Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution最新文献

{"title":"Stabilizing Renewable-Rich Microgrids and Avoiding Load Shedding by Minimum Size of Energy Storages as Virtual Inertia With Optimum Droop Coefficients: A Realistic Case of Broome City","authors":"Hormoz Mehrkhodavandi,&nbsp;Ali Arefi,&nbsp;Amirmehdi Yazdani,&nbsp;Ashkan Najmizadeh,&nbsp;Sanaz Nouri,&nbsp;Elyas Fathi","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.70122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.70122","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper proposes a novel method to tackle the growing problem of system instability in microgrids, which is brought on by the widespread adoption of renewable energy sources (RESs) and distributed generators (DGs). Connecting RESs and DGs to microgrids through power electronic interfaces leads to a decrease and fluctuation in the system's inertia. This reduction in inertia leads to increased uncertainty and instability in the system, necessitating either load shedding or the curtailment of renewable generation, which are undesirable for both utilities and customers. To address these challenges, this paper provides a novel approach for enhancing inertia in microgrids to avoid any instability or load shedding. This approach introduces a multi-objective optimization algorithm based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II), implemented in a co-simulation platform combining MATLAB and DIgSILENT PowerFactory. The algorithm simultaneously determines the minimum required capacity of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) acting as virtual inertia and their optimum droop coefficients to stabilize the grid and prevent load shedding. The proposed approach is formulated within the context of a multi-objective optimization algorithm, by utilizing the NSGA-II in an integrated DIgSILENT and MATLAB framework. The simulation results show the positive results of the proposed approach in stabilizing the microgrid of Broome city and avoiding any load shedding. The method is validated under three critical scenarios: a 0.97 MW step load increase, a cloud event reducing PV output by 49%, and a synchronous generator outage. Results show that the optimized BESS configuration successfully maintains frequency stability and avoids any load shedding. The minimum sizing of BESSs and their optimum droop coefficient are obtained for different scenarios including step load change, cloud event, and synchronous generator outage. Compared to conventional approaches, the proposed method significantly reduces the required BESS capacity while ensuring compliance with frequency nadir and RoCoF constraints. This approach provides a cost-effective and scalable decision-making tool for microgrid operators to enhance system resilience and customer satisfaction. The outcome of this research is a critical decision-making tool for the microgrid owner to cost-effectively decide the virtual inertia sizing and their parameters for stabilization of microgrid and to improve customer satisfaction by avoiding load shedding. This contribution bridges the gap between academic research and field-level implementation, offering a scalable and adaptable strategy for future renewable-rich microgrids.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.70122","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144716928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Objective Configuration and Economic Dispatch of Hybrid Distribution Network Using Energy Router","authors":"Xiaomei Wu,&nbsp;Junbin Chen,&nbsp;Xiangrui Tong,&nbsp;Ruitao Wu,&nbsp;Huaijia Zhang,&nbsp;Ning Tong","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.70135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.70135","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The AC/DC hybrid distribution network flexibly accommodates various power sources and loads, adapting to the growing penetration of distributed photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicles (EVs). An Energy Router (ER), a device with multiple electrical energy ports, enables bi-directional AC/DC conversion, active energy flow management, and multi-port interconnection. This paper proposes an ER-based configuration and economic dispatch (ED) criterion for Distribution Transformer Area (DTA) with EVs, distributed PV, and energy storage. It includes an upper-level model for enhancing PV absorption, reducing transformer Peak-to-Valley Differences (PVD), and determining required capacities of Energy Storage System (ESS), rectifiers, and DC transformers, and a lower-level model for minimising annual costs and deciding charging/discharging powers for both ESS and EVs. The model is solved using the Normalised Normal Constraint (NNC) method and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method, yielding a uniformly distributed Pareto front to balance the security and cost. Case studies demonstrate that the proposed method exhibits significant advantages in reducing the PVD in transformer loading, enhancing the absorption rate of distributed PV, and decreasing the overall annual integrated cost at a substation level.