Hydrological Processes最新文献

{"title":"Introduction to the Special Issue on Research and Observatory Catchments","authors":"Stephen D. Sebestyen, James B. Shanley, Theresa Blume, Jonathan M. Duncan, Julia Jones, Catalina Segura, M. Alisa Mast","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70069","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143481480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Watershed-Scale Runoff Efficiency Response to Climate Variability","authors":"Christian M. Erikson,&nbsp;Carl E. Renshaw,&nbsp;Evan N. Dethier,&nbsp;Francis J. Magilligan","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70086","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The fraction of precipitation converted to stream discharge within a watershed, termed as runoff efficiency, may shift as climate changes. Runoff efficiency is known to be temperature-sensitive in some watersheds, but temperature sensitivity is unquantified in many other watersheds. We identify regions where runoff efficiency is temperature-sensitive using 942 watersheds, minimally influenced by anthropogenic activity, across the continental United States and Canada. Stepwise regression using historical discharge and climate records shows that runoff efficiency in 10 of 16 hydrologically similar hydro-regions is sensitive to temperature, expanding the number of locations expected to experience temperature-driven water stress, particularly in the North American continental interior. Runoff efficiency in all hydro-regions demonstrates sensitivity to precipitation, but during wet years, runoff efficiency temporarily decreases, likely reflecting increasing groundwater storage. The temporary decrease in runoff efficiency is followed by an increase in the following year, likely due to the release of stored groundwater. This effect suggests changes in runoff efficiency help to stabilise watersheds, making it more difficult to both enter and leave drought as climate changes. The latter effect may partially explain observations of hydrologic drought persistence after meteorological drought ends. Understanding regional temperature sensitivity and the multiple-year effect of precipitation will improve the ability to forecast runoff efficiency.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143475529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Warmer Winters Drive Declines in Snowpack and Consequent Increases in Annual and Seasonal Runoff in a Headwater Region of the Northeastern United States","authors":"Kate Hale,&nbsp;Andrew Schroth,&nbsp;James Shanley,&nbsp;Beverley Wemple","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70092","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In montane, snow-affected regions of the United States, a warming climate threatens the timing and amount of future water delivery. It is expected that winter precipitation falling as snow will continue decreasing and the frequency of winter snowmelt events will continue increasing, with unknown impacts on the partitioning of water between evapotranspiration and runoff, water quality, flooding, and drought. The northeastern United States represents a humid climate with uniform precipitation seasonality and a transient snowpack. Limited research on changing winter conditions and water availability has been conducted in the region, in part due to scarce observations. An observational network has been recently established (2022) to span a Summit-to-Shore (S2S) continuum in Vermont for improved understanding and characterisation of snowpack variability across the landscape. We leverage the S2S network alongside available multi-decade records of meteorology, snow depth, and runoff to relate long-term snowpack characteristics in Vermont to seasonal and annual runoff within the high-elevation headwater Ranch Brook watershed (9.6 km²). In the last 57 years, average winter temperatures have increased by 2.6°C, snow season length has decreased by almost 3 weeks, average snow depth has decreased by 16%, and winter season rain-on-snow (ROS) event frequency has increased from 1 to 3.5 per year. In response, average daily winter runoff has increased, which is strongly related to increased annual runoff ratios (<i>R</i>² = 0.70). Separating the 22-year runoff record into water years with more versus less winter runoff revealed that years with more winter runoff corresponded to increased winter temperatures, 15% smaller snowpack, two times more ROS events, 52% more winter runoff, 31% larger annual runoff ratio, and increased summer rainfall variance. A steady decline in the regional snowpack and related impacts on downstream water resources may have implications for ecosystems and agricultural, industrial, and domestic water supply.