IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering最新文献

{"title":"An Effective Receptive Field-Guided Parallel Resolution ConvNet for Underwater Salient Object Detection","authors":"Haodi Zhu;Jiayi Su;Xinyi Zhou;Shaojian Yang;Haibin Han;Wenchu Wang;Jiayi Feng;Yan Wei;Fengzhong Qu","doi":"10.1109/JOE.2026.3679238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2026.3679238","url":null,"abstract":"Underwater salient object detection (USOD) is challenged by frequent object scale variation and distance-dependent image degradation, where scattering blur and light attenuation jointly hinder robust saliency inference. Existing ConvNet-based USOD models typically rely on fixed effective receptive fields (ERFs), making them ill-suited to balancing long-range context aggregation and detail preservation for scale variations. To address this issue, we introduce the modulation of ERFs in the pure ConvNet USOD architecture design for the first time, inspired by the visual system of the octopus. We further observe two phenomena: first, there exists an inherent tradeoff between scattering-induced blurriness and direct light attenuation within ERFs, and second, the limited ERF prevents USOD models from covering objects across the wide range of scales present in underwater scenes. Building on these observations, we propose EPRNet, an ERF-guided pure ConvNet for USOD. Specifically, an ERF resolution matching module (ERMM) performs resolution-aware ERF modulation with large kernels, while a vision aggregation feedforward network suppresses redundant responses and a parallel resolution interaction backbone exchanges complementary information between adjacent resolution branches. Extensive experiments on underwater benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of EPRNet in handling scale variation. To further validate EPRNet, we introduce <italic>DeepseaSOD</i>, a real deep-sea image data set collected during multiple South China Sea expeditions for evaluating USOD in extreme deep-sea operational scenarios.","PeriodicalId":13191,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering","volume":"51 3","pages":"2478-2494"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148451841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Scattering Study Over the Terra Nova Bay Coastal Polynya Based on C-Band SAR Measurements","authors":"Giovanna Inserra;Ferdinando Nunziata;Andrea Buono;Muhammad Adil;Giuseppe Grieco;Maurizio Migliaccio","doi":"10.1109/JOE.2026.3683224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2026.3683224","url":null,"abstract":"The Antarctica Terra Nova Bay (TNB) coastal polynya is a highly complex and dynamic environment, for which synthetic aperture radar (SAR) observations potentially provide valuable information. However, the interpretation of SAR imagery in this environment remains challenging due to the complexity of the underlying sea ice and ocean processes. In this study, we analyze C-band Sentinel-1 SAR data to investigate the scattering mechanisms associated with different regions of the open TNB polynya during its opening phase, under low-to-moderate wind conditions. Two representative scattering scenarios are considered where visual inspection suggests to be related to dominant sea water and sea ice. The analysis is based on the improved integral equation method (IIEM), a surface scattering model that allows providing physical insights into the observed scattering processes while keeping acceptable the level of model complexity. Owing to the lack of reliable ground-truth information on the dielectric and surface roughness parameters of the scattering scenarios, the IIEM is properly calibrated. Results show a good agreement between IIEM predictions and observed backscatter over the area supposed to be dominated by sea ice, and suggest a nonnegligible presence of frazil ice over the water region supposed to be completely ice free.","PeriodicalId":13191,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering","volume":"51 3","pages":"2206-2221"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148451857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Passive Sonar Frequency Estimation Using System-Informed Neural Networks With Ensemble-Based Uncertainty Quantification","authors":"Geunhwan Kim;Youngmin Choo","doi":"10.1109/JOE.2026.3688890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2026.3688890","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate and high-resolution frequency estimation is essential for underwater surveillance with passive sonar systems. Recently, system-informed neural networks (SINNs) have been introduced to address the limitations of conventional methods by providing improved generalization, fast inference, and outputs consistent with system models. Prior work has extended SINN with multiple measurements to leverage consistency across them, yet some frequency components remain weak or masked by noise. In this study, we enhance SINN performance using a deep ensemble with uncertainty quantification (UQ), leveraging the temporal continuity of frequency components. Multiple SINNs are trained with