noise MMIC oscillator for a chip-scale atomic beam clock (CSABC). The glass-embedded LC resonators alone achieve a peak measured <inline-formula> <tex-math>$Q_{u}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>  =  107 at a resonant frequency of 8.8 GHz or <inline-formula> <tex-math>$Q_{u}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> = 52 at a resonant frequency of 7.1 GHz, depending on measurement and boundary conditions. The hybridly integrated oscillator utilizes the high-Q glass-embedded resonators to achieve a measured free-running phase noise of −58 dBc/Hz at an offset of 1 kHz from the half of a hyperfine transition frequency of ¹³³Cs when biased at <inline-formula> <tex-math>$V_{c}{,}={,}4.1{,}mathrm {V}, I_{c}{,}={,}22.2{,}mathrm {mA}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$V_{b}{,}={,}2.8{,}mathrm {V}, I_{b} {,}={,}270{,}mathrm {mu A}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. The oscillator also achieves a minimum phase noise of −140 dBc/Hz at a 1-MHz offset when biased at a different operating point. The oscillator output frequency is adjusted with an on-chip varactor diode with a tuning gain of 2 MHz/V near the operating frequency. The output power reaches a peak of +13 dBm, set by the requirements of the atomic interrogation scheme of the chip-scale beam clock. The total MMIC DC power consumption is 91 mW. The oscillator is tested with a miniaturized Cs beam clock using a commercial off-chip phase-locked loop (PLL) as a proof of concept. The demonstrated overlapping Allan deviation from the beam clock is white-noise limited from 1 to 100 s, and averages as <inline-formula> <tex-math>$sigma _{y} ~approx ~3.3~times ~10^{-10}/(tau)^{1/2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> when operated using the PLL-locked MMIC voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO).","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"74 10","pages":"8903-8912"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149222495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Below-Cutoff Propagation in a Metasurface-Cladded Waveguide","authors":"Mattia Sartore;Elise Bessac;Andrea Cester;Lorenzo Tonon;Luca Schenato;Antonio-Daniele Capobianco;Giorgio Ernesto Bonacchini;Mirko Magarotto","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2026.3727811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2026.3727811","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents the design, fabrication, and experimental validation of a circular metasurface (MTS)-cladded waveguide that enables electromagnetic propagation below its natural cutoff frequency. A lumped-element model based on a coupled-resonator lattice is introduced to describe the cladding MTS behavior and to provide a geometry-dependent estimate of its cutoff frequency, thereby offering a practical design tool for initial parameter selection. Full-wave simulations and vector network analyzer measurements confirm the onset of below-cutoff propagation and reveal a cutoff-frequency reduction up to 72% compared to the unclad waveguide. This corresponds to a 74.5% reduction in radius compared to an equivalent hollow structure operating at the same frequency. The proposed architecture preserves a hollow core and enables straightforward integration of the feeding system, which is of fundamental importance in radio frequency plasma sources and lightweight aerospace applications. Finally, a tradeoff strategy between cutoff reduction and insertion loss (IL) is proposed.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"74 10","pages":"9147-9156"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11688170","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149222531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Class-F23 VCO With Embedded Common-Mode Resonance Expansion","authors":"Rong Xu;Shuai Deng;Quan Xue","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2026.3731989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2026.3731989","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a class-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$text {F}_{{23}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) featuring embedded common-mode (CM) resonance expansion. Unlike conventional techniques that require additional inductors, the proposed CM resonance expansion is embedded within the intrinsic class-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$text {F}_{{23}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> tank. This is achieved by leveraging the intrinsic CM magnetic coupling of the 1:2 transformer and introducing magnetic coupling between the parasitic inductances of the gate and drain decoupling capacitor (decap) networks. By virtue of this fully embedded architecture, the proposed VCO neither occupies extra layout area nor compromises the optimal differential-mode (DM) tank performance. Benefiting from the expanded CM resonance bandwidth, flicker phase noise (PN) suppression is maintained across the entire tuning range (TR) without manual harmonic tuning. Prototyped in a 65-nm CMOS process, the VCO achieves a PN from −115.4 to −112.9 dBc/Hz at a 1-MHz offset across the TR of 8.0–10.3 GHz (24.8%). This corresponds to a state-of-the-art figure-of-merit (FoM) of 188.0–192.2 dBc/Hz and an FoM with normalized TR (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$text {FoM}_{text {T}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) of 195.9–200.1 dBc/Hz. The flicker PN corner frequency remains between 70 and 330 kHz across the full TR, demonstrating robust flicker noise suppression. The VCO consumes 2.2 mW at a 0.25-V supply and occupies a core area of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.14~text {mm}^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"74 10","pages":"8962-8975"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149222562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scalable 24-GHz Beam-Steered Wireless Power Transfer System With Multinode Coverage","authors":"Qizhou Che;Changjun Liu;Wanchen Yang;Xue-Xia Yang;Tao Luo;Dingyuan Zeng;Chao Li;Yixi Tang;Xiang Pu;Quan Xue;Wenquan Che","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2026.3728438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2026.3728438","url":null,"abstract":"A scalable 24-GHz beam-steered wireless power transfer (WPT) system is presented for spatially distributed low-power Internet of Things (IoT) nodes. The transmitter employs a unilateral phased oscillator chain (POC) architecture to generate programmable multisource phases without using RF phase shifters, enabling modular source scaling with reduced synchronization complexity. The four-source transmitter is integrated with a compact <inline-formula> <tex-math>$4times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> substrate-integrated suspended line (SISL) phased array, which achieves a gain of 17.5 dBi. The implemented system achieves an effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) above 49 dBm at 24 GHz. End-to-end WPT measurements using a receiving and rectifying module demonstrate 1.746 mW DC power delivery at 1 m across a ±44° steering range. In addition, receiver-side scaling and a five-node LED demonstration verify beam-switched multinode wireless powering. These results demonstrate a feasible 24-GHz ISM band WPT solution for dense IoT deployments.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"74 10","pages":"9271-9286"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149222474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}