Yuqin Cai;Yongbing Zhu;Haibo Zhang;Liyao Jiang;Yang Shen;Ji Xu;Shuyi Ding;Lisha Zhou;Zhi Tao
{"title":"Gate-Tunable Photovoltaic Behavior and Polarization-Sensitive Near-Infrared Photodetector Based on GeS2/MoTe2 Heterostructure","authors":"Yuqin Cai;Yongbing Zhu;Haibo Zhang;Liyao Jiang;Yang Shen;Ji Xu;Shuyi Ding;Lisha Zhou;Zhi Tao","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3602116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3602116","url":null,"abstract":"Self-powered photodetectors, which operate without the need for an external power supply, play a pivotal role in addressing the growing demands for low power consumption, environmental sustainability, and device miniaturization. These next-generation photodetectors have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional attributes, including high photoresponsivity, low dark current, and rapid photoresponse. GeS<sub>2</sub> and MoTe<sub>2</sub> materials, owing to their unique structural characteristics and superior optoelectronic properties, have been extensively explored for self-powered photodetection applications. In this work, we present a gate-tunable photovoltaic behavior and polarization-sensitive near-infrared (NIR) photodetector based on GeS<sub>2</sub>/MoTe<sub>2</sub> heterojunction. Under 850 nm illumination with an incident power density of 63.42 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>, the device exhibits a high responsivity of 1.09 A/W and a specific detectivity of 1.42 × 10<sup>10</sup> Jones at zero bias, along with a fast response time of 56 ms. By applying a gate voltage, the photovoltaic performance can be effectively modulated, with the responsivity enhanced to 8.3 A/W and the detectivity improved to 1.09 × 10<sup>11</sup> Jones under a gate bias of –8 V. Furthermore, due to the anisotropic optical properties of GeS<sub>2</sub>, the device demonstrates pronounced polarization sensitivity. Leveraging its outstanding NIR performance, the GeS<sub>2</sub>/MoTe<sub>2</sub> photodetector is integrated into a multiband antibiotic concentration detection system, enabling efficient, accurate, and eco-friendly monitoring of antibiotic levels.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 5","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11134816","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145036923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andres Garcia Coleto;Milica Notaros;Jelena Notaros
{"title":"Packaging Considerations and Evaluation Techniques for Integrated Liquid-Crystal-Based Modulators","authors":"Andres Garcia Coleto;Milica Notaros;Jelena Notaros","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3602012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3602012","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we discuss fabrication processes, important considerations, and evaluation techniques for successful packaging of liquid crystal (LC) into silicon-photonics platforms to enable compact and power-efficient integrated LC-based modulators. First, we describe our 300-mm-wafer silicon-photonics foundry fabrication platform and chip-scale LC-packaging process. Second, we demonstrate packaging evaluation techniques for analyzing LC misalignment using both standard and polarizing microscopes. Third, we develop and validate a heat-based procedure to improve packaged LC alignment. Fourth, we study the effect of heat cycling on the integrity of integrated LC-based modulators, showing no significant performance degradation even after 1000 cycles. Finally, we demonstrate the detrimental effects of UV exposure on integrated LC-based modulator performance. This work provides essential insights to facilitate the higher-yield integration and widespread use of integrated LC-based modulators for high-density integrated systems that require compact and power-efficient modulators.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 5","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11134768","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145036836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Integrated FEC, Interleaving, ARQ, and Adaptive Modulation for Long-Distance Maritime Communication Systems: Design and Analysis","authors":"Yunfan Chang;Shanyong Cai;Liqian Wang;Haojie Zhang;Zhiguo Zhang","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3602148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3602148","url":null,"abstract":"Free-space optical communication (FSO) has been a popular research area due to its high bandwidth and ease of deployment. However, the performance of long-distance FSO system is often compromised by atmospheric turbulence. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a cross-layer design that integrates automatic repeat request (ARQ), forward error correction (FEC), interleaving, and adaptive modulation (AM). To evaluate the performance of this system, we conducted an 11 km long-distance beam propagation experiment to collect data on channel fading. Based on the experimental collected data and Markov chain theory, a finite queuing system model for ARQ is established, and the throughput, frame delay and energy efficiency of the designed communication system are derived. The numerical results indicate that the proposed system can effectively improve the stability of long-distance FSO communication.