IEEE Photonics Technology Letters最新文献

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Generation of Millijoule Few-Cycle Pulses by a Compact Single-Stage Gas-Filled Multi-Pass Cell 用紧凑的单级充气多通道电池产生毫焦耳短周期脉冲
IF 2.3 3区 工程技术
IEEE Photonics Technology Letters Pub Date : 2025-02-13 DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2025.3541233
Zhongchao Li;Qi Liu;Yang Liu;Guorong Wu;Guoqing Chang;Wei Liu
{"title":"Generation of Millijoule Few-Cycle Pulses by a Compact Single-Stage Gas-Filled Multi-Pass Cell","authors":"Zhongchao Li;Qi Liu;Yang Liu;Guorong Wu;Guoqing Chang;Wei Liu","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3541233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3541233","url":null,"abstract":"We report on nonlinear spectral broadening and post-compression of 1-mJ, 146-fs pulses in a compact single-stage gas-filled multi-pass cell (MPC). With an overall transmission of ~96%, the compressed pulses have a duration of 17.3 fs (corresponding to a compression factor of ~8.4) with 0.96-mJ energy and excellent beam quality (M<inline-formula> <tex-math>$^{2} = 1.35times 1.12$ </tex-math></inline-formula>). To the best of our knowledge, this work marks the first successful generation of millijoule-level few-cycle pulses at a 1-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m wavelength using a single-stage gas-filled MPC.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"37 5","pages":"313-316"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143521433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
High Power Burst-Mode Laser Seeded by an Electro-Optic Q-Switched Hundreds Picosecond Oscillator 由电光调q数百皮秒振荡器播撒的高功率爆发模式激光
IF 2.3 3区 工程技术
IEEE Photonics Technology Letters Pub Date : 2025-02-13 DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2025.3541917
Ao-Nan Zhang;Zhen-Ling Li;Ke Liu;Xiao-Jun Wang
{"title":"High Power Burst-Mode Laser Seeded by an Electro-Optic Q-Switched Hundreds Picosecond Oscillator","authors":"Ao-Nan Zhang;Zhen-Ling Li;Ke Liu;Xiao-Jun Wang","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3541917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3541917","url":null,"abstract":"We have proposed and experimentally demonstrated a simple, compact hundreds picosecond (ps) burst-mode laser with good beam quality, seeded by a Q-switched microchip laser. The hundreds ps seed pulse was injected into a laser diode (LD) end-pumped electro-optic (EO) Q-switched Nd:YVO4 laser via a partial transmittance plan mirror. During a 20 kHz burst-mode operation, a hundreds ps burst-mode laser with a 19 ns envelope was obtained, delivering a burst energy of up to 0.49 mJ with a sub-pulse width of 741 ps and a sub-pulse interval of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$sim ; 3.2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ns. A good beam quality factor was measured to be <inline-formula> <tex-math>$M^{2}=1.19$ </tex-math></inline-formula>.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"37 5","pages":"293-296"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143496591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Cladding Modes Generation Through Highly Localized Bragg Grating in Polymer Optical Fiber 聚合物光纤中高局域布拉格光栅包层模式的产生
IF 2.3 3区 工程技术
IEEE Photonics Technology Letters Pub Date : 2025-02-13 DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2025.3541835
Hang Qu;Jiaxin Li;Rui Min;Getinet Woyessa;Ole Bang;Peng-Cheng Li;Xuehao Hu
{"title":"Cladding Modes Generation Through Highly Localized Bragg Grating in Polymer Optical Fiber","authors":"Hang Qu;Jiaxin Li;Rui Min;Getinet Woyessa;Ole Bang;Peng-Cheng Li;Xuehao Hu","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3541835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3541835","url":null,"abstract":"Thanks to the highly localized fiber Bragg grating obtained by a femtosecond laser and point-by-point inscription method, a cladding mode spectral range of over 80 nm is achieved in polymer optical fibers. After grating inscription, refractometric measurement is conducted within a range from 1.38 to 1.54 to measure the surrounding refractive index, and the evolution of the cladding mode resonances is analyzed accordingly. By monitoring the cutoff mode, the refractive index sensitivity is found to be 527 nm/RIU (refractive index unit). The originality of our work lies in the production of highly localized FBGs with a large spectral range of cladding mode resonances in polymer optical fibers, capable of measuring refractive indices in a wide range in aqueous solutions and (bio)chemical media.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"37 6","pages":"341-344"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Improved Crystallization and Optical Performance of Mixed Ruddlesden-Popper Perovskite 混合钙钛矿结晶及光学性能的改进
