{"title":"Aluminum Oxide 50/50 Splitter Based on Multimode Interferometer for the Blue/Near-UV Spectral Range","authors":"Ronan Kervazo;Georges Perin;Stéphane Trebaol;Loïc Bodiou;Joël Charrier","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3562902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3562902","url":null,"abstract":"Research on integrated blue and near-ultraviolet photonics has been increasingly investigated in recent years. To enable the development of photonic integrated circuits in this wavelength range, one of the challenges is to identify a transparent platform that can provide a variety of integrated components. Aluminum oxide (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) was demonstrated to exhibit low propagation losses for wavelengths below 450 nm, making it a very promising platform to operate at short wavelengths. MMIs are very convenient integrated components for splitting or combining signals and can be used for many applications such as on-chip spectrometry or microscopy. The development of a 50/50 coupler at 405 nm is reported based on symmetrical multimode interferometer (MMI) presenting a splitting ratio of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$3.20~pm ~0.34$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dB/MMI. Characterizations at 375, 420, and 454 nm are also presented.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"37 14","pages":"753-756"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"High-Birefringence and Quarter-Wave Plates at 1550 nm Using Azopolymers","authors":"Beatriz Soares;Susana Silva;Paulo Ribeiro;Orlando Frazão","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3564052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3564052","url":null,"abstract":"Azobenzenes are a class of compounds which allow the writing and erasure of linear birefringence along any desired direction, through their ability to photoisomerize. This property enables applications requiring polarization control, which, despite extensive exploration in the visible spectrum, have yet to be fully capitalized in the infrared region. This study aims to systematically characterize the creation and relaxation of induced linear birefringence dynamics in azopolymers thin films for the 1550 nm region. Maximum birefringence values as high as <inline-formula> <tex-math>$6.02times 10^{-2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> were attained during the recording phase with a 445 nm pump laser, that stabilized at <inline-formula> <tex-math>$5.40times 10^{-2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> during the relaxation phase, achieved for a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.4~mu m$ </tex-math></inline-formula> sample. In addition, a maximum phase shift of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$Delta Phi = 0.54pi $ </tex-math></inline-formula> stabilizing at <inline-formula> <tex-math>$Delta Phi = 0.50pi $ </tex-math></inline-formula>, was observed for a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$9.7~mu m$ </tex-math></inline-formula> sample with a 532 nm writing laser. Accordingly, this shows the promising potential of azopolymers for many applications.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"37 15","pages":"825-828"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qian Ma;Wanghua Zhu;Qichao Wang;Enze Zhou;Yaohui Sun;Guohua Hu;Binfeng Yun;Liguo Shuai;Yiping Cui
{"title":"An Eight-Channel Hybrid Wavelength-/Mode-Division (De)multiplexer Based on LNOI Platform","authors":"Qian Ma;Wanghua Zhu;Qichao Wang;Enze Zhou;Yaohui Sun;Guohua Hu;Binfeng Yun;Liguo Shuai;Yiping Cui","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3563510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3563510","url":null,"abstract":"Multi-dimensional multiplexing technology is pivotal for enhancing on-chip communication capacity. In this letter, we proposed and fabricated an 8-channel hybrid (de)multiplexer chip based on a lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) platform, which can simultaneously implement mode-division multiplexing (MDM) and wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM). The proposed (de)multiplexer comprises a two-channel mode (de)multiplexer utilizing an asymmetric directional coupler (ADC) and a four-channel WDM (de)multiplexer employing a set of second-order microring resonator (MRR) arrays. To further increase the number of channels, the two ports of the mode demultiplexer are interconnected, thereby doubling the communication capacity while maintaining the same number of MRRs. Experimental results demonstrate that the device achieves intermode crosstalk below −10 dB with a multiplexing bandwidth of exceeding 50 nm. The adjacent channel crosstalk and the non-adjacent channel crosstalk of the multiplexer’s eight channels are below −13 dB and −27 dB, respectively, over a free spectral range (FSR) from 1556 to 1562 nm. This research paves new avenues in the field of multi-dimensional multiplexing techniques on the LNOI platform.