HIV Research & Clinical Practice最新文献

{"title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in women living with HIV who have a Black African and/or Black Caribbean heritage.","authors":"Sophie Strachan, Elizabeth Senkoro, Wezi Thamm, Jacqui Stevenson, Frances Lander, Nicoletta Policek, Caterina Candela, Fiona Muir, Marta Boffito","doi":"10.1080/25787489.2025.2464510","DOIUrl":"10.1080/25787489.2025.2464510","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Treatment, adherence and linkage to care are lower in Black African and Black Caribbean heritage women living with HIV, affected by significant psychosocial challenges compared to other groups. The COVID-19 lockdowns further amplified these inequalities. We aimed to assess its impact on this population across Chelsea and Westminster Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used an online survey and in-depth interviews to collect data between 01-10-2022 and 01-06-2023. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the survey data and thematic analysis was adopted to analyze the qualitative data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 393 women contacted, 36 completed the survey and 22 took part in interviews. The survey found that COVID-19 lockdown restrictions worsened anxiety (48%) and low mood (45%). 54% reported that the experience of COVID-19 triggered the trauma of their initial HIV diagnosis. Interviewed participants discussed how their psychological issues and co-morbidities were not always addressed by their care system. Stigma and being forced to share their HIV information were also prominent issues.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There is continued institutional stigma and discrimination in health care settings for women living with HIV of African or Caribbean heritage, and there is an urgent need to address the inequity in care to improve patients' experience post-pandemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":13165,"journal":{"name":"HIV Research & Clinical Practice","volume":"26 1","pages":"2464510"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143412820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"'It is scary to pause treatment': perspectives on HIV cure-related research and analytical treatment interruptions from women diagnosed during acute HIV in Durban, South Africa.","authors":"Deli Mthimkhulu, Krista L Dong, Mzwakhe Wiseman Ngcobo, Deborah Mindry, Ayanda Zulu, Ntombifuthi Langa, Luyanda Maphalala, Vanessa Pillay, Maud Mthembu, Annie Miall, Whitney Tran, Ana Dillen, Fang Wan, Ali Ahmed, Jamila K Stockman, Maryam Hussain, Thumbi Ndung'u, Karine Dubé","doi":"10.1080/25787489.2025.2455917","DOIUrl":"10.1080/25787489.2025.2455917","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>HIV remains a major challenge in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, particularly for young women who face disproportionate risks and barriers to prevention and treatment. Most HIV cure trials, however, occur in high-income countries.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To examine the perspectives of young women diagnosed with acute HIV in a longitudinal study, focusing on their perceptions on ATI-inclusive HIV cure trials and the barriers and facilitators to participation.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Between October 2022 and February 2024, we conducted closed-ended surveys and in-depth interviews with 20 women aged 19-33 living with HIV, who were willing but ineligible or unable to participate in an HIV cure trial.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Many participants reported mental health challenges, including major depression (40%), moderate to severe anxiety (35%), and low self-esteem (35%). While women diagnosed during acute HIV supported pausing antiretroviral treatment (ART) during analytical treatment interruption (ATI) to advance HIV cure research, concerns about health risks and HIV-related stigma were significant barriers to enrollment. Trust in the research team and close monitoring were seen as positive factors, while fears around sharing of HIV/ATI status and transmission to sex partners complicated decision-making. Participants expressed a need for psychological counseling and access to community resources to manage ATI-related stressors.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Understanding women's perspectives on HIV cure research, especially ATI trials, is vital. Building trust and addressing psychosocial challenges through a healing-centered approach can facilitate trial participation. Socio-behavioral research before and during HIV cure trials will be essential to inform participant-centered protocol design.</p>","PeriodicalId":13165,"journal":{"name":"HIV Research & Clinical Practice","volume":"26 1","pages":"2455917"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11829625/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143038180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A closer look: factors impacting HIV durable viral suppression among a cohort of clinic attendees in Trinidad & Tobago.","authors":"Elena Cyrus, Deidre A Okeke, Omari Lavia, Mary Jo Trepka, Allysha Maragh-Bass, Lunthita Duthely, Michael Sciauodone, Jeffrey Edwards","doi":"10.1080/25787489.2024.2443886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/25787489.2024.2443886","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In Trinidad and Tobago, high HIV prevalence among key populations necessitates studying factors that impact durable viral suppression (DVS), crucial for effective HIV management and reducing transmission among at-risk networks. This study investigates these factors using clinical data from a major HIV care clinic in the Caribbean.