Feras Alasali, Naser El-Naily, Haytham Y. Mustafa, Hassen Loukil, Saad M. Saad, Abdelaziz Salah Saidi, William Holderbaum
{"title":"Advanced voltage relay design for distance relay coordination in power networks equipped with low-inertia areas","authors":"Feras Alasali, Naser El-Naily, Haytham Y. Mustafa, Hassen Loukil, Saad M. Saad, Abdelaziz Salah Saidi, William Holderbaum","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.13338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.13338","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In modern power systems with high levels of distributed generation (DG), traditional protection schemes face challenges in ensuring reliable and efficient fault detection due to the complexities introduced by DG, particularly low-inertia sources such as wind power. This paper presents an advanced protection scheme that integrates voltage relays (VRs) rather than overcurrent relays (OCRs) to improve coordination with distance relays (DRs) and enhance fault detection across multiple protection zones. By utilizing voltage measurements instead of conventional current-based methods, the proposed scheme addresses issues such as low fault currents and mis-coordination, which are common in DG-integrated systems. The VR-DR coordination improves system reliability by increasing fault detection sensitivity and selectivity, reducing the risk of mis-coordination, and minimizing reliance on potentially inconsistent current measurements. VRs trigger faster fault isolation by operating before backup DRs, thus improving overall response times and system resilience. The VR scheme significantly outperforms traditional overcurrent relay schemes, with tripping times ranging from 0.002 to 0.956 s, compared to 0.035 to 1.184 s in the traditional scheme for three-phase faults in a CIGRE power network. Additionally, the total tripping time is reduced from 10.5 s in the traditional scheme to 3.2 s with the VR scheme in networks with DGs under line to line to ground fault. The study demonstrates that no mis-coordination events occurred with DRs in zone two, further emphasizing the effectiveness and reliability of the VR scheme. This innovative approach offers substantial improvements in fault management, ensuring quicker fault resolution and enhanced system stability in modern, DG-integrated power grids.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.13338","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143115896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiuyu Yang, Kebing Su, Jian Peng, Gang Miu, Zhengyin Zhu
{"title":"Source-storage-transmission planning method considering carbon emission responsibility allocation","authors":"Xiuyu Yang, Kebing Su, Jian Peng, Gang Miu, Zhengyin Zhu","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.13346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.13346","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fair sharing of carbon responsibility is crucial to achieve the goal of low-carbon transformation and dual-carbon power system. In response to the current issue of a certain proportion of joint responsibility between source and load, it does not comply with the principle of “who causes who bears”. This thesis proposes a source storage transport coordinated planning method for allocating carbon responsibility from a planning perspective. Firstly, based on the basic principle of “who causes, who bears”, it classifies and holds accountable various stakeholders, establishes reasonable and fair allocation principles including reward and punishment indicators, and a dual carbon responsibility cost allocation rule for electricity balance and power balance in the power system; Secondly, based on the previous works, a source storage network joint planning model which comprehensively considers the investment cost of conventional thermal power installation, energy storage investment, wind abandonment penalty cost, transmission line expansion cost, and carbon emission responsibility cost is constructed. Finally, taking the Garver-6 node system as an example, the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method were verified by comparing it with the source storage and transportation planning method that does not consider carbon responsibility allocation.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.13346","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143115625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leyan Ding, Jun Yang, Song Ke, Xingye Shi, Peixiao Fan, Hongli Wang
{"title":"A V2G power response model based on the prediction, evaluation, and correction of charging stations real-time frequency regulation capability","authors":"Leyan Ding, Jun Yang, Song Ke, Xingye Shi, Peixiao Fan, Hongli Wang","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.13347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.13347","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the charging stations (CSs) construction and the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) development, electric vehicles (EVs) have become an important load-side controllable resource. Therefore, a V2G power response model based on the prediction, evaluation, and correction of CSs real-time frequency regulation (FR) capability is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a hierarchical control framework for large-scale EVs aggregated to participate in power grid dispatching/FR service is proposed. Secondly, an extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost)-convolutional neural network (CNN)-bidirectional long-term and short-term memory (BiLSTM)-attention prediction model for CSs FR capability is proposed, which combines the advantages of CNN and BiLSTM to strengthen the mining of multi-dimensional features. Meanwhile, a rolling evaluation-correction model for CSs FR capability based on the EV CC–CV charging process is proposed, which improves the evaluation fineness and aggregation fitness. Furthermore, a V2G power response model considering the EV battery loss is established. Finally, the simulation results show that compared with LSTM, XGBoost-CNN-BiLSTM, support vector machine, and other prediction models, the proposed XGBoost-CNN-BiLSTM-attention CSs FR capability prediction model with improvement has a better prediction accuracy. In addition, the V2G power response model can achieve the coordination between the EV users’ charging demands and FR tasks.