Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution最新文献

{"title":"Hybrid BiGRU-CNN Model for Load Forecasting in Smart Grids with High Renewable Energy Integration","authors":"Kaleem Ullah,&nbsp;Daniyal Shakir,&nbsp;Usama Abid,&nbsp;Saad Alahmari,&nbsp;Sheraz Aslam,&nbsp;Zahid Ullah","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.70060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.70060","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Integrating renewable energy sources into smart grids increases supply and demand management because renewable energy sources are intermittent and variable. To overcome this type of challenge, short-term load forecasting (STLF) is essential for managing energy, demand-side flexibility, and the stability of smart grids with renewable energy integration. This paper presents a new model called BiGRU-CNN to improve the operation of STLF in smart grids. The BiGRU-CNN model integrates bidirectional gated recurrent units (BiGRUs) to model temporal dependencies and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to extract spatial patterns from energy consumption data. The newly developed BiGRU captures past and future contexts through bidirectional processing, and the CNN component extracts high-level features to enhance the accuracy of load demand prediction. The BiGRU-CNN model is compared with two other hybrid models, CNN-LSTM and CNN-GRU, on real-world data from American electric power (AEP) and ISONE datasets. Simulation results show that the proposed BiGRU-CNN outperforms other models, with single-step forecasting yielding root mean square error (RMSE) of 121.43 (AEP) and 123.57 (ISONE), mean absolute error (MAE) of 90.95 (AEP) and 62.97 (ISONE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 0.61% (AEP) and 0.41% (ISONE). For multi-step forecasting, the model yields RMSE of 680.02 (AEP) and 581.12 (ISONE), MAE of 481.12 (AEP) and 411.20 (ISONE), and MAPE of 3.27% (AEP) and 2.91% (ISONE). The results show that the BiGRU-CNN model can generate accurate and reliable STLF, which is useful in managing massive renewable energy-integrated smart grids.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.70060","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143831446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Fast and Scalable Iterative Solution of a Socio-Economic Security-Constrained Optimal Power Flow With Two-Stage Post-Contingency Control","authors":"Matias Vistnes,&nbsp;Vijay Venu Vadlamudi,&nbsp;Oddbjørn Gjerde","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.70055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.70055","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Power systems must accommodate faster-growing demand and energy production at a rate that exceeds the pace of new grid infrastructure development. Moving from the deterministic ‘N-1’ security criterion to a probabilistic security criterion in security-constrained optimal power flow (SCOPF) can safely increase the power transfer capability of power systems. However, this has been computationally intractable for large power systems when including corrective actions. In this paper, a fast and scalable iterative methodology for solving the SCOPF problem is proposed using problem decomposition and the inverse matrix modification lemma (IMML). The proposed probabilistic corrective-SCOPF formulation tackles system operational security planning by combining previous research with considerations of short-term and long-term post-contingency limits, probability of branch outages, and preventive and corrective actions. Using two post-contingency states and contingency probabilities, the SCOPF could provide improved system security at a lower cost when compared to the SCOPF with only preventive actions, for example, the typical ‘N-1’ formulation. Additional security is ensured using a post-contingency load-shedding limit constraint based on system operator policy. The bearing idea in the proposed solution methodology is to relax the problem and then iteratively add constraints as and when they are violated, resulting in a solution that satisfies all constraints in the original problem. Solving the post-contingency power flow using the IMML with bus voltage angles was found to be up to four orders of magnitude faster than doing the same using a high-performance sparse matrix solver (KLU) with power transfer distribution factors. The proposed methodology is applied to a range of test systems containing up to 10,000 buses with a computational time of up to 3375 s for 12,706 branch contingencies. Calculating the contingency power flows takes 1.3% of the total solution time using the proposed methodology, by exploiting the IMML.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.70055","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143809463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causal relationship discovery and causal-oriented approaches for enhanced performance and interpretability in prediction of prosumer behavior and demand flexibility","authors":"Mingyue He,&nbsp;Mojdeh Khorsand","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.13319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.13319","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Causal analysis paves the way for more interpretable assessment of complex systems and phenomena, such as human-in-the-loop components of energy systems. This article will pursue novel approaches for causal analysis of prosumers' behavior. The knowledge of this causality is core for multiple smart grid applications including but not limited to the design of demand side management programs, retail electricity market design, development of effective distributed energy resources aggregation strategies, and net load forecasting. The complex nature of human interactions with energy relies on many factors and understanding behavior causality is a core, unsolved challenge. This article presents a probabilistic algorithm for discovering causal relationships between the end users' consumption flexibility and its influencing factors. The obtained causal knowledge is then utilized to boost the precision of demand flexibility prediction. Two causal-oriented approaches are proposed to enhance the performance and interpretability of predictive models, incorporating causal information through causal regularization and data preprocessing. Simulation results demonstrate that the algorithm can effectively identify causal probabilities among different factors and unveil key characteristics of the prosumers' behavior. Additionally, these proposed causal-oriented approaches outperform the non-causal-oriented predictive models in terms of both performance and interpretability, highlighting the advantages of incorporating causal information.