{"title":"Pulsed Laser Based Underwater Wireless Optical Communication: Smaller Channel Attenuation and Better Communication Performance","authors":"Xiaoyu Shen;Tao Wang;Zhangxing Wang;Renjiang Zhu;Lidan Jiang;Cunzhu Tong;Yanrong Song;Peng Zhang","doi":"10.1109/JOE.2024.3501413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2024.3501413","url":null,"abstract":"One of the primary goals in the development of underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) is to extend the link length. Meanwhile, the key to increasing the link length of UWOC is to decrease the attenuation of the optical signals underwater. This work demonstrates that a decreased underwater attenuation coefficient and improved communication performance can be achieved by using a pulsed laser. The pulsed blue laser used in the experiment is a self-Q-switched semiconductor disk laser, whose Q-switching is initiated by the nonlinear Kerr effect of the multiple quantum wells in the active region of the gain chip. The width of the laser pulse is about a few nanoseconds and the repetition rate of the output pulse train is in the order of tens of megahertz. According to the measurements of the attenuation coefficients at various concentrations of Maalox solution, the pulsed laser has a significantly smaller attenuation coefficient than the continuous-wave laser, and this drop in attenuation coefficient is particularly noticeable in turbid water with a higher concentration of Maalox solution. The attenuation coefficient of the pulsed laser was only 62% of the continuous-wave laser at a Maalox concentration of 2905 mg·m<sup>−3</sup>. Subsequent tests reveal that the lower attenuation coefficient of the pulsed laser is mainly resulted from the reduced scattering it encounters underwater, rather than the ignorable decrease in the attenuation coefficient raised from the water's absorption of the laser. A UWOC system based on the above pulsed laser has also been built and much better communication performance compared to the continuous-waves laser has been obtained. The bit error rate of the UWOC based on the pulsed laser is 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than that of the UWOC with a continuous-wave laser when the data rate is 10 Mb/s and the link length is 18 m.","PeriodicalId":13191,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering","volume":"50 2","pages":"1557-1568"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143860991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Underwater Acoustic Preamble Detection via End-to-End Complex-Valued Synchrosqueezed Wavelet Neural Network","authors":"Wei Li;Hong Cao;Qinyu Zhang","doi":"10.1109/JOE.2024.3498275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2024.3498275","url":null,"abstract":"Preamble detection is critical in underwater acoustic systems due to its impact on reliability and operational coexistence. Traditional methods are limited due to the types of interference found in underwater environments, which can easily falsely trigger the system. In this study, we propose an end-to-end neural network for preamble detection, using a single deep learning model without preprocessing. Our approach employs a simple convolutional neural network architecture with a minimal number and size of layers. We integrate neural network with time–frequency analysis knowledge via the complex-valued wavelet synchrosqueezing layer to extract crucial time–frequency features, which is essential for distinguishing the preamble from underwater acoustic interferences. In addition, we adapt the network to handle complex values, capturing both magnitude and phase information in preamble signals. Experimental results demonstrate that, even with similar preamble interferences, our proposed network, leveraging the Morlet mother wavelet under the LeNet1d framework, exhibits superior detection performance compared to conventional networks. Notably, the performance is very robust even with a small training data set and small computational complexity, highlighting the effectiveness of the network's knowledge-based design.","PeriodicalId":13191,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering","volume":"50 2","pages":"1538-1550"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143860989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yingqiang Wang;Ruoyu Hu;Peizhou Du;Wencheng Yang;Ying Chen;S. H. Huang
{"title":"One-Way-Travel-Time Hybrid Baseline Navigation for Micro Autonomous Underwater Vehicles","authors":"Yingqiang Wang;Ruoyu Hu;Peizhou Du;Wencheng Yang;Ying Chen;S. H. Huang","doi":"10.1109/JOE.2024.3447739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2024.3447739","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate and reliable navigation is the prerequisite for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) to perform tasks and ensure their safety. Conventional underwater navigation solutions are bulky, expensive, and power-hungry, increasing the AUV size and cost, which stifles the democratization of AUVs, especially for the trend of AUV miniaturization and swarm applications. This article presents a low-cost, power-efficient, and deployable approach to the