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.13347","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143114603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Protection of systems containing IBR from asymmetrical ground faults using zero sequence current with hardware implementation on FPGA","authors":"Jason Pannell, Ramakrishna Gokaraju","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.13341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.13341","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The addition of inverter-based generation to the power system complicates protective relaying in several ways: the magnitude of the fault current will be altered based upon the location of the fault relative to the inverter-based resource, and the response to a fault will be different than traditional generation. The relatively low fault current of inverter-based resources presents difficulties in differentiating faults from increased loads. Additionally negative sequence relays may fail in the presence of IBR's due to the negligible negative sequence current produced by the IBR during a fault. This paper presents a novel method to allow the sensitive sub-cycle detection, and determination of the relative location, of asymmetrical ground in systems containing inverter-based resources through phasor analysis of zero sequence current. Least Error Squares Estimation is applied to the fault currents to improve the detection time of these faults, with low computational overheard for hardware implementation. Hardware implementation of the protection scheme on an Intel Cyclone IV-E FPGA is completed and correct operation of the scheme is verified for the raw samples, as well as five and seven sample LES phasor estimations. Hardware testing is compared to the EMT output to confirm the results.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.13341","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143114599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dynamic equivalent modelling for active distributed network considering adjustable loads charging characteristics","authors":"Jingwen Wang, Jiehui Zheng, Zhigang Li, Qing-Hua Wu","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.13344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.13344","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As more renewable energy generators and adjustable loads such as electric vehicles are being connected to the power grids, load modelling of the distribution network becomes more complicated. Therefore, this paper explores a dynamic equivalent modelling method for active distribution network that takes into account electric vehicle charging. First of all the combination of integrated ZIP loads and motors is adopted as an equivalent model for active distribution networks. Subsequently, a four-layer, tri-stage deep reinforcement learning approach is used to solve the relevant key parameters of the proposed equivalent model. The method proposed in this paper fully utilizes the superiority of reinforcement learning in decision making, while the method combines the excellent feature extraction capability of deep learning. The method utilizes measurements obtained at boundary nodes to obtain an active distributed network equivalent model after a series of calculations. At the same time, adjustable loads are identified in detail. On the other hand, this method introduces a prioritized empirical playback mechanism, log-cosh loss function, and adaptive operator to improve the computational efficiency of the method. From the simulation results, the present method is effective.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"18 24","pages":"4154-4167"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.13344","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142868321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhancing transformer windings monitoring: An approach using longitudinal branch-circuit conductance analysis","authors":"Xiangping Kong, Zijun Bin, Jiansheng Li, Shiming Liu, Wenchen Zhao, Mengfei Wu","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.13342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.13342","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The operating environment of transformers is getting more complex with the emergence of new energy sources and power electronic devices. This complexity can cause minor internal faults in transformer windings. Under the cumulative effect, minor faults gradually develop into serious faults, resulting in transformer damage. Conventional differential protection systems may have difficulty detecting these glitches and require avoiding the problem of protection false activation caused by inrush currents. This paper proposes a new online monitoring method for transformer windings based on longitudinal branch-circuit conductance to address this issue. First, a unified transformer equivalent circuit is proposed to represent transformers under normal conditions, inrush currents, and internal faults. Then, an online transformer monitoring method based on branch conductance is proposed, which is immune to inrush currents. This method aims to prevent delayed detection of faults during inrush currents, improving sensitivity and response speed, especially for minor turn-to-turn faults hidden in inrush currents. The proposed method also provides higher sensitivity to minor turn-to-turn faults and larger protection margins. Simulation and experimental results validate the effectiveness of this method.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"18 24","pages":"4358-4368"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.13342","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142868322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"System wide-band oscillation analysis of fractional frequency offshore wind power systems","authors":"Haitao Zhang, Jizhi Han, Zihao Sha, Fengting Wei, Xiuli Wang, Xifan Wang","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.13328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.13328","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The fractional frequency offshore wind power system (FFOWPS) is a core technology for the long-distance transmission and integration of the large-scale offshore wind power. However, the risk of wide-band oscillation in the FFOWPS has become increasingly prominent due to the inevitable presence of the power electronic devices. The traditional admittance of the frequency converter, which is a crucial component in the FFOWPS, may contain right-half-plane (RHP) poles when operating under various control modes. To address this deficiency, this paper establishes a four-port small-signal admittance model of a back-to-back frequency converter and demonstrates its interconvertibility with the traditional model. On this basis, the wide-band oscillation analysis method for the FFOWPS is proposed, which explicitly describes the influence of the industrial frequency system, the fractional frequency system, and their coupling interactions on system stability. