{"title":"FOG: Fast Octree Generator for LiDAR Point Clouds","authors":"Ricardo Roriz;Diogo Costa;Mongkol Ekpanyapong;Tiago Gomes","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3520800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3520800","url":null,"abstract":"As the need for realistic and immersive 3-D representations of the environment continues to increase across various industries, finding efficient ways to represent data has become paramount. A well-known approach to partitioning 3-D space into a structured data format is the use of octrees, primarily due to their efficiency in handling both sparse and dense 3-D data. This method is particularly useful in applications involving automotive light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors, which are widely used in autonomous driving systems for their ability to capture detailed spatial information in real-time. This letter introduces the fast octree generator (FOG) algorithm, a novel approach for generating octrees from 3-D LiDAR point clouds that leverages hardware acceleration. FOG achieves a performance improvement of up to 88.8% compared to PCL's octree implementation, enabling real-time octree generation for high-end sensors on embedded platforms.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142918338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"LG-Sleep: Local and Global Temporal Dependencies for Mice Sleep Scoring","authors":"Shadi Sartipi;Mie Andersen;Natalie Hauglund;Celia Kjaerby;Verena Untiet;Maiken Nedergaard;Mujdat Cetin","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3523427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3523427","url":null,"abstract":"Efficiently identifying sleep stages is crucial for unraveling the intricacies of sleep in both preclinical and clinical research. The labor-intensive nature of manual sleep scoring, demanding substantial expertise, has prompted a surge of interest in automated alternatives. Sleep studies in mice play a significant role in understanding sleep patterns and disorders and underscore the need for robust scoring methodologies. In response, this letter introduces LG-Sleep, a novel subject-independent deep neural network architecture designed for mice sleep scoring through electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. LG-Sleep extracts local and global temporal transitions within EEG signals to categorize sleep data into three stages: wake, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and non-REM sleep. The model leverages local and global temporal information by employing time-distributed convolutional neural networks to discern local temporal transitions in EEG data. Subsequently, features derived from the convolutional filters traverse long short-term memory blocks, capturing global transitions over extended periods. Crucially, the model is optimized in an autoencoder–decoder fashion, facilitating generalization across distinct subjects and adapting to limited training samples. Experimental findings demonstrate superior performance of LG-Sleep compared to conventional deep neural networks. Moreover, the model exhibits good performance across different sleep stages even when tasked with scoring based on limited training samples.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 2","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Biquaternion Evolution in Attitude Estimation Using a Generalized Vector Measurement","authors":"Yang Liu;Jin Wu;Fulong Ma;Chengxi Zhang","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3521956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3521956","url":null,"abstract":"This letter investigates attitude estimation based on biquaternions (complex quaternions) for robotic applications utilizing a single-vector observation from sensors, such as accelerometer and magnetometer. In this work, we discover the evolution of novel form of quaternion, termed the biquaternion, where each component is a complex number instead of a real scalar, in the attitude approximation process. This biquaternion form arises from the intermediate solution of differential equations obtained from quaternion attitude dynamics. We study the evolution trajectories of biquaternions in the attitude estimation workspace, unveiling their inherent patterns and physical interpretations. Furthermore, we investigate the convergence performance of the biquaternion-based attitude estimator by tuning different parameters, demonstrating its potential superiority over traditional real quaternion estimators. The proposed biquaternion attitude estimation framework offers a unique perspective on attitude representation and opens up new avenues for enhancing estimation accuracy and robustness.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 2","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rapid and Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Escherichia coli in Water Using Cr–Au IDE-Porous Silicon Sensor","authors":"Vandana Kumari Chalka;Kamaljit Rangra;Saakshi Dhanekar","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3522457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3522457","url":null,"abstract":"An efficient electrochemical sensor based on Cr–Au interdigitated electrode porous silicon has been developed to rapidly assess <italic>Escherichia coli (E. coli)</i> bacteria in water. Coliform bacteria, particularly <italic>E. coli</i>, contribute significantly to waterborne contamination, driven by overuse and insufficient cleanliness around water bodies. This letter incorporates the fabrication of porous silicon (PSi), characterization, synthesis of bacterial dilutions, and testing of the sensor in the presence of varying <italic>E. coli</i> dilutions. The dilutions are prepared from the stock solution of bacterial concentrations and hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>). The interaction of porous silicon with bacteria incubated in H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> leads to a change in potential across the electrodes in real time. The limits of detection and sensitivity for the sensor are 0.187 CFU/mL and 113 mV⋅mL/CFU, respectively. The response time and the recovery time of the sensor are 80 and 90 ms, respectively. In addition, analyses such as repeatability and testing in tap water, <italic>Pseudomonas</i>, and <italic>Citrobacter</i> are conducted. For a user-friendly output, the sensor has been interfaced with a signal conditioning circuit and a display. This prototype offers a quick and precise way to identify the quality of drinking water, making it a potential solution to the growing problems caused by water pollution.