IF 2.3 3区 工程技术
IEEE Photonics Technology Letters Pub Date : 2025-02-13 DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2025.3541314
Jiaying Suo;Wanxiao Gao;Xinyao Bai;Ruonan Du;Zhenxu Bai;Yaoyao Qi;Bingzheng Yan;Xin Li;Jie Ding
{"title":"Improved Crystallization and Optical Performance of Mixed Ruddlesden-Popper Perovskite","authors":"Jiaying Suo;Wanxiao Gao;Xinyao Bai;Ruonan Du;Zhenxu Bai;Yaoyao Qi;Bingzheng Yan;Xin Li;Jie Ding","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3541314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3541314","url":null,"abstract":"Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites have recently been a hot topic due to their high stability and excellent optoelectronic performances. Different cation substitution endows the structures with other properties. Here, an in-depth theoretical model has been proposed to analyze the effect of cation amount on electronic structure. Accordingly, a series of quasi-two-dimensional lead halide perovskite single crystals have been prepared by combining vapor and solution methods at room temperature. The effect of cations on optoelectronic devices was studied by analyzing the photocurrent of the photodetectors. The results show that the addition of cationic methylamine can result in devices with superior performance. These results enhance our understanding of the regulation of cations in materials and contribute to the fabrication of optoelectronic devices with better performance.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"37 5","pages":"297-300"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143496458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Heterodyne-Based Interrogation of FBGs Temporally and Spectrally Multiplexed in Bus Topology 基于外差的fbg总线拓扑时频复用查询
IF 2.3 3区 工程技术
IEEE Photonics Technology Letters Pub Date : 2025-02-13 DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2025.3540904
Takahiro Matsumoto;Keiji Kuroda
{"title":"Heterodyne-Based Interrogation of FBGs Temporally and Spectrally Multiplexed in Bus Topology","authors":"Takahiro Matsumoto;Keiji Kuroda","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3540904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3540904","url":null,"abstract":"This letter reports on the interrogation of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) arranged in a bus topology. By applying time- and wavelength-division multiplexing techniques, FBGs incorporated within a branch are distinguished spectrally and FBGs incorporated within different branches are distinguished temporally, respectively. This hybrid multiplexing method allows the number of FBG sensor heads to be increased. A heterodyne detection technique is used to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of the weak reflection signals. Reflections from six FBGs with two peak wavelengths are observed simultaneously as beat oscillations.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"37 5","pages":"273-276"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143496522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Multi-Wavelength Achromatic Imaging With a Pleochroic Confocal Photon Sieve 多色共聚焦光子筛多波长消色差成像
IF 2.3 3区 工程技术
IEEE Photonics Technology Letters Pub Date : 2025-02-13 DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2025.3541195
Yuanyuan Liu;Yuanhao Bao;Junyong Zhang;Qiwen Zhan
{"title":"Multi-Wavelength Achromatic Imaging With a Pleochroic Confocal Photon Sieve","authors":"Yuanyuan Liu;Yuanhao Bao;Junyong Zhang;Qiwen Zhan","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3541195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3541195","url":null,"abstract":"Achromatic performance is crucial for a variety of multi-wavelength optical imaging applications due to conventional diffractive optical elements suffer from large chromatic aberration. Here, we introduce a multi-wavelength achromatic imaging system utilizing a pleochroic confocal photon sieve (PCPS). In this technique, three foci at three different wavelengths are designed to coexist at various spatial locations on the same plane. Characterization results demonstrate achromatic focus performance at specified wavelengths, and the optimal full width at half maximum (FWHM) of point spread function (PSF) indicate that our device can achieve an optical imaging resolution of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$5~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m across all designated wavelengths. Furthermore, we also explored the potential application of the PCPS in single-frame multi-wavelength coherent diffraction imaging (CDI), and preliminary experimental results are presented to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method. The proposed PCPS exhibits a minimal thickness and demonstrates high design flexibility in focal length and incident wavelengths, providing new opportunities for the development of achromatic imaging systems and RGB holographic displays.