{"title":"An Integrated Multimodal Data Acquisition System for Ultrasound Imaging","authors":"Gajendra Singh;Deepak Mishra;Jayant Kumar Mohanta;Rengarajan Rajagopal;Rahul Choudhary;Alok Kumar Sharma;Pushpinder Singh Khera","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3649236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3649236","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents a novel, integrated multimodal data acquisition system for simultaneously capturing the six degrees of freedom motion data and real-time visual information, designed primarily for ultrasound imaging applications. The system combines inertial measurement units, ArUco markers, and a video capture device to achieve high-accuracy motion tracking synchronized with real-time ultrasound imaging. Our approach provides a cost-effective and portable setup that is capable of recording accurate translational and rotational data. The experimental results demonstrate promising results with <inline-formula><tex-math>$1.95pm text{1.10},text{mm}$</tex-math></inline-formula> deviation with the path driven by the robotic manipulation, which can be further improved by controlling acceleration and velocity. Its real-time performance, ease of use, and potential for AI model training make it valuable for various medical applications, including ultrasound-guided procedures and motion analysis.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"10 2","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146026392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Swarubini P J;Ryunosuke Kirita;Tomohiko Igasaki;Nagarajan Ganapathy
{"title":"Automated Multimodal Sensing for Cognitive Load Assessment Using Cross-Modality-Driven Attention Fusion","authors":"Swarubini P J;Ryunosuke Kirita;Tomohiko Igasaki;Nagarajan Ganapathy","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3648946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3648946","url":null,"abstract":"Cognitive load (CL) reflects the mental effort required during a task. Traditional CL assessment methods are intersubject and intrasubject variability and lack continuous monitoring. Recently, contactless biosignal sensing has emerged as an alternative for unobtrusive CL assessment. In this study, we propose a contactless CL assessment framework using imaging photoplethysmography (iPPG)-gaze signals and cross-modality-driven fusion to classify varied CL states. For this, facial videos are acquired from 23 healthy subjects in a semicontrolled environment. iPPG and gaze signals were extracted using the local group invariance method and MediaPipe library, respectively. The signals were segmented and applied to parallel 1-D convolutional neural network, and were fused using cross-modal attention. The proposed approach is able to discriminate between varied CL states. Experimental results show that the proposed fusion model achieved an average classification accuracy (ACC) of 67.96% and F-measure (F-m) of 71.69% outperforming single-modality models. The iPPG signals demonstrated a better mean ACC (55.66%) and F-m (60.71%) among the individual models. While electroencephalography and multimodal sensors report close to 60%–70% accuracy, our contactless method attains comparable performance using solely smartphone video. Thus, the proposed framework could be extended for real-time CL monitoring.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"10 2","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146082034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sensor-Driven Entropy for Energy-Efficient Security in Optical Camera Communication Systems","authors":"Puneet Pandey;Sandeep Joshi","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3648032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3648032","url":null,"abstract":"Optical camera communication (OCC) enables low-cost optical wireless links using complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor image sensors but is vulnerable to passive eavesdropping. This letter proposes a lightweight physical-layer security framework that leverages sensor nonidealities—specifically bad-pixel maps and rolling-shutter exposure timing—to derive device-specific entropy sources. Unlike conventional pseudorandom number generators that rely on software-based random seeding, these hardware-bound entropy sources are nonreplicable across devices and thus significantly harder for an attacker to predict or replay. A logistic chaotic map seeded with these features generates binary key streams that pass standard randomness tests, while compressed sensing provides sparse-domain encoding to lower computational and transmission overhead. Secure data transmission is realized via <sc>xor</small>-based stream ciphering with reconstructed keys. Simulations indicate a lower bit-error rate (BER) for legitimate receivers while mismatched keys yield eavesdropper BER <inline-formula><tex-math>$approx 0.5$</tex-math></inline-formula>. The estimated energy budget is 5.3 mW on a Cortex-M4-class platform, aligning with reported sub-mW visual sensor nodes and highlighting the suitability of the approach for Internet of Things and vehicular OCC systems.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"10 2","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146082136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Development of Layered Origami Smart Cushioning Device With Wireless Self-Inductive Sensors","authors":"Satoshi Motoyama;Hiroaki Minamide;Takuma Harada;Hiroki Shigemune","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3647532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3647532","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, we propose a smart cushioning device (SCD) that integrates a self-folded corrugated structure with a passive wireless sensing mechanism. Using inkjet printing–based self-folding, highly reproducible corrugated geometries were formed from planar paper sheets in a simple and scalable manner. By increasing the number of layers and paper thickness, the SCD achieved a maximum load capacity of 39.0 N, exhibiting a 1014% improvement in load-bearing capability compared to a single-layer configuration. A planar spiral coil integrated within the structure enabled <italic>LC</i> resonance wireless sensing of deformation, showing up to 51.5% inductance variation and corresponding resonance frequency shifts. The response remained stable after 1000 compression cycles, confirming high mechanical durability. In a load-position identification test, the device exhibited a frequency shift of Δf/f<sub>0</sub> = 0.10, demonstrating high spatial sensitivity to localized deformation. Owing to its modular design, the proposed SCD allows flexible adjustment of sensor number and placement, offering a promising approach for real-time pressure-distribution sensing in evacuation shelters, nursing care, and smart furniture applications.