distinct initializations on separate training sets, producing diverse predictions for the same test sample. The resulting UQ provides insights into the prediction uncertainty associated with specific frequency bin components. Consequently, we unify adjacent UQs in time to refine the estimated frequency spectrum by further suppressing residual noise. Simulations demonstrate improved noise reduction, though at the cost of occasionally missing minor components. In-situ evaluations using two acoustic data confirm that the proposed scheme surpasses nominal SINN and approaches sparse recovery methods, achieving clearer detection of major components under low signal-to-noise ratio, long-range conditions, albeit at the cost of weakened estimation of minor components.","PeriodicalId":13191,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering","volume":"51 3","pages":"2314-2328"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11550101","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148451919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient Data Collection for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"Kai-Lun Xiao;Chih-Min Chao","doi":"10.1109/JOE.2025.3576523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2025.3576523","url":null,"abstract":"The inherent high-latency feature of acoustic transmission within an underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) enables multiple transmitters at varying distances from the receiver to transmit simultaneously. Many existing medium access control (MAC) protocols utilize this high latency feature to reduce data collection time. However, most MAC protocols use contention-based mechanisms and face transmission collisions as the number of nodes increases. In this article, we propose a contention-free pipelined scheduling (CFPS) protocol to reduce data collection time in a single-hop network. The primary concept behind CFPS involves partitioning nodes into subclusters and developing a collision-free transmission scheduling table for different subcluster heads. The CFPS protocol is expected to reduce data collection time and improve network throughput when compared to the three well-designed data collection protocols, namely, a delay-aware probability-based MAC protocol for underwater acoustic sensor networks, random handshake MAC protocol based on Nash Equilibrium for UWSNs, and leveraging the near far effect for improved spatial-reuse scheduling in underwater acoustic networks.","PeriodicalId":13191,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering","volume":"51 3","pages":"2345-2357"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148451929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Model-Free Trim Control of a Planing Hull With Interceptor","authors":"Caner Sancak;Omer Sinan Sahin","doi":"10.1109/JOE.2026.3683607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2026.3683607","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents the design, development, and real-sea validation of an automatically controlled interceptor system for dynamic trim control in planing hulls. The interceptor mechanism is integrated with an ultra-local-model-based, real-time model-free control strategy, enabling trim-angle regulation without an explicit hydrodynamic plant model. By continuously compensating for nonlinearities and modeling uncertainties through online estimation, the proposed approach is well suited to practical marine operation. First, the system was installed on a planing boat to investigate the influence of interceptor plate height on trim dynamics; then, the control system was evaluated under Beaufort 0 and Beaufort 1 conditions for trim-angle regulation. The experimental control results demonstrate effective trim setpoint regulation across interceptor plate heights, while maintaining mean trim behavior around the desired reference despite wave-induced disturbances. Performance improvements were observed in cruise operation relative to a baseline case with interceptor control disabled, including attainable cruising speed when operating near-favorable trim settings. A comparative study with a conventional proportional–integral controller is also reported, along with additional trials using different model-free controller parameters, to highlight differences in tracking behavior and parameter sensitivity. The presented results support the feasibility of model-free interceptor-based trim regulation in real-sea experiments.","PeriodicalId":13191,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering","volume":"51 3","pages":"1965-1976"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148451992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Phase Noise Reduction Method for Reliable Cross-Medium Communication","authors":"Jingyu Qian;Chengwei Zhu;Mingjinghan Wang;Yujia He;Jiayi Su;Yufan Yuan;Yan Wei;Jiang Zhu;Hu Wang;Fengzhong Qu","doi":"10.1109/JOE.2026.3675823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2026.3675823","url":null,"abstract":"Cross-medium communication between underwater and aerial environments is crucial for marine exploration, environmental