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"37 13","pages":"741-744"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"FL-Based NN in 30.4-km MMW Transmission Using Full-Photonic Conversion and TWT Amplifier","authors":"Junhao Zhao;Boyu Dong;Yinjun Liu;Dianyuan Ping;Li Tao;Shuhong He;Shishuo Liu;Zhangxiong Zi;Qichao Lu;Yaxuan Li;Junlian Jia;Zhongya Li;An Yan;Jianyang Shi;Nan Chi;Junwen Zhang","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3563485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3563485","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents a focal loss (FL)-based neural network soft de-mapping method for 30.4-km millimeter-wave (MMW) transmission, utilizing full-photonic up- and down-conversion. A traveling wave tube (TWT) is employed to improve power budget to realize over 50-km equivalent distance. The proposed method is shown to effectively reduce the bit error rate (BER) in MMW transmission, particularly when the model parameters are small, highlighting its potential to lower complexity of receiver. The performance of the FL function is validated using convolutional neural networks (CNN), recurrent neural networks (RNN), and residual networks (ResNet) architectures, all of which lead to a significant reduction in BER, with ResNet achieving the best results. The field trial of 30.4-km MMW transmission and targeted over 50.0-km equivalent distance have been demonstrated successfully. Notably, a 10.43-Gb/s line rate is achieved over the 30.4-km near-sea surface wireless link at 0-dBm received optical power (ROP) of transmitter photodiode.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"37 14","pages":"777-780"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tunable Opto-Chemical Virtual Aperture Induced by Azobenzene Cis-Trans Isomerization","authors":"Yixuan Chen;Xi Xie;Changjun Min;Yuquan Zhang;Xiaocong Yuan","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3563501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3563501","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents an innovative approach utilizing the optical isomerization of azobenzene polymer films, which markedly diminishes the spatial dimensions of the focused light spot. By manipulating the power ratio of two distinct wavelengths of laser, the light-induced alignment of azobenzene molecules within the polymer film can be modified, thereby enabling the development of an “opto-chemical virtual aperture” that effectively reduces the size of the focused light spot. Simulations assess the direct impact of laser power ratios on the orientation of azobenzene molecules, while the experimental findings indicate significant variations in the dimensions of the light spot in response to these changes. The validation of the fundamental characteristics of azobenzene is crucial for the progression of optical micromachining techniques beyond the diffraction limit and for advancements in near-field optical manipulation","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"37 13","pages":"725-728"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Advancements in Visible Reflection Coatings: Thin Films for Photonic and Optoelectronic Applications","authors":"Venkatesh Yepuri;Matte Rajayya","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3563312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3563312","url":null,"abstract":"TiO<sub>2</sub>/SiO<sub>2</sub> multilayer structures, have demonstrated reflectance exceeding 90% in the visible spectrum (500–600nm) and a contact angle of 45°, indicating strong hydrophilic self-cleaning properties. These coatings exhibit well-defined multilayers, with precise thickness control (~100–120 nm TiO<sub>2</sub>, ~80–100 nm SiO<sub>2</sub>), enhancing constructive interference and Bragg reflection for improved optical efficiency. XRD analysis confirmed the anatase phase of TiO<sub>2</sub>, optimizing crystallinity and mechanical stability, while FTIR spectroscopy validated Si-O-Ti bonding, ensuring strong interfacial adhesion. These properties make the coatings highly effective for integration into silicon photonics, waveguides, and optoelectronic devices, reducing optical losses and improving energy efficiency. Their application spans next-generation augmented reality displays, self-cleaning solar panels, high-efficiency dielectric mirrors, and low-loss reflectors for photonic circuits. With their potential for scalable manufacturing and enhanced durability, these coatings represent a significant advancement in energy-efficient optical systems, paving the way for more sustainable and high-performance photonic technologies.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"37 13","pages":"729-732"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Liquid-Filled Multicore Elastic Optical Waveguide for Multi-Point Bending Sensing","authors":"Xi Luo;Daifu Zheng;Shimeng Chen;Yun Liu;Wei Peng","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3563378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3563378","url":null,"abstract":"Multi-point bending sensors are widely used across various fields. However, conventional multi-point sensors are limited by complex fabrication processes and low elasticity, which hinder their ability to measure large-angle bending effectively. In this study, we propose a liquid-filled, multicore elastic multi-point bending optical waveguide sensor. The sensor utilizes a helical fiber core array design, which enables the decoupling of multi-point bending measurements. This approach allows for the straightforward fabrication of double-core and triple-core helical optical waveguide sensors, facilitating proof-of-concept demonstrations and performance evaluations. Additionally, a loss slope factor is introduced for theoretical analysis. Experimental results indicate that the mean deviation between predicted and measured bending optical loss is less than 4.2%, confirming the potential applicability of this multi-point bending sensing approach in engineering applications.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"37 15","pages":"817-820"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wenhou Luo;Lianshan Yan;Yue Zhu;Jia Ye;Wei Pan;Xihua Zou