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.70135","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144714653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distributed Energy Resource Behavior During Faults: Navigating Voltage Ride-Through Compliance Within the Realm of EN 50549","authors":"Hussain Sarwar Khan,&nbsp;Muhammad Kamran Khan,&nbsp;Kimmo Kauhaniemi","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.70131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.70131","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the effects of increasing inverter-based renewable energy resources (RERs) on fault-level propagation in medium voltage (MV) distribution networks (DNs). The study aims to ensure compliance with European grid codes EN 50549-1 and EN 50549-2, particularly regarding low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) requirements for distributed energy resources (DERs). A two step ahead finite control set model predictive (FCS-MPC) current control strategy for two-level inverters, along with an LVRT control algorithm and a secondary power controller to align with the grid code, is implemented. To demonstrate real-world implications, a detailed MATLAB/Simulink model of the Sundom Smart Grid in Vaasa, Finland, is developed, employing available data to replicate the actual network configuration with high fidelity. Subsequently, various penetration levels of power-electronics converter (PEC)-based generation are integrated to assess fault propagation under both weak and strong grid conditions. Results explain how higher shares of DERs can alter network fault dynamics and voltage profiles, emphasizing the importance of grid-code-compliant control schemes in managing operational and safety margins. The proposed approach provides a robust framework for utilities and operators to optimize DER integration, ensuring grid stability and reliability.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.70131","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144695891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal Operation of BESS for Maximum Use of Its Energy in Power System Load Frequency Control Considering Economic and Technical Objectives","authors":"Mohsen Darabian,&nbsp;Brahim Mohamed Mrabet,&nbsp;Abdeljelil Chammam","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.70123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.70123","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The primary objective of this study is to propose a methodology for setting the frequency of an automatic generation control system when integrating battery energy storage systems (BESS) and wind turbines. The introduced approach leverages an energy management system (EMS) designed to minimize the operational costs of thermal units while optimizing the state of charge (SOC) levels within BESS. This EMS framework ensures optimal energy distribution between thermal units and BESS across different <b>areas</b> of the power system, enhancing SOC management and reducing associated fluctuations. To mitigate inter-area power system fluctuations, a linear quadratic controller (LQC) is employed to adjust the zero points of the proportional–integral (PI) controller finely. This two-level design begins by minimizing the state errors of the PI controller through the integral squared error approach, followed by the application of LQC as an upper-level controller to optimize the PI setpoints. Given the challenge of limited state variable availability due to measurement noise, a Kalman filter is utilized to estimate these unmeasured states. The objective functions of the EMS for economic operation and frequency adjustment are optimized using the firefly algorithm implemented in MATLAB.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.70123","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144695890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Wind Power Forecasting in Power Grids With Dual Attention-based LSTM Mechanism","authors":"Muhammad Naveed,&nbsp;Kaleem Ullah,&nbsp;Syed Zarak Shah,&nbsp;Waseem Akram,&nbsp;Zahid Ullah,&nbsp;Bilal Khan","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.70134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.70134","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Power grid operators must deal with sustainable energy integration challenges because wind power supply and demand patterns show natural variability. The precise prediction of wind power supplies is critical to grid efficiency because it controls how renewable energy sources join the network system. Using long short-term memory (LSTM) networks within deep learning techniques shows high effectiveness for predicting short-term wind power forecasting. The paper presents a sophisticated dual-attention LSTM system that enhances wind power prediction accuracy. The model uses LSTM networks to detect temporal patterns and dual attention mechanisms to choose essential features that lead to improved wind power predictions during times of variable conditions. The proposed dual-attention LSTM model outperforms the current models of forecasting regarding one-step and multi-step wind power prediction. Trained and tested on Texas Wind Turbine dataset released publicly, the model produced an RMSE of 140.79 and 155.23 in single-step and multi-step forecasting, respectively, and consistently lower values of both MAE and MAPE, as compared to all baseline models. These findings reveal the value of the dual attention mechanism to manage the variable wind conditions and future directions are expected to be domain adaptation and transfer learning to enable real-time deployment, multi-site operation.