navigation of micro AUVs. The approach, considered one-way travel-time hybrid baseline (OWTT-HBL) navigation, acoustically consists of two acoustic beacons forming a short baseline (SBL) and a passive inverted ultra-SBL (piUSBL) receiving array on the AUV. Signal broadcasting and acquisition are simultaneously triggered by onboard synchronized clocks for OWTT messaging. The AUV-mounted piUSBL receiving array determines the slant ranges and directions to the SBL beacons through matched filtering and array beamforming. An extended Kalman filter (EKF) state estimator is derived to fuse the acoustic range-angle measurements and the heading angular rate from a microelectromechanical system inertial measurement unit, providing the AUV coordinates and heading angles. A series of field experiments with a micro AUV were compared against the differential-GPS-recorded ground truth and a long baseline system, demonstrating the navigation capabilities. Field results show that the reported OWTT-HBL possesses an accuracy comparable to existing methods while showcasing the great potential for micro AUV navigation and multi-AUV systems.","PeriodicalId":13191,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering","volume":"50 2","pages":"968-984"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143848831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluation of the Covertness of Sound Signals Mimicking Those of Marine Mammals","authors":"Shuai Jiang;Jingjing Wang;Qiuna Niu;Wei Shi","doi":"10.1109/JOE.2024.3508036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2024.3508036","url":null,"abstract":"To address the requirements for bionic covert underwater acoustic communication, this study introduces an evaluative methodology for assessing the concealment of sound signals that mimic those produced by marine mammals. Within the realm of bionic communication, the degree of covert effectiveness is predicated on the similarity between the synthetic sounds, which are embedded with information, and the natural sounds emitted by marine mammals. Higher fidelity in replicating authentic marine mammal acoustics correlates with enhanced stealth capabilities of the synthetic signals. Given the stringent requirements for information concealment in bionic covert underwater acoustic communication, it is imperative to assess the bionic stealth or the biomimetic efficacy of synthetic marine mammal sounds. This research aims to devise and implement an evaluative framework for the stealth of bionic signals, leveraging advanced methodologies such as feature engineering and audio fingerprinting, applied to bionic signal data derived from an array of marine mammals. The proposed evaluation framework within this article quantifies the covert effectiveness of bionic signals corresponding to the acoustics of various marine species, thereby providing a comprehensive measure of biomimetic fidelity and stealth performance. The outcomes of the evaluation elucidate the degree of resemblance between the synthetic bionic signals and the authentic sounds produced by marine mammals. A higher score indicates a minimal discrepancy between the synthetic and original marine mammal sounds, thereby denoting superior biomimetic accuracy and enhanced stealth of the bionic signals.","PeriodicalId":13191,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering","volume":"50 2","pages":"654-670"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143852374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effects of Water Surface Waves on a Sound-Millimeter Wave-Based Cross-Medium Wireless Communication System","authors":"Yuming Zeng;Chunyi Song;Zhiwei Xu","doi":"10.1109/JOE.2024.3503769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2024.3503769","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless cross-medium communication between underwater sensors and the outside world is a critical problem for marine exploitation. The sound-millimeter wave (mmWave)-based cross-medium communication system is a potential technology to solve the problem. However, the system is dramatically affected by random waves on the water surface. Here, the effects of waves on cross-medium wireless communication are analyzed. A system that combines a multichannel mmWave radar sensor and an underwater acoustic transmitter was applied to conduct a field experiment. Detailed signal processing methods and results are presented based on the system, which confirms the above analysis and shows the possible utilization of the multichannel mmWave radar sensor to solve the cross-medium wireless communication problem. A phase-difference-based space diversity technique is proposed to improve the communication performance on wavy water surfaces. The comparison results demonstrate the effectiveness of this technology.","PeriodicalId":13191,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering","volume":"50 2","pages":"671-683"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10834395","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143852404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tonghui Zheng;Chengbing He;Lianyou Jing;Qiankun Yan
