Jin Xie;Qibin Chen;Jianwei Zhang;Yun Chen;Jinhui Chen;Jinghu Li;Zhicong Luo
{"title":"A High Efficiency Dual Mode Buck Converter With a Novel Seamless and Fast Transition Scheme","authors":"Jin Xie;Qibin Chen;Jianwei Zhang;Yun Chen;Jinhui Chen;Jinghu Li;Zhicong Luo","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3622646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3622646","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a high-efficiency dual-mode off-time controlled buck converter with a novel seamless and fast mode transition scheme. The proposed seamless fast mode transition (SFMT) technique employs a mode selector consisting of a voltage detector (VD) and ripple-to-digital conversion circuit (RDC), solving the prolonged frequency transition problem in conventional mode-switching methods. Additionally, the introduced dynamic sleep clock management adaptively disables idle circuits based on duty cycle variations, achieving high efficiency across wide load ranges. Implemented in 0.18-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m technology, the converter occupies <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.5525~mm^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> while operating from a 2.5-3.6 V input to deliver 1.2 V output. Measurement results demonstrate <inline-formula> <tex-math>$93.7~%$ </tex-math></inline-formula> peak efficiency at 0.4 A load and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$80.5~%$ </tex-math></inline-formula> high light-load efficiency at 1 mA. The design achieves < 192 mV output voltage spike under 0.08 - 1.5 A load transients (2.32 A/<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s slew rate) with 28-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s recovery time, while maintaining low output ripple. Compared with reported designs, the proposed buck converter achieves an outstanding figure-of-merit (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$FoM_{1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$7.26~mu s/(A^{2}/mm^{2})$ </tex-math></inline-formula>.","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"73 4","pages":"2952-2962"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147571049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joan Gutiérrez-Florensa;Álvaro Ortega;Lukas Sigrist;Federico Milano
{"title":"Quasi Steady-State Frequency","authors":"Joan Gutiérrez-Florensa;Álvaro Ortega;Lukas Sigrist;Federico Milano","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3612501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3612501","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate frequency estimation is critical for the control, monitoring and protection of electrical power systems. This paper introduces the novel concept of <italic>Quasi Steady-State (QSS) frequency</i> as a quantity that fills the gap between stationary and instantaneous frequency. QSS frequency coincides with the fundamental frequency of an AC voltage in any stationary conditions, including unbalanced and non-sinusoidal, and is able to capture the time-varying fundamental frequency in transient conditions. The paper also proposes a metric borrowed from fluid dynamics, namely, the time derivative of the circulation, to define the scope of validity of the QSS frequency. Analytical examples as well as a case study based on a fully-fledged EMT model of the IEEE 39-bus system serve to illustrate, respectively, the properties of the QSS frequency and its behavior in transient conditions.","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"73 4","pages":"2986-2998"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11177640","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147571062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Distributed Data-Driven Inverse Reinforcement Learning for Multi-Agent Systems","authors":"Huaipin Zhang;Yingying Yang;Wei Zhao;Dong Yue","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3598198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3598198","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a distributed data-driven inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) framework for multiagent systems using state trajectories only. By exploiting the state observations, the approach achieves optimal consensus among agents while simultaneously inferring unknown cost functions of all agents. Concurrent learning-based adaptive laws and parameter estimators are designed to estimate feedback control gains and unknown system’s dynamics in real time, which mitigates the requirement for the persistency of excitation condition. Building on these learned models, we develop a distributed data-driven IRL approach and analyze the ultimate boundedness of both the weight estimate errors and local neighbor consensus errors. Finally, the proposed approach is validated through simulations on a DC islanded microgrid.","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"73 4","pages":"2892-2899"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147570569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Predictor Feedback Control of Discrete-Time Systems With Multiple State Delays and Distinct Input Delays","authors":"Ai-Guo Wu;Shi-Long Shen;Jie Zhang;Jie Mei","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3628227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3628227","url":null,"abstract":"Predictor feedback control of discrete-time systems with multiple state delays and distinct input delays is investigated in this paper. At first, a prediction scheme for the considered system is developed step by step. Then, a predictor-based state feedback law is designed based on this prediction scheme. In addition, the property of the closed-loop system under the designed control law is analyzed. When the system state is unavailable for feedback, a full-order state observer is designed such that the current state can be estimated. With this estimated state, the stabilization for this class of time delay systems can also be achieved under the designed observer-based predictor feedback control law.","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"73 4","pages":"2913-2926"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147570564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yu-Song Lin;Kun-Zhi Liu;Peng-Fei Liu;Ming-Sui Yang
{"title":"A Robust Finite-Time Control Strategy for a Three-Phase Inverter With LC Filter Under Uncertain Disturbances","authors":"Yu-Song Lin;Kun-Zhi Liu;Peng-Fei Liu;Ming-Sui Yang","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3599240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3599240","url":null,"abstract":"The three-phase inverter is one of the critical components in microgrids and distributed generation systems. The design of a high-performance control system for three-phase inverters is profoundly challenged by abrupt load variations and uncertainties in system parameters. To achieve fast and accurate voltage tracking under parameter uncertainties and load disturbances, this paper proposes a practical robust control scheme combining finite-time disturbance observer and finite-time control (FTC) techniques. In contrast to conventional control schemes employing load current observers, the extended finite-time disturbance observer is designed to achieve rapid finite-time estimation of lumped disturbances caused by load variations and parameter uncertainties. Meanwhile, a robust FTC scheme is proposed, which employs a continuous nonsingular terminal form to eliminate chattering and achieve tracking of the reference voltage within a finite time. The finite-time stability of the entire closed-loop system is proven based on Lyapunov theory. Compared with traditional methods, the proposed method has a faster dynamic response and a better performance in the suppression of disturbances, while requiring no additional sensors to increase costs. Finally, simulations and experiments are performed on a three-phase inverter hardware test platform with the StarSim rapid control prototype. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is verified with the experimental results.","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"73 4","pages":"2963-2974"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147571054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IEEE Circuits and Systems Society Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2026.3668068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2026.3668068","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"73 4","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11458064","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147571068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pei Ming Wang;Jun-Hui Ou;Shao Fei Bo;Huaiguang Jiang;Mo Huang;Xiu Yin Zhang