</p>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hyp.70092","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143475543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrological Controls and Sources of Water for Shallow Groundwater of Underfit, Fine-Grained Floodplains","authors":"Mary Grace Lemon,&nbsp;Richard F. Keim","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70094","url":null,"abstract":"<p>An important mediating factor controlling the degree of connectivity between rivers and adjacent floodplains is the texture and structure of the floodplain alluvium. In fine-textured alluvium, especially shrink-swell clays, low hydraulic conductivity generally limits hydrologic flux, but the consequences of this for shallow groundwater have not been well investigated at the floodplain scale. We used shallow monitoring wells and stable isotopes to characterise the relative influence of river flooding and local precipitation on shallow groundwater across four underfit floodplains in the southeastern United States. Shallow groundwater elevation time series and isotopic data indicated precipitation was the most important control on shallow groundwater during the growing season overall. However, river level was important for controlling drainage and drying at all sites and controlled wet-up at low elevations sites, sites with assumed highly connected subsurface structures (sand and large silt), and after periods of low local precipitation. There was threshold behaviour in recession at topographically low sites, variability in recession timing that was unrelated to distance from the river and a large degree of spatial variability in isotopic composition of shallow groundwater across floodplains. All three of these observations, in combination with known patterns of water fluxes in Vertisols, suggest preferential flow through a discontinuous network of macropores made up of biogenic macropores, cracks and coarse soil layers, combined with substantial perching. We conclude that shallow groundwater in underfit, fine-grained floodplains moves in variably connected, variably saturated macropore networks that lead to locally idiosyncratic local water budgets and high spatiotemporal heterogeneity in water sources, flow paths, and residence times.</p>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hyp.70094","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143475641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing Climate-Change Impacts on Hydrological Processes and Blue–Green Water Dynamics Using Multi-Model Ensembles Under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways in the Hanjiang River Basin, China","authors":"Haojie Li,&nbsp;Zhenghui Fu,&nbsp;Wei Sun,&nbsp;Chao Dai,&nbsp;Yanpeng Cai","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70096","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study offers a novel perspective by assessing the impacts of climate change on hydrological processes, with a specific focus on the spatial and temporal dynamics of blue and green water components in the Hanjiang River basin in southern China under various shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) scenarios. Twelve global climate models (GCMs) from the coupled model intercomparison project phase 6 (CMIP6) were downscaled using the delta change method, producing future climate scenarios for near (2031–2060) and far (2061–2090) future time windows under four SSP scenarios (i.e., SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5). These downscaled climate variables, along with the historical control period data, were used to drive the calibrated SWAT model. The model was then employed to analyse blue and green water characteristics and assess the potential changes in hydrological processes under future climate scenarios. The findings reveal that surface runoff constitutes the dominant component of blue water in the Hanjiang River basin. Moreover, the multi-GCM ensemble mean predicts an increase in green water (evapotranspiration and soil water content) over the basin. For blue water, the ensemble mean suggests change patterns similar to those of precipitation, with decreases or slight increases expected in the northeastern part of the basin and larger increases in the southwestern part under most SSP scenarios. Compared to the historical control period, blue water is projected to experience the greatest increase (13.1%) in the southwestern part under SSP1-2.6 and the largest decrease (8.8%) in the northeastern part under SSP3-7.0, both in the far future. The findings have broad international relevance, as the methodology and insights can be applied to other regions worldwide facing similar challenges. This work contributes to a better understanding of hydrological processes in the context of global climate change and supports global efforts to enhance sustainable water resource management and climate resilience.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143475542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wood-Biochar Influence on Rill Erosion Processes and Hydrological Connectivity in Amended Soils","authors":"Pellegrino Conte,&nbsp;Calogero Librici,&nbsp;Alessio Nicosia,&nbsp;Vincenzo Palmeri,&nbsp;Vincenzo Pampalone,&nbsp;Vito Ferro","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70093","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Although there is increasing interest in biochar as a soil amendment, its antierosive effectiveness is still uncertain. This investigation aims at evaluating how wood-biochar affects rill erosion and hydrological connectivity in amended soils. In this paper, at first, plot experiments were performed entering a clear inflow into two rills, named rill₃ and rill₅, incised in a soil amended with an initial biochar concentration <i>BC</i> in weight of 3% and 5%, respectively. For each rill, terrestrial photogrammetry was used to obtain the Digital Elevation Models (DEM) before