{"title":"Delay-Doppler Domain Turbo Equalization for Single-Carrier Underwater Acoustic Communications","authors":"Tonghui Zheng;Chengbing He;Lianyou Jing;Qiankun Yan","doi":"10.1109/JOE.2024.3508027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2024.3508027","url":null,"abstract":"Single carrier modulation, a commonly used method in high-speed underwater acoustic communications, requires equalization at the receiver. However, its performance remains suboptimal in rapidly time-varying channels. Recently, delay-Doppler (DD) domain modulation, such as the well-known orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) modulation, has garnered considerable attention for its ability to provide more reliable communication in highly dynamic environments. OTFS is essentially a precoded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) method that implements multicarrier modulation in the DD domain, yet it still has a high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). To maintain the low PAPR characteristic of single-carrier systems while enhancing performance in rapidly time-varying channels, this article proposes a DD domain turbo equalizer based on minimum mean square error (DD-MMSE-TEQ) for single-carrier underwater acoustic communications. The proposed equalizer comprises a DD domain equalizer and a time-domain decoder. Specifically, due to the inherent ability of DD domain transformation to convert time-varying channels into quasi-static channels, the proposed method demonstrates increased robustness to high Doppler spread. Moreover, through unitary transformation, the DD domain equalizer and time-domain decoder facilitate cross-domain soft information exchange, thereby reducing the probability of error propagation and enhancing the performance of iterative equalization. Simulation results indicate that the proposed DD-MMSE-TEQ outperforms frequency-domain turbo equalization at the cost of additional computational complexity at the receiver and achieves performance levels comparable to conventional OTFS in terms of bit error rate (BER). The proposed method has been validated using underwater experimental data collected from multiple experiments conducted in the Danjiangkou Reservoir, Henan Province, China, in July 2022. The results confirm that the proposed method surpasses other comparison methods in terms of BER.","PeriodicalId":13191,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering","volume":"50 2","pages":"1500-1517"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143852413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrea Buono;Ferdinando Nunziata;Mozhgan Zahriban Hesari;Giuseppe Aulicino;Giannetta Fusco;Maurizio Migliaccio
{"title":"On the Exploitation of Dual-Polarimetric SAR Measurements to Observe the C33 Iceberg in Antarctica","authors":"Andrea Buono;Ferdinando Nunziata;Mozhgan Zahriban Hesari;Giuseppe Aulicino;Giannetta Fusco;Maurizio Migliaccio","doi":"10.1109/JOE.2024.3491815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2024.3491815","url":null,"abstract":"The monitoring of glaciers and icebergs is of paramount importance as they have a significant impact on sea level, ocean circulation, global warming and navigation. In this study, the C33 iceberg (Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica) is analyzed using a time series of Sentinel-1 dual-polarimetric HH-HV synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data acquired between 9 April and 3 May 2016. A processing paradigm that exploits dual-polarimetric information provided by Sentinel-1 imagery is proposed. Multipolarization intensity-based features are used to extract the C33 iceberg's profile with the goal of tracking its drift in the Terra Nova Bay; while a polarimetric coherent descriptor is used to infer information about the scattering properties of the iceberg and to observe their variability during the C33 iceberg drift. Experimental results confirm the soundness of the proposed approach, which is shown to take full benefit of the multipolarization Sentinel-1 SAR measurements.","PeriodicalId":13191,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering","volume":"50 2","pages":"537-548"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143852427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Potential-Game-Driven Formation Control of AUVs: An Inverse-Reinforcement-Learning-Based Solution","authors":"Jing Yan;Xiaoyu Zhang;Xian Yang;Cailian Chen;Xinping Guan","doi":"10.1109/JOE.2024.3484525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2024.3484525","url":null,"abstract":"The formation control of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) is widely used to perform complex maritime missions. However, most works simply add all individual interests of AUVs together to achieve the formation task, which cannot reveal their interaction relationship and guarantee the full exploitation of formation interests. In this article, we are concerned with a potential-game-driven formation issue for AUVs. Specifically, a potential game-driven formation framework is first developed to formulate the decision-making procedure of AUVs, where the cost function not only reflects the common formation objective but also captures the