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective analysis of 533 adult people with HIV (people) at MRFTT from 2017 to 2021 assessed the proportion achieving DVS, defined as a sustained viral load <200 copies/ml over one year. Initial univariate analysis characterized individuals with DVS, followed by bivariate analysis to explore socio-demographic differences. Significant variables from bivariate analysis were examined in a regression model to identify DVS covariates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The average age of the sample was 45 years (SD = 10.88), with 52.0% male and 72.1% of African descent. 31.5% achieved durable viral suppression (DVS). Those with DVS were predominantly women (54.1%), older (mean age 45, SD = 11.32), with more frequent clinic visits over five years (mean = 101, SD = 33.26). Regression analysis showed that women (OR = 1.43, 95% CI 0.99-2.07), individuals on long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART) (>5 years) (OR = 1.66, 95% CI 1.03-2.66), and those with extended clinic enrolment (>5 years) (OR = 1.82, 95% CI 1.08-3.06) had higher odds of achieving DVS.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Only a third of the study sample achieved DVS, with men less likely to reach this goal. Lesser engagement in care correlated with lower DVS rates. Further research into social and structural barriers to clinic attendance, particularly among younger men, is recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":13165,"journal":{"name":"HIV Research & Clinical Practice","volume":"26 1","pages":"2443886"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142946670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Better outcomes of HIV-1 infection in women compared to men in an Ethiopian cohort.","authors":"S Bezalel-Rosenberg, K Mahlab-Guri, N Itai, L Kadar, S Nemet, I Asher, R Cohen, Z M Sthoeger, H Elinav, D Elbirt","doi":"10.1080/25787489.2025.2511376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/25787489.2025.2511376","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> Sex influences the presentation and progression of various diseases. Studies regarding the impact of sex on the course and outcome of HIV may be biased due to differences in socioeconomic status between women and men and uneven sex representation, among other factors, resulting in conflicting data. Thus, this study compared men and women of similar ethnicity and social class who were diagnosed with HIV in two Israeli HIV care centers to minimize the effect of non-biological elements in this study cohort.</p><p><p><b>Methods:</b> A retrospective HIV cohort of 334 women and 223 men diagnosed from 2000 to 2015. All patients were immigrants from Ethiopia who acquired HIV heterosexually and were of a similar socioeconomic status. Data regarding demographics, clinical status, virological (viral load [VL]) and immunological (CD4) status, and treatment modalities were collected for each patient.</p><p><p><b>Results:</b> At HIV diagnosis, male were older than female (43.2 ± 13.2 vs. 35.4 ± 11.95 years; <i>p</i> < 0.0001) with a higher VL (372,086 ± 757,366 vs. 237,442 ± 756,371 copies/mL; <i>p</i> = 0.0443) and lower CD4 cell counts (240.74 ± 178 vs. 302.54 ± 218.89 cells/µL; <i>p</i> = 0.0006). Mean follow-up (9.94 ± 4.11 years) was similar between sexes. Women demonstrated significantly higher CD4 cell counts (492.6 ± 267.2 vs. 382.4 ± 214.7 cells/µL; <i>p</i> = 0.0001), lower AIDS rates (13.47% vs. 21.97%; p = 0.0147), and reduced mortality (6.29% vs. 16.59%; <i>p</i> = 0.0002) then men. These differences persisted in subgroup analyses stratified by age and immunological status at diagnosis (measured by CD4 cell counts and VL). In a multivariate analysis male sex emerged as an independent risk factor for death, AIDS, and low CD4 cell counts.</p><p><p><b>Conclusions:</b> The clinical course and outcome of HIV infected women compared to men were more favorable, with lower rates of immunological impairment, AIDS, and mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":13165,"journal":{"name":"HIV Research & Clinical Practice","volume":"26 1","pages":"2511376"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144208418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virtual adaptation of a nurse-driven strategy to improve blood pressure control among people with HIV.","authors":"Melissa Klein Cutshaw, Kelley A Jones, Nwora Lance Okeke, Corrilynn O Hileman, Barbara M Gripshover, Angela Aifah, Gerald S Bloomfield, Charles Muiruri, Valerie A Smith, Rajesh Vedanthan, Allison R Webel, Hayden B Bosworth, Christopher T Longenecker","doi":"10.1080/25787489.2025.2477396","DOIUrl":"10.1080/25787489.2025.2477396","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>People with HIV are at increased risk of cardiovascular events; thus, care delivery strategies that increase access to comprehensive cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk management are a priority. We report the results of a multi-component telemedicine-based strategy to improve blood pressure control among people with HIV-Assess and Adapt to the Impact of COVID-19 on CVD Self-Management and Prevention Care in Adults Living with HIV (AAIM-High). The AAIM High strategy is a virtual adaptation of our previously published EXTRA-CVD strategy