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.13319","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143809594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Hybrid Event-Based System Separation and Response-Driven Under-Frequency Load Shedding Scheme in a Standalone Power System With Renewables","authors":"Ying-Yi Hong,&nbsp;Hsaio-Chu Huang","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.70054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.70054","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The increasing integration of renewable energy sources into power systems, driven by their clean and sustainable attributes, has attracted significant attention. However, during severe contingency events, renewable resources such as photovoltaics (PV) may trip prematurely due to their own protection strategies, potentially occurring before load shedding and leading to cascading outages. This paper presents a novel hybrid special protection scheme (SPS) for autonomous (standalone) power systems with renewables. The proposed approach combines an event-based system separation strategy with a response-driven under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) strategy to mitigate premature renewables tripping, thereby preventing catastrophic cascading load shedding. Hybrid particle swarm optimization is employed to determine the optimal splitting points in the power system. Additionally, the total shed loads at all steps of 81L relays in the separated areas are minimized, while the average frequency nadir across all separated areas is maximized. The uncertainty in PV power generation is modeled using probabilistic methods to account for various scenarios. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated using a 31-bus standalone power grid with a total demand of 66.62 MW and PV power generation of 7.61 MW. The results show that the proposed method sheds only 11.30 MW of load and trips 2.18 MW of PV power generation, compared to 25.28 MW of load shedding and 6.47 MW of PV tripping observed in existing methods under high irradiance conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.70054","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methodology to Analyse the Feasible Use of Battery Energy Storage Systems as Part of Electricity Distribution Network Asset Management","authors":"Juha Haakana,&nbsp;Jouni Haapaniemi,&nbsp;Otto Räisänen,&nbsp;Jukka Lassila","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.70056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.70056","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Battery energy storage systems (BESS) have become a part of electrical power systems, especially in providing system services. In addition, storage systems offer many benefits also for the electricity distribution network operation, even though they are not yet widely utilised. In this paper, a methodology to assess the feasible use of BESS in the continuous distribution network development and asset management process is developed. The methodology determines alternative paths for the network development, considering the present network structure, requirements for the network operation, and the life cycle cost analysis, including capital, operational, and interruption costs of the network. Network development cases where BESS can be beneficial include a rapid improvement in network capacity and securing electricity supply against network fault interruptions. The analysis focuses on the renovation of a rural overhead line network, but the methodology is generic and can also be applied to urban areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.70056","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MDS-YOLO Model-Based Defect Detection Method for Porcelain Insulators Using Infrared Images","authors":"Shaotong Pei,&nbsp;Weiqi Wang,&nbsp;Chenlong Hu,&nbsp;Haichao Sun,&nbsp;Hongyu Di,&nbsp;Bo Lan,&nbsp;Bing Xiao","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.70032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.70032","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the rapid development of image processing technology in recent years, the detection of insulator defects through infrared images has become an important online inspection technology. In practice, the insulator infrared image shooting needs to deal with shooting angle, background complexity, and other issues that decrease the detection accuracy. Also, small targets are difficult to identify and the detection of defects remains a problem. In order to solve these issues, this paper proposes a small target multiple defects YOLO algorithm. Based on YOLOv8, a hybrid model of self-attention and convolution is used to aggregate convolution and self-attention. Then efficient convolutional network (EfficientNetV2), is applied to improve the training speed of the model and the parameter efficiency, to ensure that the model is lightweight as a whole. And adopting a bi-directional feature pyramid network to improve accuracy through multi-level feature pyramids and bi-directional information transfer. The multilevel feature pyramid and bidirectional information transfer are adopted to improve the precision. Finally, the inner-SIoU loss function is used to improve the recall and precision of the small targets and enhance the robustness of the model to small targets. In order to obtain test data, this paper conducts defective insulator infrared image experiments to obtain infrared images under different conditions. After experimental verification, the MDS-YOLO algorithm proposed in this paper achieves an average of 87.85% mAP and 6.0 GFLOPs, which meets the requirements of recognising defective insulators with small targets and the effectiveness and superiority of the algorithm proposed in this paper are proved by ablation and comparison tests.