Optimizing EVs Penetration Levels in Smart Grids Using Dynamic Pricing and Renewable Energy Backed by BESS While Maintaining Grid Constraints

This study explores the impact of various EV penetration scenarios on grid performance utilizing a time-of-use (ToU) dynamic pricing scheme. In this study, energy costs are fixed at 0.18 SR/kWh during off-peak hours and 0.30 SR/kWh during on-peak hours, based on actual tariffs provided by the local electric utility dynamic pricing strategies and leveraging renewable energy sources supported by battery energy storage systems (BESS). The proposed framework aims to identify the optimal EV penetration level that maximizes EV utilization without compromising grid stability or violating system constraints. The IEEE 69-bus test system is used to assess the proposed approach under two different consumers and various EV penetration scenarios to examine the effects on power losses, voltage profiles, thermal limit, and system expenses. Results demonstrate that integrating EVs with dynamic pricing and renewable resources backed by BESS can effectively balance energy demand and supply, reduce power losses, and enhance voltage and current profiles. The findings underscore the feasibility of achieving resilient and sustainable grid operations while accommodating a higher number of EVs. This study offers valuable insights into the potential of smart grid technologies to support large-scale EV adoption.