and after the experimental runs, and the consequent DEM of difference (DoD) was used to calculate the total volume of the eroded mixture (sediment and biochar), while three samples of rill outflow discharge were collected to determine the biochar and sediment rates. Then, small laboratory samples of the soil, biochar, and mixtures with different <i>BC</i> (1%, 3%, 5%, 10%, and 30%) were used to determine size and distribution of pores, and thus measure the structural and functional connectivity, by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry with the fast field cycling (FFC) layout. The DoDs highlighted that the mixture volume for rill₅ was lower than that for rill₃. Moreover, the rill₅ condition yielded a higher biochar percentage in the mixture. The NMR measurements demonstrated that the biochar addition increases the size of micropores and mesopores, and the macro-pore component is never dominant. Biochar concentrations greater than 5% do not produce appreciable changes in the pore distribution inside the mixture. The biochar component improves the structural connectivity up to <i>BC</i> = 5%. In the <i>BC</i> range of 0%–3%, <i>FCI</i> decreased as <i>BC</i> increased. In conclusion, a target biochar concentration of 5% allows for the mitigation of the rill erosion phenomena, favours the improvement of soil structural connectivity, and does not appreciably modify the functional connectivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hyp.70093","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143438772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Predictors for Hydrologic Signatures: Wetlands and Geologic Age Across Continental Scales","authors":"Anne Holt,&nbsp;Hilary McMillan","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70080","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In dry summer months, stream baseflow sourced from groundwater is essential to support aquatic ecosystems and anthropogenic water use. Hydrologic signatures, or metrics describing unique features of streamflow timeseries, are useful for quantifying and predicting these valuable baseflow and groundwater storage resources across continental scales. Hydrologic signatures can be predicted based on catchment attributes summarising climate and landscape and can be used to characterise baseflow and groundwater processes that cannot be directly measured. While past watershed-scale studies suggest that landscape attributes are important controls on baseflow and storage processes, recent regional-to-global scale modelling studies have instead found that landscape attributes have weaker relationships with hydrologic signatures of these processes than expected compared to climate attributes. In this study, we quantify two landscape attributes, average geologic age and the proportion of catchment area covered by wetlands. We investigate if incorporating these additional predictors into existing large-sample attribute datasets strengthens continental-scale, empirical relationships between landscape attributes and hydrologic signatures. We quantify 14 hydrologic signatures related to baseflow and groundwater processes in catchments across the contiguous United States, evaluate the relationships between the new catchment attributes and hydrologic signatures with correlation analysis and use the new attributes to predict hydrologic signatures with random forest models. We found that the average geologic age of catchments was a highly influential predictor of hydrologic signatures, especially for signatures describing baseflow magnitude in catchments, and had greater importance than existing attributes of the subsurface. In contrast, we found that the proportion of wetlands in catchments had limited influence on our hydrologic signature predictions. We recommend incorporating catchment geologic age into large-sample catchment datasets to improve predictions of baseflow and storage hydrologic signatures and processes across continental scales.</p>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hyp.70080","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143438773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing a Two-Dimensional Semi-Analytical Solution on a Plan View for a Consecutive Divergent Tracer Test Considering Regional Groundwater Flow","authors":"Heejun Suk,&nbsp;Jize Piao,&nbsp;Ching-Ping Liang,&nbsp;Weon Shik Han,&nbsp;Hongil Ahn,&nbsp;Jui-Sheng Chen","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70089","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Multiple successive tracer tests are often conducted to obtain reliable breakthrough curve results under regional groundwater flow, especially when the accuracy is crucial. In such cases, the period of rest between the end of the first divergent tracer test and the initiation of the second divergent tracer test allows the tracer from the first test to travel along with the background regional flow, thereby influencing the distribution of residual tracer concentration. This residual tracer could potentially interfere with breakthrough curve results from the tracer injection in the second tracer test. Additionally, the conventional analytical solution used for the divergent tracer test considers only radial flow; regional flow and consecutive tracer tests are ignored. Consequently, interpreting the