monitoring, and surveillance. A promising method uses millimeter-wave radar to detect microscale water surface vibrations induced by underwater acoustic sources, but its performance is limited by radar phase noise. To address this, we present a novel application of data-driven differential phase processing tailored to this cross-medium scenario. Our approach integrates adaptive truncation to mitigate hardware-induced nonlinearity and differential processing to suppress environmental noise, thereby enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio and enabling accurate data recovery. The method has been experimentally validated in both calm water and artificially generated wavy conditions, demonstrating its robustness and effectiveness in improving communication performance. This work establishes a robust processing framework for cross-medium communication in varied environments.","PeriodicalId":13191,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering","volume":"51 3","pages":"1662-1675"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148452104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wave-to-Watt Modeling of Cyclorotor Wave Energy Converters: From Waves to Annual Electrical Power Generation and Loss Analysis","authors":"Ilias Stasinopoulos;Andrei Ermakov;John V. Ringwood","doi":"10.1109/JOE.2026.3691615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2026.3691615","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a comprehensive wave-to-watt modeling approach for cyclorotor-based wave energy converters (WECs), enabling the first evaluation of annual electrical power generation. The approach is based on a dynamic numerical model of a cyclorotor WEC, operating in irregular waves under nonlinear model predictive control, incorporating a foil–fluid relative velocity estimator and predictor. Detailed models of the pitch actuation system and the electrical generator/motor are included to capture the complete system dynamics and associated losses. Performance is evaluated for five representative ocean regions through long-duration simulations, providing statistically robust estimates of mean annual energy yield over the last five-year period. Power loss mechanisms are quantified, including pitch actuator energy consumption, and generator efficiency.The results indicate that the proposed system achieves a maximum annual energy output of 95.29 MWh/m of hydrofoil span, with pitch actuator consumption negligible relative to the total output, while nonideal pitch actuation results in an approximately 2% reduction in power output. The proposed generator efficiency is calculated at approximately 93.34%, and a sensitivity analysis is performed on the key parameters affecting electromechanical losses. Optimization targeting electrical, rather than mechanical power generation, increases the generator output by an average of 11.09%.","PeriodicalId":13191,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering","volume":"51 3","pages":"2063-2076"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11552607","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148452111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Validation of a Wave-Inversion-Compensated Path-Following Controller for Unmanned Surface Vehicle: Simulation and Experiment","authors":"Dongdong Mu;Guilin Xue;Yongsheng Zhao;Yukun Hu;Xiao Liang;Yunsheng Fan","doi":"10.1109/JOE.2026.3697327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2026.3697327","url":null,"abstract":"To compensate for wave disturbances encountered by an uncrewed surface vehicle (USV) during navigation, the application of feedforward compensation using the wave information estimated from waves is a good strategy. However, the computational complexity of wave estimation does not meet the real-time requirements of the control system. To reduce the complexity of ship motion response-based wave estimation, and effectively integrate wave estimation into the USV control system while balancing real-time performance and estimation accuracy, a wave inversion strategy based on USV motion time-series data is proposed in this article. The strategy combines the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm with the sequential quadratic programming (SQP) method to achieve a favorable tradeoff between the real-time performance and accuracy of wave estimation, and is further embedded into the design of the USV path-following controller. The method compensates for most of the wave disturbance at the physical level and improves the control effect of the USV. First, using the time-history data of the pitch under low-sea conditions, a hybrid PSO-SQP algorithm is constructed to estimate wave parameters and response amplitude operators, leading to the establishment of an estimated wave spectrum. The effectiveness of the estimation method is validated through simulations with synthetic data. Second, an estimated wave disturbance model is developed and integrated into the control system, where the extended state observer-line of sight guidance law and the backstepping method are used for controller design. To address