IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Microfabricated Waveguide Terminations for Wideband and Low-Power THz Applications","authors":"Cristian Daniel López;Karl Birkir Flosason;Denis Meledin;Leif Helldner;SvenErik Ferm;Victor Belitsky;Vincent Desmaris","doi":"10.1109/TTHZ.2024.3510658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTHZ.2024.3510658","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the design, simulation, microfabrication, and characterization of broadband waveguide terminations intended as drop-in components in waveguide blocks. Two types of terminations were developed, fabricated, and characterized. The first type employs a quartz-based E-probe to couple to a waveguide, integrating an on-substrate titanium nitride (Ti-N) alloy resistive absorber with broadband tuning circuitry. This design achieves a return loss of better than 20 dB over the 260–375 GHz frequency range. The second type features a finline to slotline transition, constructed from a 30 μm thick Si membrane covered with high resistivity Ti-N alloy. This load demonstrates a return loss of better than 20 dB across the 210–380 GHz band. In order to ensure the required performance of the loads at cryogenic temperatures, the sheet resistance of the employed Ti-N resistive film was characterized from room temperature to 4K employing a closed-cycle cryostat and a four-probe measurement system. For comparative purposes, the room temperature performance of terminations employing a traditional Eccosorb material was measured and compared with the proposed waveguide terminations. Furthermore, the sideband rejection ratio of a 2SB superconductor-insulator-superconductor mixer was evaluated at cryogenic temperatures using the proposed finline-based terminations for LO directional couplers and 90° RF hybrids in comparison with the Eccosorb made terminations. The measurements showed that the performance of the proposed terminations outperforms those achieved with Eccosorb absorbers at room temperature and is comparable at cryogenic temperatures.","PeriodicalId":13258,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology","volume":"15 2","pages":"181-190"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Terahertz-Intra-Particle Diffusion Model for Adsorption of Ethanol in Graphene-Based Materials","authors":"Siyang Lu;Jing Zhu;Zhicheng Tan;Xinzhe Shi;Wei Wu;Lianqing Zhu","doi":"10.1109/TTHZ.2024.3514299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTHZ.2024.3514299","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, the terahertz-intraparticle diffusion model (THz-IPD) based on the intraparticle diffusion model and terahertz amplitude is established to assess diffusion adsorption rates and describe the mass transfer mechanism controlled by intraparticle diffusion. The diffusion adsorption process for four graphene-based materials with ethanol was analyzed by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. Diffusion adsorption rates for four graphene-based materials were evaluated using a terahertz-pseudo second-order kinetic model and a terahertz-double-exponential model, revealing that intraparticle diffusion is one of the rate-limiting factors for adsorption. THz-IPD fitting found that intraparticle diffusion is not the only controlling factor. Hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonds are the decisive factors for the adsorption rates of hydrophobic and hydrophilic graphene-based materials. The results were supported by Brunner--Emmet--Teller (BET) surface area analysis, scanning electron microscope/energy spectrometer, and Fourier transform infrared methods.","PeriodicalId":13258,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology","volume":"15 2","pages":"283-290"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Power Divider Phase in Power Distribution Networks","authors":"I. Barrueto;F. Münning;M. Justen;M. Schultz;S. Wulff;K. Jacobs;C. E. Honingh;U. U. Graf;D. Riechers","doi":"10.1109/TTHZ.2024.3514309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTHZ.2024.3514309","url":null,"abstract":"For the CCAT Heterodyne Array Instrument (CHAI) we studied the basic components for the local oscillator (LO) distribution in the 4-pixel block, of which 16 units will constitute the 64 pixels in the 455–495<inline-formula><tex-math>$,$</tex-math></inline-formula>GHz band. A single LO signal is divided by a cascade of on-chip 3 dB power dividers based on superconducting planar transmission lines, implemented in multipixel waveguide mixer blocks. In this article, we present two different types of power dividers, namely, a microstrip Wilkinson and a coplanar waveguide (CPW) 90<inline-formula><tex-math>$^{circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula> hybrid, which are designed, simulated, and fabricated. Upon integrating them in a two-pixel block with the intended mixers, we observe an unexpected difference in terms of equal power distribution to both mixers. The 90<inline-formula><tex-math>$^{circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula> phase difference between the outputs of the hybrid, in the presence of standing waves due to an imperfectly terminated isolated port, causes an imbalance between the LO-power transmitted to both mixers. This inequality is frequency-dependent and alternates considerably across the band. The Wilkinson due to its in-phase power division is immune to this effect and therewith demonstrates a significantly more even power transmission to the mixers.","PeriodicalId":13258,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology","volume":"15 2","pages":"210-217"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-Channel Frequency Source With Distributable Channel Power Based on Mode Control","authors":"Yazhou Dong;Tianchi Zhou;Huajie Liang;Shixiong Liang;Hailong Guo;Lian Hu;Jun Zhou;Ziqiang Yang;Ziqiang Yang;Yaxin Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TTHZ.2024.3510195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTHZ.2024.3510195","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional frequency multipliers typically feature single-channel input and output designs, primarily serving as local