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink verify the proposed stability analysis method, highlight stability misjudgements associated with the traditional admittance, and analyse the impact of the coupling terms on system stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"18 24","pages":"4386-4398"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.13328","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142867953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dynamic sensitivity-based clustering of distributed energy resources using LoRaWAN technology for voltage regulation in distribution networks","authors":"Ameen Gargoom, Mohammed Elmusrati, Ahmed Gaouda","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.13343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.13343","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As the penetration level of renewable energies increases, many inverter-based resources (IBRs) managing algorithms are proposed to control the impact of this penetration on the system. Some of these algorithms are based on a local control without visualizing the status of the whole network and others are based on a centralized control approach that results in dynamic settings without considering the mutual sensitivity among different IBRs. Hence, flexible management of IBRs to be simultaneously controlled either locally or remotely and satisfy technical and fair utilization at IBRs and systems levels becomes essential. The proposed flexible management algorithm suggested a dynamic setting that estimates the mutual sensitivity among IBRs at the system level and assures fairness among different owners. This mutual sensitivity link provides a quantifying measure of IBRs injected power on the status of the whole network. Furthermore, this measure defines dynamic clusters' boundaries that are continuously updated by including the most sensitive IBRs and updating their dynamic settings. This update takes place as system configuration, loads, and available sun-power change in order to satisfy the flexible management algorithm without impacting fairness. The algorithm is applied on a sample DN and imposes compliance with system standard limits within a time-frame of the stand-alone LoRaWAN communication platform.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"18 24","pages":"4134-4153"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.13343","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142867917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A joint data and knowledge-driven method for power system disturbance localisation","authors":"Zikang Li, Jiyang Tian, Hao Liu","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.13331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.13331","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Accurate and fast disturbance localisation is critical for taking timely controls to prevent power system instability. With the increased complexity of systems, the physical model-based disturbance localisation is challenging to achieve good performance due to model deficiency. Phasor measurement unit (PMU)-based approaches are developed but their performance has been significantly affected by the number of PMUs. To this end, this article proposes a joint data and knowledge-driven disturbance localisation method. A spatiotemporal graph convolutional network is proposed to effectively capture the spatiotemporal dependence with a limited number of PMU measurements. By integrating the physical constraints of disturbance type-topology information and localisation cost characteristics, a composite constraint loss function is proposed that embed physical knowledge into the data-driven method. This leads to the development of the disturbance localisation method and allows quick identification, improved localisation accuracy, and interpretability of the algorithm. Simulation results carried out on the IEEE 39-bus system and IEEE 118-bus system verify the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"18 24","pages":"4078-4089"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.13331","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142867918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amir Talebi, Masoud Agabalaye-Rahvar, Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo, Kazem Zare, Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam
{"title":"An IGDT-stochastic model for low-carbon economic dispatch of integrated electricity-natural gas systems considering grid-enhancing technologies","authors":"Amir Talebi, Masoud Agabalaye-Rahvar, Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo, Kazem Zare, Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.13327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.13327","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Utilizing wind power alongside flexible resources such as power-to-gas technology, gas-fuel generator, demand response (DR) program, grid-enhancing technologies, and carbon capture and storage can help to low carbon operation of integrated electricity-gas systems (IEGSs). Accordingly, this paper proposes a low-carbon economic dispatch model for the IEGS, in which gas-fuel generators, DR, and gas-fuel generator are considered to realize the economic and environmentally friendly operation of these systems. Also, the flexible AC transmission system device as one of the grid-enhancing technologies is innovatively included in IEGSs to guarantee that wind power is deliverable entire the electricity system. Besides, power-to-gas equipped with hydrogen storage is used to absorb the excess wind power to produce CH<sub>4</sub>. On the other hand, to capture the inherent flexibility of the gas network, the gas-storing characteristic of pipelines is shown by line pack modelling. To manage uncertainties associated with wind power and DR program, the proposed model is formulated as an IGDT-stochastic problem. For efficient computation purposes, the present work follows the mixed-integer linear programming framework. Different case studies are performed on an integrated test system. Numerical simulation results show that the proposed model leads to reducing the total cost, carbon emissions, and wind curtailment by 29%, 16.4%, and 100%, respectively. It can be seen that the proposed low-carbon ED model is environmentally friendly and has economic benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"18 24","pages":"4042-4064"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.13327","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142867954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}