Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution最新文献

{"title":"Frequency Dynamical Behaviour and Frequency Equilibrium Point of Multi-VSC Systems","authors":"Xing Yao,&nbsp;Ziqian Yang,&nbsp;Meng Zhan,&nbsp;Wangqianyun Tang","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.70028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.70028","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With replacement of synchronous generator (SG) by voltage source converter (VSC) interfaced renewables, power system dynamics is undergoing significant changes. This paper investigates the frequency dynamical behaviour of new-generation power systems composed solely of grid-following (GFL) and/or grid-forming (GFM) VSCs, without an infinitely strong bus or SG. It is found that for a system composed solely of GFL-VSC, as it lacks a frequency equilibrium point after a certain disturbance, the whole system exhibits an unusual phenomenon of frequency drifting. On the other hand, for a hybrid system composed of both GFM-VSC and GFL-VSC, as it has a frequency equilibrium point, the system can settle down to a new frequency steady-state, and the GFM-VSC and GFL-VSC show completely different behaviours in the transient process. The GFM-VSC plays a key role in the frequency dynamics, similar to the SG. Based on the inertia-centre frequency dynamics, it is observed that the GFM-VSC determines the equivalent damping of the system, and both GFM-VSC and GFL-VSC contribute to the equivalent inertia. All these findings are well supported and verified by our theoretical analysis and time-domain simulations, and they can provide physical insights in the bulk frequency dynamical behaviour of new-generation power systems dominated by converters.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.70028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143481483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An innovative hybrid load shifting and curtailing technique for operating a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle integrated microgrid system in a clean and cost-effective manner","authors":"Bishwajit Dey,&nbsp;Soham Dutta,&nbsp;Santana Saikia,&nbsp;Ranga Seshu Kumar","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.70020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.70020","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Demand-side management (DSM) tactics such as load shifting (LSP) and load curtailment (LCP) improve energy efficiency in a low-voltage microgrid (MG). LCP encourages load reduction, whereas LSP directs elastic loads to low-cost times. The MG under consideration includes price-based (PBDR) and incentive-based demand response (IBDR), as well as a hybrid DSM (HDSM) that blends LSP and IBDR. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are also incorporated to reduce expense and pollution. LSP shifts 20% of elastic loads, while IBDR cuts 35 kW to counter PHEV demand. Optimal generator scheduling seeks to reduce costs and emissions across five load profiles, including base load. The minimum generating cost is reduced from $252 (base load) to $234, $246, and $230 for LSP, IBDR, and HDSM, respectively. Emissions remain at 2916 kg for base and LSP-based loads, while IBDR and HDSM reduce them to 2792 kg. Among all techniques, HDSM has the best trade-off, with a $237 generation cost and 3116 kg emissions.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.70020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143446718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An online distributed optimisation model solving the time-coupled conundrum by the Lyapunov drift plus penalty method","authors":"Molin An,&nbsp;Tianguang Lu,&nbsp;Xueshan Han,&nbsp;Zhaohao Ding","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.70019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.70019","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the increasing proportion of distributed energy resources, optimisation in the active distribution network becomes highly complex and challenging. To protect user privacy and perform efficient calculations, this paper proposes an online distributed optimisation between the user and the operator. To overcome the constraint non-linearity, a new linear power flow model is adopted, which can be updated online. In addition, to solve the time-coupled conundrum of energy storage, the Lyapunov drift plus penalty method is employed to transform the long-time scale optimisation problem into an instantaneous problem. Furthermore, a novel proportional integral derivative (PID)–Lagrange algorithm is proposed to improve the efficiency, where the distributed optimisation algorithm is considered as a control process, and a PID controller is used to control it. The proposed PID–Lagrange algorithm has an explicit parameter tuning strategy and significantly improves the efficiency by 54.23% in the case study.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.70019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143438968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous active and reactive power market consideration of uncertainty in wind farms","authors":"Morteza Shamani,&nbsp;Asghar Akbari Foroud,&nbsp;Hamed Ahmadi","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.70017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As the number of wind turbines increase, those units like others would contribute to active power in a competitive market. Also, with development in power electronics, those units like others are able to produce reactive power and therefore can participate in reactive power market. Meanwhile, high degrees of uncertainty and prediction error are associated with this type of producing units. Due to the relationship between active and reactive power generation, this uncertainty affects both active and reactive power markets and deprives those units of the opportunity to participate in both markets. Therefore, providing an accurate model of participation in the active and reactive power market, considering the existing uncertainty and its related forecasting errors, will help those units to be able to compete with others in the active and reactive power market. In addition, the proposed model should consider the interaction between active and reactive power markets and the conditions for their simultaneous implementation. In addition, the ability of wind units to impose market power is decreased by presenting a new market power index for reactive power generation. The effectiveness of the proposed model is evaluated by implementing on 24-node IEEE RTS grid.