{"title":"A Method for Designing Efficient Rectifier With Schottky Diodes at Ultra-Low Input Power Level","authors":"Pei Ming Wang;Jun-Hui Ou;Shao Fei Bo;Huaiguang Jiang;Mo Huang;Xiu Yin Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3621447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3621447","url":null,"abstract":"The key difficulty for energy harvesting technique at passive Internet of Things (IoT) scenarios is that the operation and efficiency of a rectifier is limited by weak ambient signals. In this work, a method for improving the efficiency of a rectifier at low input power is formulated. Different from conventional methods, which seek optimal efficiency at the breakdown point of a Schottky diode, the proposed method tries to deal with the problems when input power and voltage hardly reaches the turn-on threshold condition of the diode. A simple and effective network composed of multi-stage microstrip lines is proposed for impedance matching. High reactance of the diode at low-power level is compensated, while a low insertion loss is maintained. Simultaneously, the voltage loaded on the diode is also boosted through the matching network, which helps to overcome the threshold voltage of the diode. The proposed method is found universal to various DC load values. For verification, two prototypes operating at 900 MHz with heavy/light DC load are implemented. The measured efficiency of the design with 5 kOhm load is higher than 20% and 30% at input power level -25 dBm and -20 dBm respectively. The rectifier can still maintain 10% efficiency at -30 dBm and successfully operate at -40 dBm with 3% efficiency.","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"73 4","pages":"3024-3033"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147571061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yonghun Kim;Kwan Soo Kim;Wei Xing Zheng;Seok-Kyoon Kim;Choon Ki Ahn
{"title":"Output-Feedback Critical Damping Double Integral Angular Velocity Control With Model-Free Observer for Quadcopter Applications","authors":"Yonghun Kim;Kwan Soo Kim;Wei Xing Zheng;Seok-Kyoon Kim;Choon Ki Ahn","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3602295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3602295","url":null,"abstract":"This study attempts to address the angular velocity regulation problem associated with quadcopters under constraints such as model-plant mismatch, uncertain loads, and limited measurement capability. The proposed solution is an output-feedback structure that includes an angular velocity observer, active damping, and a disturbance observer to enhance the performance of the closed-loop system, which provides the following features: first, the model-free observer yields estimates of angular velocities by stabilizing the diagonalized error dynamics; second, the output-feedback double integral control with feed-forward compensation terms stabilizes the angular velocity errors while satisfying a predetermined critically damped performance. An experimental platform provided by Quanser demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed technique.","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"73 4","pages":"2882-2891"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147571078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cell-Based VSC Analysis Methodology: From Graph Laplacian to Converter Degrees of Freedom","authors":"Daniele Falchi;Eduardo Prieto-Araujo;Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3650718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3650718","url":null,"abstract":"The cell-based class of Voltage Source Converter (VSC) topologies, including Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC), are being considerably employed through the power system to interconnect heterogeneous electrical systems. Their versatility to play with the converter topology is widely exploited to accommodate several terminals and ports according with the specific application. One of the most challenging, and fundamental, question to comprehend the behavior of each topology concerns the definition of the so-called degrees of freedom (DOFs). The topology-geometry of the converter circuit is strongly characterizing its intrinsic DOFs; however, it is not yet considered a methodology to assess them in a generalized approach. For instance, the well-known Clarke transformation, to achieve the electrical DOFs, is only valid for a star-based system topology. Therefore, topology changes might lead to different, and not evident, converter DOFs. With respect to this, the main purpose of the article is to present a systematic methodology, scalable to every cell-based converter topology, to assess their electrical DOFs and the inherent ports affinities. The method lies in the topology-graph Laplacian spectral analysis, which indicates the structural normal modes at the converter points of connections. The analysis is then validated experimentally.","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"73 5","pages":"3774-3787"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11364049","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147755839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"High-Risk Cascading Failure Screening of Power Grids Considering Operating Condition Uncertainty and Defense Measures","authors":"Hang Qi;Yuanzhen Zhu;Runjia Sun;Jiongcheng Yan","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3639428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3639428","url":null,"abstract":"High-risk cascading failure (CF) screening is the basis for making targeted defense measures to prevent large-scale power outages. With the integration of renewable energy, the uncertainty in operating conditions (OCs) has led to an increased uncertainty in the CF propagation paths. Moreover, the defense measures implemented by the power grid can further influence the direction of CF propagation. To address the above issues, a high-risk CF screening method considering OC uncertainty and defense measures is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a stochastic response surface method integrated with distribution factor and error evaluation is proposed to obtain probabilistic load flow in the CF screening process. Then, a decision-making model of CF defense measures considering the severity of faults at both current and following levels within CFs is constructed. Finally, by decoupling the screening of high-probability CFs from high-risk CFs, a two-stage screening method considering OC uncertainty and defense measures is proposed to obtain high-risk CFs. The effectiveness of the proposed screening method is verified in both practical and standard power grids.","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"73 5","pages":"3725-3738"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147755851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}