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"37 5","pages":"285-288"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143480849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ultra-Compact Silicon-Based 1×8 Power Splitter Based on Digital Metamaterials 基于数字超材料的超紧凑硅基1×8功率分配器
IF 2.3 3区 工程技术
IEEE Photonics Technology Letters Pub Date : 2025-02-11 DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2025.3540921
Jiazhu Duan;Cangli Liu;Jiancheng Zeng;Yongquan Luo;Li Liu;Xiangjie Zhao;Dayong Zhang
{"title":"Ultra-Compact Silicon-Based 1×8 Power Splitter Based on Digital Metamaterials","authors":"Jiazhu Duan;Cangli Liu;Jiancheng Zeng;Yongquan Luo;Li Liu;Xiangjie Zhao;Dayong Zhang","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3540921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3540921","url":null,"abstract":"We present the design and experimental verification of an ultra-compact <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1times 8$ </tex-math></inline-formula> power splitter utilizing digital metamaterials. Our splitter leverages the direct binary search algorithm to optimize the pixelated design space, ensuring symmetric and efficient power distribution across the eight output waveguides. This design achieves a notably small footprint, low insertion loss, and excellent uniformity performance at the communication wavelength of 1550 nm. To validate our approach, we fabricated a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1times 8$ </tex-math></inline-formula> power splitter on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform, featuring ultra-compact length and space of just <inline-formula> <tex-math>$5.33~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$56.12~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m2 respectively. This size represents a reduction of 1-2 orders of magnitude compared to previously reported values. Experimental results reveal an impressive insertion loss of 0.66 dB and a good uniformity of 0.42 dB at the center wavelength. Furthermore, the total loss remains below 1 dB across a wavelength range spanning from 1542.2 nm to 1553.5 nm. When compared to existing solutions, our designed splitter demonstrates superior performance in terms of size, insertion loss and uniformity. These attributes make this high-performance <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1times 8$ </tex-math></inline-formula> power splitter a promising candidate for applications in large-scale on-chip optical networks and optical phased arrays.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"37 6","pages":"317-320"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143535503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Bandpass Half-Mode Substrate Integrated Plasmonic Filters With Steep Roll-Offs 带通半模基片集成等离子体滤波器与陡滚降
IF 2.3 3区 工程技术
IEEE Photonics Technology Letters Pub Date : 2025-02-11 DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2025.3540928
Jinhong Wang;Lijie Cao;Haojun Ru;Weibin Cai;Binfeng Yang;Longfang Ye
{"title":"Bandpass Half-Mode Substrate Integrated Plasmonic Filters With Steep Roll-Offs","authors":"Jinhong Wang;Lijie Cao;Haojun Ru;Weibin Cai;Binfeng Yang;Longfang Ye","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3540928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3540928","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents a bandpass half-mode substrate integrated plasmonic filter (HMSIPF) utilizing spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs). The HMSIPF consists of a half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) with a periodic square spiral array etching onto the top metal layer. Additionally, two C-ring resonators are etched on both the top and bottom metal layers to introduce an extra transmission zero, enabling a sharp lower roll-off in the filter response without increasing its physical size. A prototype of the HMSIPF was fabricated and evaluated against comparable filters. Measured results demonstrate that the HMSIPF achieves a high transmission coefficient (|S21| > −0.8 dB) and a low reflection coefficient (|S11| < −12 dB) across a wide passband of 5.0-9.0 GHz, corresponding to a fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 57.1%. It also exhibits a steep roll-off with a shape factor of 1.22, along with a compact size of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.44lambda _{mathbf {g}} times 0.37lambda _{mathbf {g}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. This HMSIPF design advances the practicality of SSPP-based circuits and holds significant potential for microwave integrated plasmonic circuits and systems, offering excellent filtering performance.