oscillators in mixers or signal sources in point-to-point transmission systems. However, these designs offer limited versatility, particularly in applications requiring dynamic power distribution across multiple directions. To address this limitation, we introduce a novel dual-channel frequency doubler based on GaAs monolithic integrated technology that allows for adjustable power distribution between two output channels. The design incorporates a vertically aligned, multistage waveguide that couples power into two parallel rows of diodes. By exploiting the nonlinear characteristics of these diodes, the device efficiently generates second harmonics across both channels. Moreover, the coupling ratio of input power between the two channels can be dynamically controlled by adjusting the bias applied to the diodes. Across 155–170 GHz frequency range, the device achieved a maximum output power of 69.9 mW and a peak conversion efficiency of 29% with both channels active. With only one channel active, the maximum output power reached 71.7 mW, and the peak conversion efficiency was 23.8%. This prototype effectively demonstrates the feasibility of our approach and establishes a solid foundation for future expansion into the terahertz frequency range.","PeriodicalId":13258,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology","volume":"15 2","pages":"260-268"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Doppler Frequency-Multiplied Terahertz-Wave Doppler Interferometric Velocimeter With High Temporal Resolution","authors":"Zhao-Hui Zhai;Chang-Lin Sun;Jiang Li;Liang-Hui Du;Shou-Xian Liu;Jiang-Bo Lei;Jun Jiang;Li-Guo Zhu","doi":"10.1109/TTHZ.2024.3510659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTHZ.2024.3510659","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the ability of terahertz (THz) waves to penetrate nonpolar opaque optical materials, Doppler interferometric velocimeters using THz waves can measure the velocity of a target inside or behind opaque optical materials, such as shock or detonation waves inside high explosives. To increase the temporal resolution of transient velocity measurements, a shorter time window is necessary during time–frequency analysis. However, the submillimeter wavelength of THz waves means that a shorter time window (e.g., nanoseconds) leads to extremely large velocity uncertainty. To address this challenge, a Doppler frequency-multiplied terahertz-wave Doppler velocimeter (DFM-TDV) was proposed. By frequency multiplication of the Doppler frequency shift, the velocity uncertainty can be suppressed under the same time window, allowing for a narrower time window while maintaining the same level of velocity uncertainty. The design and performance of the DFM-TDV were discussed, and its capability was tested through synthetic Doppler signal experiments and detonation-driven flyer experiments. The velocity uncertainty and temporal resolution of the measured velocity were improved by factors of 6.7 and 4, respectively, with a multiplication factor of 16.","PeriodicalId":13258,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology","volume":"15 2","pages":"242-249"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10772585","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-Band Submillimeter-Wave Leaky-Wave Lens Antenna for Heterodyne Cometary Mapping","authors":"Sjoerd Bosma;Sven L. van Berkel;Maria Alonso-delPino;Darwin Blanco;Cecile Jung-Kubiak;Robert Lin;Goutam Chattopadhyay;Jose V. Siles;Nuria Llombart","doi":"10.1109/TTHZ.2024.3510652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTHZ.2024.3510652","url":null,"abstract":"The next generation of space-based submillimeter-wave remote cometary mapping instruments is being developed at NASA/JPL with two receiver bands at 210–240 and 500–580 GHz. This instrument requires an array of receivers to decrease image acquisition time of velocity-resolved maps of key cometary volatiles. Furthermore, a single shared focal plane is required to save power, mass, and space while maintaining overlapping and equal-beamwidth target illumination at both bands. Here, we describe the analysis, synthesis, fabrication, and measurement of a prototype dual-band, submillimeter-wave leaky-wave lens antenna intended for a 4× 4 focal-plane array (FPA) under a parabolic reflector that achieves these goals. The FPA elements are waveguide-fed leaky-wave lens antennas with a novel stratification including an integrated frequency-selective surface that enables 15% operational bandwidths around 225 and 540 GHz simultaneously. The propagating leaky-wave modes in this stratification are studied in detail and the stratification is then synthesized in manufacturable components. A submillimeter-wave lens antenna prototype was fabricated using high-precision silicon microfabrication techniques. Measurements of this prototype demonstrate a performance closely matching simulated results in both frequency bands.","PeriodicalId":13258,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology","volume":"15 2","pages":"269-282"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wideband OMT for the 210–373 GHz Band With Built-In 90° Waveguide Twist","authors":"Igor Lapkin;Cristian Daniel López;Denis Meledin;Leif Helldner;Mathias Fredrixon;Alexey B. Pavolotsky;Sven-Erik Ferm;Vincent Desmaris;Victor Belitsky","doi":"10.1109/TTHZ.2024.3499734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTHZ.2024.3499734","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we present the design of a wideband orthomode transducer (OMT) that aims for the frequency band 210–373 GHz. The OMT employs a modified Bøifot layout and is optimized to fit into the tight spatial constraints, e.g., of the ALMA cartridge. The OMT layout harmonizes the receiver cartridge components for both polarizations by allowing the use of the same configuration and components in both polarization chains because of the OMT outputs’ colinear positioning. The OMT features a built-in novel broadband 90° waveguide twist, which minimizes the insertion RF loss by removing the H-split waveguide while eases receiver component integration with the 2SB mixers in the ALMA cartridge. The manufactured