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.70134","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144705351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coordinated Optimization of Active Distribution Network and Multi-Microgrids Considering Voltage Robustness and Economic Efficiency: A Distributed Model Predictive Control Method","authors":"Daoxin Han,&nbsp;Wei Deng,&nbsp;Zhenxing Zhao,&nbsp;Wei Pei,&nbsp;Hao Xiao","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.70130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.70130","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the high penetration of renewable energy, the active distribution network (ADN) and multi-microgrids (MMGs), as emerging multi-layered energy management systems, face challenges such as voltage violations and conflicts of interest among multiple agents. To address these distributed coordinating optimization issues in the ADN-MMGs system, this paper proposes a coordinating optimization method for ADN-MMGs systems that balances voltage robustness and system economics. In the day-ahead stage, the method considers MMGs' participation in the voltage regulation ancillary service market and decentralized peer-to-peer (P2P) trading market, and baseline plans are developed for voltage stability and economic operation. In the intra-day stage, ADN and MMGs are treated as subsystems. Using voltage sensitivity matrices and consensus algorithms, a state-space-based distributed model predictive control (Di-MPC) coordination model is constructed, effectively mitigating short-term power fluctuations from renewable energy and load variability. An analysis on a modified IEEE 33-bus system demonstrates that the proposed method enhances economic efficiency and voltage robustness by coordinating subsystem energy flows. Compared to the distributed economic model predictive control (MPC) scheme, the proposed method reduces the state of charge (SOC) tracking error of MMGs by 51.21% and ensures that the deviation in planned daily operating cost for the ADN-MMGs system does not exceed 1%.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.70130","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144657708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Power Balance Equations for Modelling Electric Arc Furnace","authors":"Zahra Babaei,&nbsp;Haidar Samet,&nbsp;Vladimir Alexandrovich Serikov","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.70116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.70116","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Electric arc furnaces (EAFs) are electrical networks' most significant single loads. On the other hand, harmful voltage flicker and harmonics are produced by the time-varying and nonlinear voltage-current properties of EAF. A precise EAF model is necessary to investigate the adverse effects of EAFs on power quality and potential solutions. The power balance equation is used in one of the recognised EAF models. However, this equation only includes the arc radius, not the arc length. Here, two new power balance equations are proposed, including arc radius and length. Four new EAF models are derived from the two suggested power balance equations. The proposed models are more accurate than the original power balance model. In the proposed model, in every half-cycle, the parameters are altered. Autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models are utilised to model time variations of the power balance equation parameters. The accuracy of the suggested models is assessed by evaluating the results obtained from actual EAF records at the Mobarakeh steel company in Isfahan, Iran, with their corresponding model outputs. A MATLAB code is provided to produce the time-variant model parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.70116","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144647310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Empowering DC Microgrids: Detection of Faults With Lanczos Filter and Skewness Analysis","authors":"Mehdi Jabareh Nasero,&nbsp;Haidar Samet,&nbsp;Behrooz Zaker,&nbsp;Mohammad Amin Jarrahi","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.70121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.70121","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents a novel communication-free method for fault detection and classification in DC microgrids (DCMGs) using the Lanczos low-noise filter and Bowley's skewness coefficient. In the proposed method, the current signals from each pole are initially processed through a unique feature of the Lanczos filter, a mathematical filter used in signal processing, particularly for reducing noise and preserving important signal characteristics. In normal conditions, the output feature of the first step remains close to zero; however, any variation in the current signals makes it change rapidly. The first difference function is established to enhance the analysis of DCMG fluctuations, which compares each sample with its preceding value. This approach simplifies the diagnostic process for subsequent stages and incorporates Bowley's coefficient of skewness to improve the