and consisted of hypertension education and six components: nurse-led care coordination (delivered by teleconference or telephone), home systolic blood pressure (SBP) monitoring, evidence-based treatment algorithms, electronic health records tools, technology coach, and communication preferences assessment. People with HIV (<i>n</i> = 74) with comorbid hypertension at three academic medical centers were enrolled in a single arm implementation study from January 2021 to December 2022. Over 12 months, the average patient-performed home SBP decreased by 7.7 mmHg (95% CI -11.5, -3.9). The percentage of patients at treatment goal, defined as average SBP <130 mmHg, increased from 46.0% to 72.5% at 12 months. By adapting to the growing use of telemedicine in healthcare delivery, our study effectively improved hypertension control in people with HIV through a virtual, nurse-led intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":13165,"journal":{"name":"HIV Research & Clinical Practice","volume":"26 1","pages":"2477396"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11993257/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143656630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trans Equity Project: a multicomponent intervention to improve HIV prevention and care continua outcomes among men and women of transgender experience.","authors":"Allysha C Maragh-Bass, Elena Cyrus, Tatyana Woodard, Lekiah Lescott, Ashley French, Emily A Arnold, Mallory O Johnson, Omar Martinez","doi":"10.1080/25787489.2025.2515806","DOIUrl":"10.1080/25787489.2025.2515806","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Men and women of transgender experience encounter HIV-related health inequities based on race across the HIV care continua. We explored HIV prevention and care needs <i>via</i> focus groups, surveys, and Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) testing experiences (<i>N</i> = 40); we supplemented this data via in-depth interviews with peer navigators.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was conducted from 2020 to 2022. Analyses included coding and descriptive statistics. Nearly 63% identified as Black, and 20% identified as Latinx. Nearly 90% of participants reported ever having HIV tests; 10% of participants tested positive for other STIs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Qualitative analyses yielded three core intervention components for men and women of transgender experience: (1) Comprehensive Trans Care; (2) Community, Mentorship, and Support; and (3) Life Skills and Professional Development. Study participants, community and scientific advisory board members agreed on the need for a peer-led, group-level intervention in English and Spanish.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These needs and priorities are conducive to future interventions which build community agency, structural approaches, and health equity centered on men and women of transgender experience of color.</p>","PeriodicalId":13165,"journal":{"name":"HIV Research & Clinical Practice","volume":"26 1","pages":"2515806"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12180475/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144333017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating adherence in an active-controlled HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis trial (PrEPVacc) to inform the estimation of HIV incidence in a counterfactual placebo arm.","authors":"Sheila Kansiime, Christian Holm Hansen, Henry Bern, Julie Fox, David Dunn, Eugene Ruzagira, Richard Hayes, Sheena Mc Cormack","doi":"10.1080/25787489.2025.2513684","DOIUrl":"10.1080/25787489.2025.2513684","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Inferring the counterfactual placebo HIV incidence using the estimated effectiveness of Emtricitabine/Tenofovir (TDF/FTC) in active-controlled pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) trials has been suggested. However, it has not yet been widely applied. In this article, we evaluate adherence to TDF/FTC in the PrEPVacc trial (NCT04066881) and consider how such adherence data could be used to estimate the effectiveness of TDF/FTC and subsequently, HIV incidence in a counterfactual placebo arm in a predominantly female population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>From December 2020 to March 2023 participants were recruited into the trial which included a comparison of Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide (TAF/FTC) to TDF/FTC as PrEP over 26 weeks of follow-up, in Uganda, Tanzania, and South Africa. PrEP adherence was assessed in various ways.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 697 participants dispensed TDF/FTC, 87% were female, 54% were ≥ 25 years, and 59% were sex workers. In a random sample (41%) assessed at visit 6 (week 8), 76% had detectable TFV-DP levels, with 22% reaching levels consistent with ≥2 pills/week. Males, Verulam and Mbeya participants, those ≥ 25 years, not single, subsistence fisheries workers, and those who had any STI at baseline were more likely to have higher adherence. Of those assessed at visit 6, 29% were identified as white coat dosing. Estimated (crude) HIV incidence risk reduction ranged from 10% to 65%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>TDF/FTC adherence in the PrEPVacc trial was low, with considerable levels of white coat dosing. Inferring the counterfactual placebo HIV incidence using the estimated effectiveness of TDF/FTC is a promising approach, however, the approach requires