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.70017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143424082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virtual power line control for interlinking converters on AC, DC and hybrid grid links","authors":"Julen Paniagua,&nbsp;Eneko Unamuno,&nbsp;Jon Andoni Barrena","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.70021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.70021","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The increasing integration of renewable energy sources is making power systems evolve, driving the necessity to interconnect different power systems to improve the robustness and operation of grids. Here, the so-called virtual power line (VPL) control for interlinking converters (ICs) is presented, whose purpose is to couple different electric systems analogously to a classical transmission line. The VPL control employs local measurements, and it does not require any communication link to operate. Two VPL control variants are presented: the dual grid-supporting VPL control and the single grid-forming VPL (SGF-VPL) control. Both support the frequency and/or voltage of the interconnected grids, and the latter provides grid-forming capabilities for one of the interconnected systems. The performance of VPL controllers show how the frequency and voltage nadir values are improved by <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>36</mn>\u0000 <mo>%</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$36%$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> (when comparing low and strong coupling results), while the rate of change of frequency and voltage can be decreased by <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>49.6</mn>\u0000 <mo>%</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$49.6%$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>, with a <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>40</mn>\u0000 <mo>%</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$40%$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> faster settling time. Furthermore, it is demonstrated how the SGF-VPL is able to set the grid when other grid-forming units fail, and the flow of power happens naturally through ICs from generation to consumption areas as if all devices were part of the same electric system.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.70021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143389415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distributionally robust optimal power flow based on multi-transport hyperrectangle ambiguity set","authors":"Weizhen Ou,&nbsp;Peijie Li,&nbsp;Zonglong Weng,&nbsp;Jiawen Xiao,&nbsp;Xiaoqing Bai","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.13360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.13360","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Wasserstein distributionally robust optimization has become the preferred method for addressing the uncertainties in optimal power flow problems caused by renewable energy sources. However, when the system involves high-dimensional random variables, such as multiple solar or wind farms, the curse of dimensionality associated with this method leads to a slow convergence rate of Wasserstein ambiguity sets. Therefore, it is essential to explore novel ambiguity sets which can effectively address the dimensionality problem. This paper proposes a distributionally robust optimal power flow model based on a multi-transport hyperrectangle ambiguity set to tackle the uncertainties in wind power. First, this paper presents the multi-transport hyperrectangle, which resolves the curse of dimensionality issue associated with Wasserstein ambiguity sets. Furthermore, the wind power curtailment cost in the objective function is reformulated into a tractable form using duality theory, enabling commercial solvers to provide efficient solutions. Finally, tests conducted on the modified IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 118-bus systems demonstrate that the proposed ambiguity set maintains a stable convergence rate under high-dimensional random variables without rapid deterioration as the sample size increases. Moreover, the model achieves significant cost reductions while ensuring system stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.13360","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143362463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing solar power with adaptive control of PV-enriched microgrids using A3C-driven deep reinforcement learning","authors":"Yaohua Liao,&nbsp;Xin Jin,&nbsp;Zhiming Gu,&nbsp;Bo Li,&nbsp;Tingzhe Pan","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.70012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.70012","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This research introduces an advanced adaptive control framework utilizing deep reinforcement learning, specifically the Asynchronous Advantage Actor-Critic algorithm, to optimize the operation of photovoltaic-enriched microgrids integrated with solar electric vehicles. The integration of solar electric vehicles within microgrids not only addresses transportation needs and energy sustainability by acting as dynamic energy storage systems. The inherent intermittency of solar power and the dynamic energy demands of solar electric vehicles pose significant operational challenges, requiring robust, flexible control systems capable of real-time optimization. Our framework leverages the Asynchronous Advantage Actor-Critic algorithm for its efficiency in handling high-dimensional state spaces and its capability for rapid, concurrent