{"title":"BERT-Based Modeling Method for Long-Distance PDM Transmission Channel","authors":"Wenhou Luo;Lianshan Yan;Yue Zhu;Jia Ye;Wei Pan;Xihua Zou","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3563213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3563213","url":null,"abstract":"Fast and accurate modeling techniques are crucial for improving the performance of long-distance polarization division multiplexing (PDM) transmission. Traditional methods, such as the Split-Step Fourier Method (SSFM), suffer from high computational complexity, especially for long-distance and large-scale data. To overcome this challenge, a BERT-based modeling method for long-distance PDM transmission channel is proposed. The BERT-based method enables fast and accurate modeling of transmission channels without requiring iterative processes, in which BERT is a deep learning model leveraging the attention mechanism. Numerical experiment results show that the fitting waveforms of the proposed method closely match the actual waveforms over 1200 km across various launch powers, modulation formats and erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) noise, achieving normalized mean squared errors below 0.003. Furthermore, the computational complexity of the BERT-based method is approximately 1/3800 of that of the SSFM.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"37 15","pages":"833-836"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Enhanced Transfer Learning-Based Automatic Modulation Recognition Method for OFDM-VLC System","authors":"Hong Wen;Zixiong Gao;Qinghui Chen;Jun Zhou","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3563388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3563388","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, an enhanced transfer learning-based automatic modulation recognition (AMR) scheme is proposed and experimentally demonstrated in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing visible light communication (OFDM-VLC) systems. Within the proposed Gaussian transfer learning (GTL) framework, a ResNet deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) is constructed using Gaussian constellations as the training set. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated by using GoogLeNet, AlexNet and ImageNet transfer learning (ITL) as benchmarks. Experimental results show that, using only 120 training samples with a limited number of constellation points per sample, ResNet with ITL achieves accuracy improvements of 13% and 7% over GoogLeNet and AlexNet with ITL, respectively. Furthermore, ResNet with the proposed GTL achieves an additional 4% accuracy enhancement compared to ResNet utilising conventional ITL.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"37 12","pages":"671-674"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143929771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Compact Q-Switched Oscillator With Combined Nanosecond and Microsecond Pulse Outputs","authors":"Qian Ti;Wen-Quan Nie;Da-Fu Cui;Qi Bian;Nan Zong;Yong Bo;Qin-Jun Peng","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3563194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3563194","url":null,"abstract":"We have developed a laser-diode side-pumped Q-switched Nd:YAG laser capable of generating combined pulses, consisting of high-peak-power nanosecond (ns) and microsecond (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s) pulses. In free-running mode, a maximum output power of 22.1 W was achieved at a 1 kHz repetition rate with a pulse duration of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$115~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s. By carefully adjusting the Q-switch trigger delay and the Q-switch opening time, a combined macro-pulse consisting of a single ns pulse and a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s pulse train was generated, where the ns pulse power ratio relative to the total combined pulse power can be adjusted from 45% to nearly 100%. The peak power of the ns pulse increases from 83 kW to 396.4 kW, while the peak power of the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s pulse decreases from 143.2 W to 87.5W, corresponding to intensities of up to GW/cm<sup>2</sup> and MW/cm<sup>2</sup>, respectively. The micro-pulse programmable Q-switched regime is well useful to extend the potential applications of the combined pulse laser, particularly in laser beam drilling.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"37 14","pages":"745-748"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}