OMT was characterized by direct measurements with a VNA employing frequency extension modules. The waveguide adapters were used accommodating the OMT waveguide ports having dimensions 760 × 760 μm for the input port and 380 × 760 μm for the output ports to the VNA extension modules. The OMT demonstrated the cross pol better than –25 dB across 95% of the frequency band, the output reflections better than 15 dB, and the RF insertion loss better than 0.8 dB.","PeriodicalId":13258,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology","volume":"15 2","pages":"151-157"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Isolated H-Plane Terahertz Waveguide T-Junction With Corrugated Microstrip Loads","authors":"Guangru Liu;Bo Zhang;Huali Zhu;Yong Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TTHZ.2024.3506817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTHZ.2024.3506817","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, a broadband and isolated \u0000<italic>H</i>\u0000-plane terahertz waveguide T-junction is presented for terahertz power combination applications. Thereinto, the high isolation characteristic is realized by inserting two corrugated microstrip loads via antisymmetric probes. In addition, a simple and robust rectangular matching structure is utilized to achieve broadband impedance matching. The entire power divider is manufactured in three metal blocks to avoid high-loss \u0000<italic>H</i>\u0000-plane splitting and to simplify load assembly. The measured results show that the average insertion loss is 1 dB, the input return loss is better than –15 dB, and the output isolation is above 13 dB over the frequency range of 270–400 GHz.","PeriodicalId":13258,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology","volume":"15 1","pages":"133-136"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Mixers for the High-Resolution Spectrometer of the Millimetron Space Observatory","authors":"Ivan V. Tretyakov;Andrey V. Khudchenko;Kirill I. Rudakov;Irina V. Ivashentseva;Natalia S. Kaurova;Boris M. Voronov;Maria S. Kirsanova;Tatiana I. Larchenkova;Gregory N. Goltsman;Andrey M. Baryshev;Ronald Hesper;Fedor V. Khan;Elena S. Zhukova;Artem M. Chekushkin;A. V. Melentev;K. V. Zhivetev;A. V. Terentiev;Valery P. Koshelets;S. F. Likhachev","doi":"10.1109/TTHZ.2024.3505592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTHZ.2024.3505592","url":null,"abstract":"The study of the origin and transport of water in the universe is an important part of the scientific program of the Millimetron space observatory. This will be made possible by observations conducted in single-dish mode using an onboard instrument—the high-resolution spectrometer (HRS). This instrument incorporates heterodyne array receivers operating within the range <inline-formula><tex-math>$0.5 -2.7$</tex-math></inline-formula> THz, comprising 3-pixel arrays of superconductor–insulator–superconductor mixers operating at frequencies below 1.3 THz and 7-pixel matrix receivers based on NbN HEB mixers observing above 1.3 THz. This article presents the current status of development for a mixers planned for use in the HRS instrument of the Millimetron space observatory.","PeriodicalId":13258,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology","volume":"15 2","pages":"191-199"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-Noise Resonant Tunneling Diode Terahertz Detector","authors":"Simone Clochiatti;Anton Grygoriev;Robin Kress;Enes Mutlu;Alexander Possberg;Florian Vogelsang;Marcel van Delden;Nils Pohl;Nils G. Weimann","doi":"10.1109/TTHZ.2024.3505599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTHZ.2024.3505599","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a comprehensive analysis of indium phosphide (InP) triple-barrier resonant tunneling diodes (TB-RTDs) operating as direct terahertz (THz) detectors at zero bias. Through analytical derivation, the influence of device dimensions and of current–voltage curvature on voltage responsivity and noise equivalent power (NEP) is explored, and theoretical expressions for diode sensitivity are derived. On-wafer measurements of two scaled TB-RTDs with top contact areas of 0.5 and \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$1 ,mu mathrm{m}^{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 are conducted, followed by a comparative analysis, including harmonic-balance simulation results based on a self-developed TB-RTD nonlinear model. The measurements reveal that the responsivity scales with device area, as predicted by the theory, with a peak responsivity of 2123V/W at 340 GHz for the TB-RTD, and above 1200V/W across the entire WR2 band (330–500 GHz) for the smaller \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$0.5 ,mu mathrm{m}^{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 area device. The NEP values do not exceed 3.5 and \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$2 ,mathrm{pW}/{sqrt{text{Hz}}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 for the 1 and \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$0.5 ,mu mathrm{m}^{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 devices, respectively, with the lowest measured NEP being \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$1.15 ,mathrm{pW}/{sqrt{text{Hz}}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 for the \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$0.5 ,mu mathrm{m}^{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 device. These sensitivity values place the TB-RTD at a level comparable with the state-of-the-art THz direct detectors operating at room temperature. The investigation offers a clear picture of the intrinsic performance of TB-RTD operating at zero bias, with a detailed overview of the on-wafer measurement setup, power characterization method, and detector figures of merit, highlighting the potential of TB-RTDs as compact, power-efficient, and ultrasensitive direct THz detectors.","PeriodicalId":13258,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology","volume":"15 1","pages":"107-119"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10766652","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}