IEEE Photonics Journal最新文献

{"title":"Saliva FTIR Spectra and Machine Learning for Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis—Preliminary Study","authors":"Mayara Moniz Vieira Pinto;Emilia Angela Lo Schiavo Arisawa;Leandro José Raniero;Tanmoy Bhattacharjee","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3561020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3561020","url":null,"abstract":"The diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) remains a challenge due to the lack of specific tests and biological markers. ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects individuals throughout their lives, and its diagnosis allows access to treatments that improve their prognosis. Saliva analysis by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), which was not previously reported, appears to be a promising diagnostic tool for ASD. This study acquired spectra from samples of 19 ASD and 19 control children. Spectral signatures suggest the dominance of protein secondary structures, β-pleated sheet and α-helix structures in ASD and control children, respectively. Support Vector Machine (SVM) gave the best diagnosis, with sensitivity, precision, and specificity being 92%, 94%, and 95%, respectively. Shapley values analysis to understand the impact of spectral features on the SVM classifier identified β-pleated and β-turn sheets as responsible for classification. Results indicate the potential of saliva-based FTIR for autism diagnosis, warranting a large-scale trial.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 3","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10965472","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143892426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silicon-Organic Hybrid Modulators Based on a Coupled One-Dimensional Photonic Crystal Slot Resonator Waveguide","authors":"Yanmei Li;Likang Yan;Yang Feng;Jinzhao Wang;Rui Li;Weiming Yao;Yong Yao;Xiaochuan Xu","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3560377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3560377","url":null,"abstract":"High-speed and energy-efficient optical interconnects critically rely on electro-optical (EO) modulators, whose performance metrics struggle to meet the exponentially increasing demands of the near future. Silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) modulators present a promising solution due to the favorable electro-optic coefficients and fast response times of EO organic materials. However, the waveguide's nature limits the effective interaction between photons and EO materials. Although this interaction can be enhanced by utilizing advanced structures such as slot waveguides and slow-light techniques, new challenges arise, including strong dispersion that compromises bandwidth. In this paper, we propose a novel low-dispersion, slow-light waveguide structure based on a coupled one-dimensional photonic crystal slot resonator waveguide (coupled 1D PC SROW). By cascading multiple coupled resonators, the structure creates a low-dispersion, slow-light region within the photonic bandgap. Combining the strong optical field confinement of the slot with the slow-light enhancement in the time domain, modulation efficiency, quantified by <italic>V_πL</i>, can be significantly improved. As an example, we demonstrate that a <italic>V_πL</i> of 0.57 Vmm can be achieved for a low-dispersion wavelength range of 2.55 nm. The improvement in modulation efficiency allows for a reduction in the phase shifter length to 119 μm, overcoming the bandwidth limitations imposed by spatial walk-off between the electrical and optical waves and enabling a bandwidth of 108 GHz, a value challenging for conventional approaches. This study presents a viable alternative for realizing compact, ultra-broadband, and energy-efficient optical modulators.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 3","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10964245","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Hybrid Photonic Integration Scheme Based on Flip-Chip Bonding Combined With Vertical Coupling","authors":"Guojiong Li;Xiangyang Dai;Yuanhao Zhang;Liyuan Song;Panpan Yu;Minwen Xiang;Can Liu;Juan Xia;Qiaoyin Lu;Weihua Guo","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3560668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3560668","url":null,"abstract":"A hybrid photonic integration scheme based on flip-chip bonding combined with vertical coupling is presented in this work, offering a novel solution for the integration of active and passive chips. An offset quantum-well laser is flipped and bonded into the pre-set cavity of the passive chip. The light emitted from the laser propagates through a taper into the passive chip. The proposed scheme utilizes only the existing processes, eliminating the need for additional process development. Furthermore, it preserves the performance of the laser while providing high tolerance. Simulations indicate that the coupling tolerance for 90% coupling efficiency is approximately ±1.5 μm in the lateral direction with the longitudinal tolerance exceeding 20 μm. The coupling efficiency remains stable across the O-band. This scheme is adaptable for integrating various photonic chips such as tunable lasers, high-speed modulators and detectors, and laser radar systems.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 3","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10964542","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143892427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Temperature Operation of Co-Doped InAs Quantum Dot Laser for O-Band Emission","authors":"Pawan Mishra;Lydia Jarvis;Chris Hodges;Abigail Enderson;Fwoziah Albeladi;Sara-Jayne Gillgrass;George M. Jandu;Richard Forrest;Craig P. Allford;Huiwen Deng;Mingchu Tang;Huiyun Liu;Samuel Shutts;Peter M. Smowton","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3560443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3560443","url":null,"abstract":"We demonstrate high temperature operation of InAs quantum dot lasers through active region engineering. We grew an n-doped region within the InAs quantum dot (QD) layer and incorporated a 10 nm p-GaAs modulation-doped layer within a 43 nm GaAs spacer layer, both of which are essential components of the active region of the InAs QD laser device. The co-doping scheme enables the demonstration of InAs QD laser device with only seven layers of InAs QDs in the active region for high temperature operation, which is compared with a conventional undoped InAs QD laser device. A Fabry-Pérot laser device with as-cleaved facets and a co-doped InAs QD active region enables ultra-high temperature pulsed-biased O-band laser operation up to 202 °C, compared to 180 °C for conventional undoped InAs QD laser, and without requiring high-reflective facet coatings.