behaviour of the tracer in consecutive divergent tracer tests under regional flow conditions is challenging using conventional measures because of background regional concentration. This study proposes a new semi-analytical solution, considering the effects of divergent radial and regional flows in consecutive tracer tests, addressing a critical gap in the conventional analytical solutions that, despite their practical necessity, have not been previously developed. The proposed semi-analytical solution was subjected to parameter studies under various scenarios. In our case studies, the conventional analytical solution based on a single tracer test can be safely used for parameter estimation only in cases where the injected mass for the subsequent tracer test is approximately six-fold that of the first tracer test or if the drift time is longer than 10 days.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143438967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Spatial Dry–Wet Contrast in the Future of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau","authors":"Fan Yang,&nbsp;Aizhong Ye,&nbsp;Yunfei Wang","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70087","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The geographical uniqueness of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) determines its significance as ‘Asia's Water Tower’. It is expected that climate change in this area will cause extreme weather occurrences, stress water resources and increase the vulnerability of ecosystems in the future. However, the precise quantitative impact of climate change on the QTP remains uncertain. In this study, using coupled model intercomparison project (CMIP) phase 6 multi-model data and a distributed time-variant gain hydrological model (DTVGM), we examined the spatiotemporal attributes of climate and hydrology across the QTP under various socioeconomic progress trajectories and greenhouse gas emission scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5). Over the next 80 years, an overall warming trend was observed on the QTP, accompanied by a decrease in annual total water resources. The drier the arid regions, the wetter are the humid regions on the future QTP. Runoff will decrease by 74.92% in the region, and evaporation will increase by 84.93% from 2020 to 2099. In SSP5-8.5, the precipitation change rate was −6.22 mm/10a, and the runoff change rate was −8.84 mm/10a. After a year of abrupt precipitation change (2052–2064), the decrease in runoff became significantly faster. The total runoff was approximately 58.00% of the surface runoff. Unlike the runoff trend, evaporation displayed a fluctuating upward pattern, with an average change rate of 2.78 mm/10a. Spatially, the variations in dry–wet conditions became more evident, showing a substantial decrease in runoff and a noteworthy increase in evaporation on the northeastern plateau. In the southeastern region of the Yarlung Tsangpo River Basin, the precipitation and runoff increase rates were notably higher than those in other regions. Moreover, there was a significant surge in runoff in areas adjacent to the glaciers. In conclusion, this study offers valuable insights into decision-making concerning future developmental trajectories in the region.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143439031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urban Snowmelt Runoff Responses to the Temperature-Hydraulic Conductivity Relation in a Cold Climate","authors":"Youcan Feng,&nbsp;Donghe Ma,&nbsp;Zhenjie Ma,&nbsp;Lin Tian,&nbsp;Jinhua Gao,&nbsp;Xin Huang,&nbsp;Lijun Xue","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70079","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Urban winter runoff management was mainly regulated by temperature variations and the snow-removing measures, but the underlying mechanism of the temperature-hydraulic conductivity (T-K) relation was seldom studied for urban environments and far from clearly understood. It is imperative to consider the T-K relation for snowmelt runoff calculation especially when the compound effects with the snow-removing measures and low impact development (LID) need to be considered. This work investigated the temperature regulation on urban infiltration and snowmelt runoff by a proposed modelling framework. A series of hydrologic model experiments revealed a crucial link between the hydraulic conductivity and snowmelt runoff emphasising the role of temperature in the partitioning between percolation and runoff. The inclusion of a T-K relation in the SWMM model resulted in a 26.0%–37.1% decrease in infiltration and a 12.7%–25.8% increase in runoff. The effects of the T-K relation were found to become more significant when the anthropogenic interventions such as snow-clearing measures and LID were applied. After the T-K mechanism was modelled, the infiltration and the runoff caused by the snow-clearing measures were reduced by 33.7%–48.2% and raised by 19.7%–35.6%, respectively, and LID would further reduce infiltration by 46.2%–65.2% and increase runoff by 71.0%–105.2%. This study serves as one of the first a few attempts to improve the understanding of the freeze–thaw cycles of land surface in urban environments.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143424161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}