external disturbances beyond wave disturbance, an radial basis function neural network is adopted to approximate and compensate for errors. Finally, the proposed approach is further validated through simulation analysis and field experiments. In the experimental phase, real pitch data from the USV are used to estimate ocean waves, and a virtual navigator strategy is implemented. Path-following control tests are conducted on two different USV experimental platforms, achieving favorable control results and demonstrating that the method is both applicable and feasible across different platforms under sea states of level 2 and 3.","PeriodicalId":13191,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering","volume":"51 3","pages":"1833-1861"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148452069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical and Experimental Investigations on the Dynamic Coupling Characteristics of a Novel Semisubmersible Floating-Oscillating-Buoy Wave Energy Converter System","authors":"Pengyuan Sun;Hongzhou He;Xinhui Chen;Zhongqing Liu;Siyuan Zhan;Ye Li","doi":"10.1109/JOE.2026.3695781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2026.3695781","url":null,"abstract":"This study develops a semisubmersible floating-oscillating-buoy wave energy converter (WEC), which integrates a semisubmersible platform with a hinged multibuoy cluster, tailored for Chinese offshore regions where wave energy density is approximately one-tenth of European levels. A comprehensive analytical–experimental framework is established to evaluate the coupled dynamic responses and wave power capture of the system under various power take-off (PTO) and arm-length configurations. The model validation is first conducted through the experimental data. Then, the influences of the PTO damping coefficient, PTO elastic coefficient, and actuating arm length on the power capture capability are explored using the analytical model. Ultimately, the optimal wave power absorption is obtained by comparing the root mean square (RMS) values of the extracted power in the PTO system under conditions of different coupling characteristic parameters and different wave frequencies. It is concluded that the power capture capacity of the system can be enhanced by appropriately adjusting the coupling parameters in response to the incident wave frequency. With <inline-formula><tex-math>$bar{c}$</tex-math></inline-formula> = 0.2, <inline-formula><tex-math>$bar{k}$</tex-math></inline-formula> = −0.05, and <inline-formula><tex-math>$overline {L } $</tex-math></inline-formula>= 1.0 at <italic>ω</i> = 1.56 rad/s, the optimal RMS capture power can reach 11.7 kW. Significantly, the analytical model is applicable to many hinged multifloating-body type WECs with a hydraulic PTO system, benefiting the optimal design and efficient operation of full-scale WEC prototypes in real sea conditions.","PeriodicalId":13191,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering","volume":"51 3","pages":"2091-2108"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148452157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Passive Underwater Acoustic Target Recognition Method Using DiMobNet and ROI","authors":"Hassan Akbarian;Mohammad Hossein Sedaaghi","doi":"10.1109/JOE.2026.3687787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2026.3687787","url":null,"abstract":"Underwater acoustic target recognition (UATR) has emerged as an essential technique for monitoring the marine environment and classifying vessels. Although increasing the number of neural network layers or neurons can improve classification accuracy under certain conditions, it often leads to higher computational complexity and potential overfitting in real-world applications. The underwater acoustic background frequently obscures ship-radiated noise, requiring advanced deep learning approaches capable of extracting salient and informative acoustic features. To address this challenge, this article proposes a novel network, DiMobNet, which employs 1-D and 2-D dilated convolution operations to extract meaningful features from regions-of-interest (ROI) in spectrogram images. The network adopts a multibranch architecture that integrates dilated convolutions to effectively capture the underlying characteristics of ship-radiated noise in time–frequency representations. The proposed method combines multiple preprocessing stages and dilated convolutional blocks with a global weighting mechanism derived from time–frequency features to enhance discriminative feature selection and classification performance. Experimental results demonstrate that DiMobNet achieves an overall accuracy of 98.86% on the ShipsEar database. Additionally, the proposed ROI extraction approach was validated under varying signal-to-noise ratio conditions (−10 to +10 dB), demonstrating stable detection performance even in high-noise environments.","PeriodicalId":13191,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering","volume":"51 3","pages":"2329-2344"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148451851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}