self-interest. Based on this, the formation optimization problem of AUVs is constructed. To solve the aforementioned problem, an inverse reinforcement learning (IRL)-based formation controller is designed, whose aim is to maximize the formation benefits and drive AUVs to the desired formation shape. Besides that, the theory analyses, including the satisfiability of the potential game, the accessibility of the Nash equilibrium, and the convergence of the formation controller, are provided. The main innovations of this article are as follows: 1) the potential-game-driven framework can fully exploit individual AUV interests and enhance formation robustness over traditional cooperative frameworks and 2) the IRL-based formation controller has better environmental adaptability to the unknown underwater environment compared with traditional reinforcement learning controllers. Finally, simulations and experiments are conducted to validate the effectiveness of our solution.","PeriodicalId":13191,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering","volume":"50 2","pages":"1165-1183"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143852465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuriy Zakharov;Lu Shen;Benjamin Henson;Nils Morozs;Paul Daniel Mitchell
{"title":"Interference Cancellation for UWA Random Access Data Packet Transmission","authors":"Yuriy Zakharov;Lu Shen;Benjamin Henson;Nils Morozs;Paul Daniel Mitchell","doi":"10.1109/JOE.2024.3507813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2024.3507813","url":null,"abstract":"In underwater acoustic (UWA) random access communication networks with multiple users and data packet transmissions, the packet collisions are the main cause of the network performance degradation. The aim of this article is to investigate interference cancellation (IC) techniques capable of resolving such collisions in a low-complexity modem with single-carrier modulation and a single transducer. More specifically, in this modem, the IC is used at multiple stages of the receiver. First, the IC is performed for canceling the multipath interference to improve the equalization performance in comparison with the linear equalization and Rake combining. Second, the IC removes the interference from collided data packets within extracted signal segments after identifying the collisions. Finally, the IC is applied to the received baseband signal to improve the data packet detection. Numerical experiments are conducted to investigate the packet detection and decoding performance of the receiver with different channel equalizers. Numerical results indicate that the proposed Rake-IC equalizer provides the best performance among the equalizers considered. The receiver performance is further investigated in a lake experiment with intensive multipath interference. In the experiment, with a channel utilization of 23%, the receiver with the proposed IC techniques reduces the number of lost packets from 33% to 0.26%.","PeriodicalId":13191,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering","volume":"50 2","pages":"1483-1499"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143852372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modeling of the Electroacoustic Process of Incomplete Spark Discharge in Saline Water-Sparker Source","authors":"Liancheng Zhang;Wenjie Xu;Shengdi Ding;Qinhai Fu;Kai Liu;Kai Li;Xuming Zhang;Yuzhen Jin;Zuchao Zhu;Chenguang Liu;Yanliang Pei","doi":"10.1109/JOE.2024.3487358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2024.3487358","url":null,"abstract":"Incomplete spark discharge is known to generate oscillating bubbles and intense shockwaves in saline water, but the electroacoustic process is still not well understood. We develop a phenomenological model and describe the electroacoustic process, with a revised plasma resistance equation and a simple water resistance model. The simulation results agree well with experimental results under different charging voltages and capacitances, including the load electrical waveforms, bubble dynamics, and acoustic waves. Furthermore, the model can successfully calculate the electrical energy consumed in the plasma channel. The simulation results indicate that the energy efficiency decreases with increasing charging voltage, but increases with the increase of the charging capacitance. We also found that the shockwave peak and width increase as power-law functions of the discharge energy. In addition, the shockwave peak is more sensitive to the charging voltage, whereas the shockwave width is influenced by the charging capacitance more obviously. Finally, the proposed model confirms again that hydraulic efficiency and electroacoustic efficiency decrease when the charging voltage increases, but they increase with increasing capacitance. Overall, the phenomenological model is practical and this work helps in developing incomplete-discharge sparker sources applied in oceanic seismic explorations.","PeriodicalId":13191,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering","volume":"50 2","pages":"1443-1455"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143852437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}