accuracy of the protective measures employed by the system. This distinctive feature acts as an index for detecting faults. The use of this index enables rapid classification of pole-to-ground (PG/NG) and pole-to-pole (PN) faults under high-resistance (up to 30 Ω) and noisy conditions. The topology-independent method functions seamlessly in grid-connected/islanded modes and radial/mesh configurations, while optimised thresholds ensure immunity to load variations, DG outages, and islanding transients. The proposed technique, validated in more than 2600 simulated scenarios and a 12-V small-scale laboratory prototype, demonstrates superior speed, accuracy, and robustness performance compared to existing methods. This study enhances DCMG resilience and safety with a rapid, reliable, and universal protection framework, detecting faults in 0.9 ms (simulation) and 1.5 ms (experiment) with 97.6% accuracy.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.70121","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144647313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive Current Deviation Control and Improved VDCOL for Enhanced Fault Ride-Through in CLCC-HVDC Systems","authors":"Menghao Wen,&nbsp;Baohong Li,&nbsp;Qin Jiang,&nbsp;Tianqi Liu,&nbsp;Yingmin Zhang,&nbsp;Minrui Leng","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.70128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.70128","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The appealing capability of long-distance and large-capacity power transmission makes High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission technology become an energy corridor of power systems. The controllable line-commutated converter (CLCC) is an advanced direct current (DC) conversion device designed to address the commutation failure issues that frequently happen with conventional HVDC. To fully explore the advantages of CLCC and expedite the system's restoration after faults being cleared, an adaptive current deviation control strategy is proposed, and the Voltage Dependent Current Order Limitation (VDCOL) strategy is improved, which are jointly integrated into the constant extinction angle (CEA) control structure. Analysis and validation are conducted using the PSCAD/EMTDC simulation platform. The results demonstrate that the adaptive current deviation control strategy together with the improved VDCOL strategy endows a higher level of active power transmission capability during faults and provides additional reactive power to the alternating current (AC) system, which facilitates the system's restoration.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.70128","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144647599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Substation State Space Modelling and Reliability Assessment Considering Relay Protection Misoperation and Refusal","authors":"Ren Qiang,&nbsp;Gangjun Gong,&nbsp;Shaoju Li,&nbsp;Dawei Wang,&nbsp;Jiaxuan Yang,&nbsp;Li Liu,&nbsp;Yin Yuan","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.70117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.70117","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper proposes a substation state space model considering relay protection misoperation and refusal, as well as an improved reliability assessment method in the stratified sampling stage. The aim is to evaluate the impact of substation load loss and the reliability of adjacent power grid lines during the fault isolation stage after the substation protection action. Firstly, based on the analysis of substation failure consequences and recovery strategies, it divides the time sequence of substation state space transitions, constructs the Markov state transition space of the substation affected by relay protection failures. Secondly, it puts forward a multi-objective Monte Carlo stratified sampling method considering optimal allocation. By minimising the variance increment caused by the deviation between the actual allocation and the optimal allocation of the number of sampled states in each layer, including the main grid layer, the substation layer and the component layer, as the optimisation objective, it improves the results of traditional Monte Carlo simulations. Finally, this paper constructs a reliability assessment framework that combines the Markov model and Monte Carlo stratified sampling. It is verified through simulations in the modified IEEE-RTS79 test system. The results show that after considering the relay protection intervention, the reliability indicators have increased to varying degrees. For the Monte Carlo stratified sampling method considering optimal allocation, taking the indicator EPNS (expected power not supplied) as an example, after 50,000 sampling states, the coefficient of variance has decreased by 95.2796% compared to the initial value. This indicates that, compared to traditional methods, this method can more accurately reflect the impact of protection misoperation and refusal on the reliability of substations and adjacent power grid lines. Moreover, while broadening the assessment boundary, it also provides higher computational accuracy and efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.70117","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144635159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}