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.70032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Line Protection for Outgoing Lines of New Energy Power Stations Based on the Equivalent Parameter of Line-to-Ground Admittance","authors":"Yarong Guo,&nbsp;Zexin Zhou,&nbsp;Mingjie Li,&nbsp;Xingguo Wang,&nbsp;Pengfei Lv,&nbsp;Su Yu","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.70053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.70053","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The present study finds that the existing line protection struggles to address the problem of amplitude-limited and phase-controlled fault currents for new energy outgoing lines. The paper defines the concept of the equivalent parameter of line-to-ground admittance and proposes a protection based on the parameter. The theoretical expressions of the equivalent parameters of line-to-ground admittances are analysed for various fault types on and outside the line. The line-to-ground admittance parameters reflect the line capacitance during normal operation or out-of-zone faults, with a very small amplitude and capacitive phase. Conversely, during in-zone faults, with a very large amplitude and inductive or resistive phase, they reflect the reciprocal of the transition resistance. The admittance protection relies on the detection of significant changes in the amplitude and phase characteristics of equivalent line-to-ground admittance parameters before and after a fault. This principle is not affected by any alterations in the power supply characteristics, making it highly appropriate for identifying faults in the outgoing lines of new energy power stations. The application of this principle can be extended to various voltage levels and system operation modes of conventional power systems. It has the potential to considerably enhance the performances of line protection and ensure both the safety and stability of the new-type power system.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.70053","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lock-Up Problem in the Current-Limiting Mode of the Grid-Forming Converter With Priority-Based Limiter and Its Solution","authors":"Meng Yuan,&nbsp;Lei Chen,&nbsp;Yong Min,&nbsp;Pengfei Gao,&nbsp;Beisi Tan,&nbsp;Maohai Wang","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.70052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.70052","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As a voltage-source-type device, the output current of a grid-forming converter without a current limiter is determined by the external circuit status. When a short-circuit fault occurs in the grid, the converter may burn out because of the large current. Therefore, it's necessary for grid-forming converters to be equipped with current limiters. For the grid-forming converter employing the priority-based current limiter, this study found that the lock-up problem in the current-limiting mode may occur; that is, the converter cannot switch back from the current-limiting mode to normal mode if the fault is cleared in a relatively short period of time. This is caused by the impact of the line current dynamics. It causes the converter to enter the current-limiting mode early, making the maximum power angle smaller than the angle in which the converter can exit the current-limiting mode. A strategy to overcome this lock-up problem by reasonably setting the proportional gain of the proportional-integral (PI) controller in the voltage loop is provided, which essentially reduces the lower boundary of the angle at which the current-limiting mode can exit to be equal to or less than the fault occurrence power angle. The effectiveness of the strategy is demonstrated through numerical simulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.70052","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143786642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MMC-HVDC Control Parameter Selection for Grid Code Compliance and Improved System Protection Performance Under AC-Side Faults","authors":"Xiaoxiao Liu,&nbsp;Paul Judge,&nbsp;Geraint Chaffey,&nbsp;Willem Leterme,&nbsp;Dirk Van Hertem","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.70050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.70050","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The growing reliance on power-electronic-based renewable energy and high-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems poses challenges for distance protection, as converter fault responses differ from those of synchronous generators. At the same time, grid codes require converters to inject reactive current during AC faults, yet these requirements are typically studied independently of protection considerations. This paper addresses the gap by selecting control parameters in modular multilevel converter-based HVDC systems to enhance distance protection performance while ensuring compliance with grid codes and system stability under varying grid conditions. A global sensitivity analysis is conducted to identify the most influential control parameters, which are then systematically grouped for selection. The approach is evaluated across different system topologies and short circuit ratios, demonstrating its effectiveness in enhancing control-protection coordination and identifying the conditions where parameter tuning remains inadequate. These findings provide insights into the limitations of parameter tuning and identify scenarios where fundamental changes in control and protection may be required.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.70050","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143787172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A decomposition strategy for inertia-aware microgrid planning models","authors":"Agnes Marjorie Nakiganda,&nbsp;Shahab Dehghan,&nbsp;Petros Aristidou","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.13352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.13352","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The growing penetration of Converter-Interfaced Generators (CIG) in electricity grids has diminished inertia levels. Micro-Grids (MGs), with their high penetration of CIGs, are particularly vulnerable to the reduced inertia levels presenting a challenge to their secure and reliable operation. MG system planning must now incorporate the analysis of dynamic system security complementing traditional resource adequacy assessments. However, integrating transient security constraints into MG planning is complex due to the non-convex and non-linear nature of the analytical expressions for frequency metrics and power flow constraints. To address this challenge, this article presents a decomposition-based approach to the MG investment planning problem that leverages dual solutions to derive dual-cutting planes, effectively constraining the feasible solution space. This enhances computational tractability and optimality by ensuring that the sensitivity of decisions at each stage can be accurately captured. This facilitates the identification of cost-effective investment strategies that balance economic objectives and security requirements, optimizing the placement of inertia services and accelerating algorithm convergence. The significance of the proposed algorithms is validated on a low- and medium-voltage network under various operating scenarios and security levels. Results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms yield solutions that are more sensitive to frequency support needs and converge more rapidly.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.13352","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143762084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}