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"37 5","pages":"269-272"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143480815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Study of Pyroelectric Suppression Method for LiNbO₃ E-O Modulator LiNbO 3 E-O调制器热释电抑制方法的研究
IF 2.3 3区 工程技术
IEEE Photonics Technology Letters Pub Date : 2025-02-11 DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2025.3540936
Peiji Sun;Xuan She;Lei Zhang;Haoyi Han;Ran Bi;Heliang Shen;Fei Huang;Lei Wang;Xiaowu Shu
{"title":"Study of Pyroelectric Suppression Method for LiNbO₃ E-O Modulator","authors":"Peiji Sun;Xuan She;Lei Zhang;Haoyi Han;Ran Bi;Heliang Shen;Fei Huang;Lei Wang;Xiaowu Shu","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3540936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3540936","url":null,"abstract":"The pyroelectric effect in <inline-formula> <tex-math>${mathbf {LiNbO}}_{mathbf {3}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> electro-optic (E-O) modulators leads to bias instability in temperature variation environments. In this study, the pyroelectric model of X-cut <inline-formula> <tex-math>${mathbf {LiNbO}}_{mathbf {3}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> modulator is established for the first time. Simulations of pyroelectric responses under a fixed rate of 2 K/min are conducted, testing two suppression methods: grounding the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$boldsymbol {pm Z}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> polarization planes and adding surface grounded electrodes, with the latter showing a decrease in the pyroelectric voltage drop by 29.75%. The temperature experiment on the fabricated X-cut <inline-formula> <tex-math>${mathbf {LiNbO}}_{mathbf {3}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> modulator with foldback form reveals that short-circuiting the electrodes could eliminate the pyroelectric pulse discharge phenomenon. Further coating electrically conductive adhesive(ECA) to act as grounded electrodes could suppress pyroelectric secondary oscillations, which shows a reduction of 44.96%. The proposed pyroelectric suppression methods provide a potential improvement strategy for enhancing bias stability in phase-sensitive devices based on <inline-formula> <tex-math>${mathbf {LiNbO}}_{mathbf {3}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> materials.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"37 6","pages":"329-332"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Integrated Photonic Convolution Accelerator Empowered by Thin-Film Lithium Niobate Modulators 薄膜铌酸锂调制器支持的集成光子卷积加速器
IF 2.3 3区 工程技术
IEEE Photonics Technology Letters Pub Date : 2025-02-11 DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2025.3541048
Haojun Zhou;Bo Wu;Shiji Zhang;Mengyue Xu;Jingyi Wang;Hailong Zhou;Xinlun Cai;Jianji Dong
{"title":"Integrated Photonic Convolution Accelerator Empowered by Thin-Film Lithium Niobate Modulators","authors":"Haojun Zhou;Bo Wu;Shiji Zhang;Mengyue Xu;Jingyi Wang;Hailong Zhou;Xinlun Cai;Jianji Dong","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3541048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3541048","url":null,"abstract":"The current optical convolution architectures are facing challenges related to limited scalability, excessive data redundancy and restricted processing bandwidth. In this work, we introduce an integrated photonic convolution accelerator (IPCA) empowered by high-speed thin-film lithium niobate (LN) modulators. Consequently, data replication redundancy is free and Fourier transform is avoided, which paves the way for highly efficient convolution scaling. We implement convolution in an optical frequency spacing of 8 GHz with a power consumption of only 52.9 mW. Optical neural networks of different parameter sizes are constructed across various complex tasks. Given its advantages to address energy consumption and computing power challenges inherent to current AI advancements, our method heralds a pivotal shift in upcoming optical computing hardware architectures.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"37 7","pages":"385-388"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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