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 5","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11134765","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145011287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Photonics in Space: Radiation Impacts to Optical Link Design","authors":"Michael T. Hoff;Stephen E. Ralph;Rick C. Stevens","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3601516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3601516","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing reliance on photonic technologies for aerospace communication systems necessitates a deeper understanding of their behavior in space radiation environments. This paper investigates the radiation impacts on both analog and digital optical link architectures, assessing their vulnerability to transient faults, error rates, and cumulative degradation in high-radiation environments. The study employs analytical modeling and recent empirical data to evaluate the performance of digital and analog links under varying radiation conditions. For digital links, a bit error ratio (BER) analysis is conducted, while for analog links a signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) framework is applied. The results are consistent with prior architectural trade assessments for terrestrial and atmospheric applications, with digital links providing increased performance but requiring increased implementation complexity.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 5","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11134034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144926878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Improving Limit-of-Detection in High-Sensitivity Plasmo-Photonic Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Refractive Index Sensors","authors":"Stelios Simos;Lamprini Damakoudi;Dimosthenis Spasopoulos;Konstantinos Fotiadis;Evaggelia Chatzianagnostou;Jose Carreira;Gabriele Navickaite;Michael Geiselmann;Juan Arocas;Jean-Claude Weeber;Dimitris. V. Bellas;Eleftheria Lampadariou;Elefterios Lidorikis;Konstantinos Vyrsokinos;Nikos Pleros","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3597420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3597420","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents a dual plasmo-photonic branch Mach-Zehnder interferometer refractive index sensor integrated on a Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> platform, with both the sensor and reference arms hosting identical aluminum plasmonic metal stripes. Experimental evaluation of the configuration reveals a bulk sensitivity up to 8801 nm/RIU and an increased environmental noise resilience compared to state-of-the-art plasmo-photonic MZI sensors with the plasmonic section residing only on the sensor arm. The enhanced noise resilience along with the high sensitivity results in an experimentally obtained low detection limit value of 4.4 × 10<sup>−6</sup> RIU, im-proved by an order of magnitude compared to the detection limit of 5 × 10<sup>−5</sup> RIU that was measured in a reference MZI sensor with a plasmonic stripe only at its sensor arm.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 5","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11122328","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144888630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Transformed L1 Regularization for Sparse Photoacoustic Tomography","authors":"Xueyan Liu;Lu Wang;Xin Wang;Ziqi Hao;Xiaolong Hu","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3596236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3596236","url":null,"abstract":"Photoacoustic Tomography (PAT) is an advanced imaging technology that combines optical and acoustic methods to visualize the distribution of light absorption within biological tissues with high spatial resolution. The reconstruction of PAT images from incomplete and noisy experimental data is an ill-posed problem that requires regularization techniques to ensure meaningful and stable solutions. In this study, a transform L1 (TL1) regularization model was proposed to improve the quality of PAT images, which was evaluated by numerical simulation and tissue phantom experiments. Based on various numerical and tissue phantom scenarios, Gaussian noise levels of 10 to 30 dB, and multiple parameter configurations, the TL1 method consistently demonstrates shows consistent advantages over the Lp-norm (<inline-formula><tex-math>$0 leq p leq 2$</tex-math></inline-formula>) regularization methods in terms of image quality, computational efficiency, and noise robustness. This finding has important implications for improving sparse sampling PAT algorithms, and also provides valuable insights for the development of biomedical applications in the future.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 5","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11119050","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144868341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Compact Dual-Mode Adiabatic 3-dB Coupler for the 2-µm Waveband on Silicon Using Fast Quasi-Adiabatic Dynamics","authors":"Taichi Muratsubaki;Takanori Sato;Kunimasa Saitoh","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3596458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3596458","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a 2 × 2 dual-mode adiabatic 3-dB coupler for the 2-μm waveband on silicon. The proposed coupler is designed based on fast quasi-adiabatic dynamics. The optimized taper shape is effective to reduce the device length. The length of the coupling region with the optimized taper is at least 3 times shorter than the length of the coupling region with the linear taper. Numerical results indicate that our device with taper length 425 μm provides the excess losses smaller than 0.01 dB and imbalances within ±0.58 dB for both TE0 and TE1 modes in the spectral range of 2.06–2.14 μm. Furthermore, the experimental results demonstrate the functionality of the proposed coupler, and the effectiveness of the design based on fast quasi-adiabatic dynamics. The proposed device is useful for the building of multimode switches in the on-chip mode-division multiplexed network.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 5","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11117538","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144914181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhixing Guo;Chao Zhang;Juntao Huang;Jankun Sun;Yue Zhang;Yonghang Tai;Mengdi Li