learning processes, making it well-suited for the dynamic and complex environment of photovoltaic-enriched microgrids. The proposed model innovatively combines solar energy generation with solar electric vehicle energy storage and consumption dynamics, providing a holistic approach to microgrid management that optimizes energy flows, reduces reliance on traditional energy sources, and minimizes environmental impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.70012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143362399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A state-variable-preserving method for the efficient modelling of inverter-based resources in parallel EMT simulation","authors":"Qiguo Wang,&nbsp;Jin Xu,&nbsp;Keyou Wang,&nbsp;Guojie Li,&nbsp;Zhenyuan Feng","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.70013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.70013","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The aggregation models of renewable energy power stations are difficult to apply to the stability research of the fault inside the station or the oscillation analysis between the station and the grid-side system, and the high dimensional characteristics of their detailed model will pose an enormous challenge to the simulation efficiency. To alleviate the contradiction between accuracy and efficiency, this paper proposes a state-variable-preserving method to efficiently model inverter-based resources and a node tearing method to realize parallel simulation of the renewable energy power station consisting of inverter-based resources. The state-variable-preserving model uses discrete state space expression to eliminate the internal nodes on the basis of preserving the original variables of the generation unit and reduces the solving scale of the generation station. The node tearing method reduces the solving complexity of the associated variables, which is more consistent with the topology characteristic that different power generation clusters are interconnected by the same bus. In the case study, the results of numerical accuracy analysis and numerical stability analysis of a photovoltaic power plant verify the reliability of the proposed method, and its simulation efficiency is verified by changing the scale of the photovoltaic power plant.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.70013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143248409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frequency safety demand and coordinated control strategy for power system with wind power and energy storage","authors":"Xiangyu Zhang,&nbsp;Zijian Shao,&nbsp;Yuan Fu,&nbsp;Yabo Cao","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.70018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.70018","url":null,"abstract":"<p>According to the constraints of frequency safety indices, evaluating the inertia and primary frequency regulation demand, rationally utilizing the energy reserve provided by wind turbines and energy storage devices to ensure the safety of the system frequency response, is the key to improve the stability of large-scale new energy power systems. First, frequency response characteristics and frequency regulation safety indicators required by new energy generation systems were analyzed. Second, the frequency dynamic response model of the system with wind power and energy storage was established, and the extreme value time for the virtual inertia response of the system was calculated. Using the extreme time at which the frequency drop is maximum, the virtual inertia time constant of the wind-storage system was evaluated. Additionally, the system inertia and the primary frequency regulation demand were obtained considering the frequency safety indices, and a novel coordinated control strategy for wind power and energy storage to provide the required frequency support was proposed. Finally, a grid-connected wind-storage simulation system was built to verify the superiority of the proposed control strategy. The obtained results indicate that the proposed control scheme flexibly meets the system frequency safety requirements.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.70018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143248410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of broadband oscillation mechanisms in grid-forming and grid-following converters based on virtual synchronous generator","authors":"Weiming Wang,&nbsp;Zhijian Liu,&nbsp;Jun Lou,&nbsp;Cheng Cheng,&nbsp;Qi Song,&nbsp;Yaoting Shi","doi":"10.1049/gtd2.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.70015","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Aiming at the problem of increased complexity in broadband oscillations caused by the introduction of virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control to grid-forming and grid-following grid-connected converters interacting with inductive weak grids, positive and negative sequence impedance of such converters is established under small perturbations in phase angle and voltage using harmonic linearization. The impact of various control links on the broadband impedance characteristics associated with different control strategies is then analysed. It is observed that the grid-forming converter equipped with VSG demonstrates lower impedance magnitude and inductive behaviour in the medium-to-high frequency range, thus emulating the external behaviour of a synchronous generator more accurately. Furthermore, the analysis based on the maximum peak Nyquist stability criterion reveals that voltage control and current-type VSG lack phase margin, leading to potential oscillation risks within their respective dominant frequency bands. Finally, the validity of the broadband oscillation mechanism analysis is confirmed through hardware-in-loop experiments and impedance sweep analyses.</p>","PeriodicalId":13261,"journal":{"name":"Iet Generation Transmission & Distribution","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/gtd2.70015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143248408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}