further elaboration and evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":13165,"journal":{"name":"HIV Research & Clinical Practice","volume":"26 1","pages":"2513684"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144266054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterogeneity of provider preferences for HIV Care Coordination Program features: latent class analysis of a discrete choice experiment.","authors":"Chunki Fong, Madellena Conte, Rebecca Zimba, Jennifer Carmona, Gina Gambone, Abigail Baim-Lance, McKaylee Robertson, Mary Irvine, Denis Nash","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The PROMISE study assessed revisions designed to facilitate implementation of an HIV care coordination program (CCP) addressing gaps in care and treatment engagement among people living with HIV in New York City (NYC). Through latent class analysis (LCA) of a discrete choice experiment (DCE), we explored heterogeneity of provider preferences regarding CCP features. From January-March 2020, 152 NYC CCP providers completed a DCE with 3-4 levels on each of 4 program attributes: 1) Help with Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy (ART), 2) Help with Primary Care Appointments, 3) Help with Issues Other than Primary Care, and 4) Where Program Visits Happen. We used LCA to assess patterns of preference, and choice simulation to estimate providers' endorsement of hypothetical CCPs. LCA identified three subgroups. The two larger subgroups (<i>n</i> = 133) endorsed more intensive individual program features, including directly observed therapy, home visits, and appointment reminders with accompaniment of clients to their appointments. The smallest subgroup (<i>n</i> = 19) endorsed medication reminders only, appointment reminders without accompaniment, and meeting at the program location rather than clients' homes. Choice simulation analysis affirmed the highest degree of endorsement (62%) for hypothetical programs combining the intensive features described above. Results indicated providers' preference for intensive program features and also reinforced the need for flexible service delivery options. Provider perspectives on service delivery approaches can inform program adjustments for successful long-term implementation, which in turn can improve patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":13165,"journal":{"name":"HIV Research & Clinical Practice","volume":"25 1","pages":"2300923"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10978435/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139512314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Statement of Retraction: Impact TB co-infections on immune tolerance among people living with HIV: a systematic review.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/25787489.2024.2416301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/25787489.2024.2416301","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13165,"journal":{"name":"HIV Research & Clinical Practice","volume":"25 1","pages":"2416301"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142817922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus drug resistance and factors associated with high viral load among adolescents on antiretroviral therapy in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.","authors":"Irene Maseke, Agricola Joachim, Doreen Kamori, Ahmed Abade, Nyambura Moremi, Mtebe Majigo","doi":"10.1080/25787489.2024.2400827","DOIUrl":"10.1080/25787489.2024.2400827","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Resistance to antiretrovirals against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) poses a threat to zero transmission of HIV by 2030. Few studies have been conducted on HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) mutations targeting adolescents. We determined the prevalence, pattern of HIVDR mutations, and factors associated with unsuppressed HIV viral load among adolescents on antiretroviral therapy (ART).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>From March to June 2020, we conducted a cross-sectional study at the Infectious Disease Clinic in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. HIV-1 viral load was tested using m2000rt Real-Time HIV-1 assay. A sample with a viral load equal or more than 1,000 copies/ml was tested for HIVDR mutations. We determined the factors associated with unsuppressed viral load using logistic regression. A <i>p</i>-value less than 0.05 was considered significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We enrolled 131 participants with a median age (interquartile range) of 15 (13-18) years. Of all, 24(18.3%) had a viral load above 1000 copies/ml. HIVDR mutations were found in 19/24(68.4%). Mutation to protease inhibitors, nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors were 1(5.2%), 9(47.4%), and 11(57.9%), respectively. Non-antiretroviral therapy and orphanages were independently associated with unsuppressed viral load.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The prevalence of HIVDR and unsuppressed HIV viral load among adolescents are relatively high. The use of non-antiretroviral therapy and orphanage influenced the persistence of high viral load. Strategies for surveillance of HIVDR early warning signs should be devised among adolescents.</p>","PeriodicalId":13165,"journal":{"name":"HIV Research & Clinical Practice","volume":"25 1","pages":"2400827"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142153889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}