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 3","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10964309","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144073080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photonics Breakthroughs 2024: Lithium-Niobate Photonics for Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing","authors":"Hongxuan Liu;Mingyu Zhu;Liu Liu;Daoxin Dai","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3559697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3559697","url":null,"abstract":"The growing demands for ultrahigh-capacity data transmission require advanced multiplexing for multiple channels together with high-speed modulation. The dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) technology has been widely utilized over the past few decades, while lithium-niobate-on-insulator (LNOI) has recently shown significant benefits for high-speed electro-optic modulation. However, the implementation of DWDM components on x-cut LNOI faces challenges due to material anisotropy and structural asymmetry. This paper highlights recent breakthroughs in x-cut LNOI photonic transmitters and filters for DWDM systems, focusing on cascaded multimode Fabry-Perot cavities and anisotropy-free arrayed waveguide gratings. These innovative photonic devices, along with their excellent performance, strengthen LNOI photonics to be compelling for the development of multifunctional photonic integration available for high-capacity optical data transmission and optical signal processing.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 3","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10960714","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143908365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Static Properties of 980 nm Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers With Different Monolithic High Refractive Index Contrast Grating Mirror Designs","authors":"Niels Heermeier;Mikołaj Janczak;Marcin Gębski;Magdalena Marciniak;James A. Lott;Tomasz Czyszanowski;Stephan Reitzenstein","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3559688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3559688","url":null,"abstract":"Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) with monolithic high contrast gratings (MHCGs) as top coupling mirrors are highly attractive nanophotonic components with manyfold application prospects due to their small size footprint, energy efficiency, and wavelength flexibility. We report on the design, fabrication, and characterization of the static properties of 980 nm MHCG VCSELs and compare their performance to that of conventional double distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) VCSELs of comparable design. To increase the MHCG's optical power reflectance at 980 nm and the width of the optical stopband for single-mode behavior and improved energy efficiency, we add a 5.5-period p-doped DBR beneath the MHCG grating, thus forming a composite DBR plus MHCG top coupling mirror. With such a low number of supporting DBR mirror pairs, the MHCG characteristic dominates the output performance of the resulting devices. Our systematic study includes a variation of the grating period <inline-formula><tex-math>$P$</tex-math></inline-formula>, the grating fill factor <inline-formula><tex-math>$F$</tex-math></inline-formula>, and the oxide aperture diameter <inline-formula><tex-math>$phi$</tex-math></inline-formula>. We report record static light output power-current-voltage (LIV) performance for our MHCG DBR VCSELs with threshold currents as low as 0.25 mA, wallplug efficiencies of 8%, optical output powers exceeding 1.6 mW, and stable linearly polarized emission with orthogonal polarization suppression ratios <inline-formula><tex-math>$&gt;33$</tex-math></inline-formula> dB. By varying the grating designs, record current-induced wavelength tuning ranges up to 13.4 nm and single mode emission with a side-mode suppression ratio of up to 46 dB, and <inline-formula><tex-math>$&gt;40$</tex-math></inline-formula> dB even beyond thermal rollover, are achieved. Moreover, the MHCG DBR VCSELs feature excellent thermal properties with thermal resistance of only 2.46 K/mW, and we observe grating design dependent side mode suppression behavior; from normal oxide aperture diameter dependent number of side modes up to oxide aperture diameter independent single mode emission up to 9 <inline-formula><tex-math>$mu$</tex-math></inline-formula>m oxide aperture diameter. Overall, our study demonstrates that MHCGs, as a key source of optical power reflectance, can be strategically designed to tailor a VCSEL's output characteristics. By varying the MHCG geometry, we can produce side-by-side VCSELs (on the same epitaxial wafer) with vastly different emission and performance properties. By supporting a broader range of resonance wavelengths and enabling post-growth wavelength tuning, MHCG-based DBR VCSELs offer significant potential for applications in 2D VCSEL arrays, data transmission, sensing, and imaging.