{"title":"Transmissive Single-Pixel Grayscale Object Imaging","authors":"Zhixing Guo;Chao Zhang;Juntao Huang;Jankun Sun;Yue Zhang;Yonghang Tai;Mengdi Li","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3595148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3595148","url":null,"abstract":"Single-pixel imaging (SPI) has emerged as a promising technique in computational optics. In transmissive SPI schemes, light must propagate through the imaged object, requiring continuous transmittance values from 0 to 1. Nevertheless, the absence of commercially available submicron array devices featuring tunable transmittance severely restricts the development of grayscale target reconstruction in transmissive systems. To address this limitation, a physically realizable method based on base conversion and checkerboard tiling is proposed, decomposing continuous grayscale information into binary primitives. Through sampling and reconstruction by an SPI system, binary images are generated, after which the grayscale distribution is restored, enabling reflection-independent continuous grayscale recovery. The efficacy of the proposed method is validated via multiple evaluation metrics alongside reconstruction algorithms, including compressive sensing total variation. Experimental results confirm high-fidelity grayscale reconstruction under transmissive conditions.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 5","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11107323","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144843114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hemanth. C;Sangeetha R. G;Kaushal Karthik K M;Anbarasi K.
{"title":"RS Coded Mixed RF and Multi-Hop FSO System for 5G-CRAN- A Performance Analysis","authors":"Hemanth. C;Sangeetha R. G;Kaushal Karthik K M;Anbarasi K.","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3594502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3594502","url":null,"abstract":"Intensity modulation/direct detection (IM/DD) multi-hop Free Space Optical link system and mixed single-hop RF link performance in serial relaying are examined for the 5G centralized radio access network (C-RAN). While the FSO link utilises a Gamma-Gamma (G-G) distribution channel, the RF link employs a Generalised Nakagami-m fading channel. For the serial relaying method, RF employs the M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM) modulation scheme, whereas FSO uses the Binary Pulse Position Modulation (BPPM) scheme. The decode and forward technique is used in relays. The proposed system’s performance is estimated regarding Average Symbol Error Rate (ASER), Ergodic Channel Capacity, and Outage Probability. The proposed system leverages Reed Solomon’s coding techniques to enhance its performance. The effectiveness of the system is assessed by comparing coded and uncoded systems under various atmospheric weather conditions, including atmospheric turbulence (AT) and pointing error (PE). Monte Carlo simulation validates the results, demonstrating how the system can support 5G applications.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 5","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11106234","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144843116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jinwei Zeng;Yajuan Dong;Yu Wang;Dengji He;Xiaotong Zhu;Jian Wang
{"title":"Photonics Breakthroughs 2024: Nearfield Observation of Spin-Orbit Interactions at Nanoscale","authors":"Jinwei Zeng;Yajuan Dong;Yu Wang;Dengji He;Xiaotong Zhu;Jian Wang","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3593859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3593859","url":null,"abstract":"The spin-orbit interaction (SOI) of light describes the interaction between spin angular momentum, related to circular polarization, and orbital angular momentum, associated with spatial wavefront structures. While typically trivial in conventional farfield optics, the SOI can become significant at subwavelength scales in the nearfield, where complex vectorial light fields arise. This phenomenon offers exciting prospects for applications in micro-/nano-photonic devices, optical sensing and quantum information technology. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the investigation of the SOI, with particular emphasis on the demonstration of accurate nearfield SOI characterization using photoinduced force microscopy. This technique enables direct, high-resolution mapping of longitudinal and transverse nearfield components of sharply focused optical vortex beams, providing quantitative insight into the spin-to-orbit conversion process. We also discuss existing challenges and outline future directions for exploratory research on the SOI of light in advanced optical systems.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 5","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11103726","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144853160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}