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 2","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142975822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Distributional Substitution for Intersensor Distances in Random Fields","authors":"Jia Ye;Shuping Dang;Shuaishuai Guo;Raed Shubair;Marwa Chafii","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3521994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3521994","url":null,"abstract":"The distance between wireless sensors in random fields is crucial for performance analysis and sensor network deployment. However, the exact distribution models are normally of great complexity and can hardly lead to closed-form analytics for most cases. In this letter, we investigate the intersensor distance distribution in random fields, propose a polynomial intersensor distance distributional substitute, and develop two strategies for distributional parameter mapping for different application scenarios. Simulation results presented in this letter verify the effectiveness and efficiency of the low-complexity distributional substitution technique. The verified analyses given in this letter can help to provide mathematically tractable performance metrics for wireless sensor networks where sensors are randomly distributed over the 2-D space.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 2","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142940696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yi-Bing Lin;Yi-Ting Chen;Wan-Jung Hsieh;Wen-Liang Chen;Yun-Wei Lin;Edward Sun
{"title":"Design of a Spore Germination Sensor for Orchids","authors":"Yi-Bing Lin;Yi-Ting Chen;Wan-Jung Hsieh;Wen-Liang Chen;Yun-Wei Lin;Edward Sun","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3520018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3520018","url":null,"abstract":"The Phalaenopsis orchid is highly valued in the ornamental flower market and is primarily cultivated in greenhouses. In a traditional commercial greenhouse, farmers must manually check daily for any signs of disease among the plants. Sick plants must be removed immediately to prevent the spread of diseases to healthy ones. In precision agriculture, farmers are expected to be alerted when a certain percentage (e.g., less than 2%) of the plants are infected so that they can be removed at the right time. Many experiments have been conducted in laboratories with constant temperature and humidity to investigate the spore germination rate, where spores typically germinate within a few days. However, these findings cannot be directly applied to large-scale greenhouses with long growth periods (over 200 days) and varying temperatures and humidity. The contribution of this letter is that we are the first to propose a sensor specifically designed for use in large-scale greenhouse environments to determine the spore germination rate for orchids. We have designed a simple yet novel algorithm to dynamically calibrate the spore germination sensor. Our experiments indicate that with the calibrated spore germination sensor, the outbreak probability can be completely eliminated, and human checking overhead can be reduced by up to 97.8%.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 2","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Low Complexity Gain-Phase Error Correction for Adaptive Underdetermined DOA Estimation in Sensor Arrays","authors":"Shouharda Ghosh;Nithin George","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3520524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3520524","url":null,"abstract":"Direction of arrival (DOA) estimation techniques are essential for determining the locations of signal sources using sensor arrays. For a uniform linear array, the number of detectable sources is limited to one less than the number of sensors. Sparse linear arrays overcome this limitation by leveraging the difference array to estimate more sources than sensors. However, gain and phase mismatches among sensors can impair accuracy. Existing algorithms to correct these mismatches are computationally demanding, making them unsuitable for low-power Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices. This article proposes a novel method to integrate gain-phase compensation into adaptive filtering-based DOA estimation algorithms. The proposed approach reduces computational complexity and improves performance, especially in low SNR and low snapshot scenarios, facilitating efficient deployment in low-power devices.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142905738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Predictive Sampling in Image Sensing for Sparse Image Processing","authors":"Amin Biglari;Qisong Hu;Wei Tang","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3520408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3520408","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, we present a pixel-level predictive sampling method for image sensing and processing to reduce the computing overhead for power-limited image sensing systems. The predictive sampling method scans through rows and columns to identify the location and value of the critical pixels, which are the turning points in the row and column arrays. The prediction is performed using the value of prior pixels and a predefined error threshold. When the prediction is successful, the pixel is marked as a noncritical pixel and is skipped for recording and processing. Only the critical pixels are selected for further processing. We proposed reconstruction methods that recover the raw image from the selected critical pixels using interpolation. The experimental results show that the proposed method can reduce the data throughput by 72% with an error of 1.6% for sparse images. The convolutional neural network model applied with this method can achieve a similar detection accuracy in a standard method while only using 27.1% of data size.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142905786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}