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 3","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10960519","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Cost-Effective and Precoding-Free Optical Frequency Multiplication Scheme for mmW Photonic Fronthauls","authors":"M. Botella-Campos;J. Romero-Huedo;J. Mora;B. Ortega","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3559540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3559540","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, we demonstrate a novel and cost-effective scheme for upconverting data to radiofrequency (RF) in a millimeter wave (mmW) photonic fronthaul based on optical frequency multiplication for frequency up-conversion. The approach is based on an electrical mixer and a Dual-Drive Mach-Zehnder modulator (DD-MZM) where carrier suppressed double-sideband (CS-DSB) modulation is held for mmW signal generation after photodetection. The viability of the approach is demonstrated by transmitting 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals with quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and 64-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) across a 3 m long radio link as well as 10 km of standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) link in the 40 GHz mmW band. We assessed the system performance by evaluating the error-vector-magnitude (EVM), also focusing on the received optical and electrical power (RoP and ReP, respectively), with minimum EVM of 2.8% for maximum RoP, while the full link leads to 3.4% in this condition. Moreover, the maximum transmission throughput of the system for full link scenario reached 692 Mb/s and 1800 Mb/s for 5G OFDM and single carrier signals, respectively. The experimental measurements confirm the robustness and simplicity of the proposed approach to be employed for future mobile mmW communication networks deployment without using precoding techniques and optical filtering.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 3","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10960544","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generation of Large-Aperture Turbulence Based on Telescopic Imaging Principles","authors":"Xin Yu;Jiasu Li;Guoqiang He;Suping Bai;Lingyun Wang;Xiaolong Ni;Lianghua Wen;Jing Liang;Jiahui Wang","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3559175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3559175","url":null,"abstract":"With increasing demand for extreme magnitude detection, star sensors are moving towards larger apertures. However, improved detection accuracy highlights the significant impact of atmospheric turbulence during calibration and operation. This study addresses the need for a 200 mm star sensor through turbulence simulation. Utilizing Keplerian imaging and aperture matching, we establish a conjugate relationship between the liquid crystal focal plane and the sensor, overcoming challenges in large-aperture simulation. Sparse spectrum inversion with a liquid crystal spatial light modulator enables dynamic simulation of atmospheric turbulence. Experimental validation shows simulated coherence lengths from 0.5 cm to 15 cm.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 3","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10960285","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Optimization of an Integrated Visible Light Communication and Localization System Using Liquid Crystal Based-RIS Receivers","authors":"Raphael Ahiaklo-Kuz;Sylvester Aboagye;Omar Maraqa;Telex M. N. Ngatched","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3559061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3559061","url":null,"abstract":"Visible Light Communication (VLC) is emerging as a pivotal technology in next-generation wireless networks, leveraging the abundant unlicensed spectrum to achieve ultra-high data rates with minimal energy overhead. This paper presents the design and optimization of a novel integrated VLC and localization (VLCL) system enhanced by liquid crystal-based reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (LC-RISs). The proposed system architecture facilitates simultaneous communication, localization, and illumination within indoor environments by dynamically adjusting the refractive index of the LC-RIS under an electric field to precisely control light propagation and focus. We address two core optimization challenges: sum rate maximization and energy efficiency maximization, both of which are formulated as constrained optimization problems. While the sum rate problem is convex and solvable using standard optimization techniques, the energy efficiency problem is non-convex, necessitating the development of a low-complexity solution via fractional programming. Simulation results substantiate the efficacy of the LC-RIS in significantly enhancing both sum rate and energy efficiency, particularly in scenarios with dense number of users and access point configurations, thereby demonstrating the LC-RIS's potential to substantially improve the performance of VLCL systems.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 3","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10959088","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance Analysis of RIS-Aided Hybrid RF-FSO Communications With Index Modulation","authors":"Yuna He;Wenchao Qi;Pengfei Shen;Lu Lu","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3559488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3559488","url":null,"abstract":"This work investigates the performance of a hybrid communication system that integrates radio frequency (RF) and free-space optical (FSO) systems for backhaul networks. In this framework, both the RF and FSO links are enhanced by reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) and employ index modulation (IM) for link switching. The fading in the RF link is modeled using the Nakagami-m distribution, while the FSO link is affected by attenuation, turbulence, and pointing errors, with turbulence characterized by the Gamma-Gamma distribution. Link switching is performed through index modulation, where the selection of the transmission link conveys information bits. We derive exact closed-form expressions for the probability density function (PDF), cumulative distribution function (CDF), and moment-generating function (MGF) of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for RIS-assisted FSO links. Utilizing these SNR statistics, we compute the outage probability (OP), average bit error rate (ABER), and ergodic capacity (EC) of the proposed hybrid RF/FSO system. In the numerical results, the performance of the proposed hybrid RF/FSO system is compared against other systems, including hybrid systems using index modulation without RISs, RIS-assisted FSO systems, and hybrid systems employing hard switching techniques. Finally, Monte Carlo simulations are carried out to validate the accuracy of the theoretical results.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 3","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10960548","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}