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"10 2","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11314661","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Linear Multiregime Thermistor Digitizer Featuring Lead-Wire and Self-Heating Compensation","authors":"Sajeev Ramachandran;Anoop Chandrika Sreekantan;Roy Thankachan","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3647785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3647785","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents an adaptive digitizing front-end for thermistors that enables precise and linear temperature estimation. The proposed design utilizes an enhanced relaxation oscillator offering several key advantages: lead-wire resistance compensation, constant-current excitation, reduced self-heating error, linearized output across <inline-formula><tex-math>$120^circ text{C}$</tex-math></inline-formula> temperature range, and compatibility with standard components. A novel multiregime operation intelligently reduces conversion time to meet demanding requirements in advanced applications. Both the circuit architecture and numerical optimization methodology are described. Experimental validation using a prototype with commercial thermistors demonstrates linear temperature estimation with 0.4% nonlinearity and conversion time under 20 ms, confirming the suitability of the proposed approach for high-performance temperature measurement in automotive and aerospace applications.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"10 2","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Temperature-Modulated Short-Term and Long-Term Memory in Solution-Processed ZnO Schottky Synapses","authors":"Monu Kumar;Varun Goel;Yogesh Kumar","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3647319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3647319","url":null,"abstract":"This work reports a solution-processed Ag/ZnO nanorod-array/ZnO quantum-dot/indium tin oxide (ITO) Schottky photodiode engineered to mimic synaptic functions for neuromorphic optoelectronics. Barrier-height inhomogeneity (BHI) at the Ag/ZnO interface, along with oxygen adsorption–desorption processes, generates interfacial trap states that regulate charge trapping and release, enabling short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) behaviors. Temperature-dependent <italic>I-V</i> analysis reveals an increase in effective barrier height from 0.59 to 0.77 eV and a decrease in ideality factor from 3.328 to 2.80 in the temperature range from 303 to 423 K, confirming BHI-dominated transport. Optical pulse measurements demonstrate tunable synaptic plasticity, including enhanced STM at higher temperatures and LTM retention up to 647 s at room temperature. The results establish a temperature-modulated Schottky synapse capable of controllable neuromorphic photoresponses.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"10 2","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Roland Ramm;Yang Li;Alexander Oberdörster;Stefan Heist;Peter Kühmstedt;Gunther Notni
{"title":"Benchmarking AI-Based Monocular Depth Estimators in Terms of Their Metrological Potential Following 3-D Sensor Guideline VDI/VDE 2634","authors":"Roland Ramm;Yang Li;Alexander Oberdörster;Stefan Heist;Peter Kühmstedt;Gunther Notni","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3647147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3647147","url":null,"abstract":"Monocular depth estimation is a computer vision task in which a neural network is trained to estimate depth maps from given images. Recently, some estimators have reached remarkable results with potential to replace conventional 3-D sensors in certain applications. To investigate how they compare in terms of metrological performance, we applied the VDI/VDE 2634 evaluation guideline from the “Verein Deutscher Ingenieure e.V.” This guideline is used to specify the probing and length measurement errors of a 3-D sensor by capturing data from a calibrated ball bar specimen in different orientations within a predefined measurement volume. We evaluated three recent monocular depth estimators Depth Anything V2, Depth Pro, and UniDepthV2 in different settings, which achieved probing and length measurement errors below 10 % under optimal conditions. However, under nonoptimal conditions, each of the three depth estimators showed significant errors. Adding everyday objects into the image scenes improved the overall results. Our image collection, the MD-VDI2634 dataset, enables the investigation and comparison of depth estimators regarding their metrological performance.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"10 2","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11313486","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Aptamer-Coated Impedimetric Sensors for Sodium Lactate Detection","authors":"Junaid Ahmed Qureshi;Massood Tabib-Azar","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3646977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3646977","url":null,"abstract":"This study reports the development of an impedimetric sensor for the selective detection of sodium lactate using platinum interdigital electrodes functionalized with a lactate-specific ssDNA aptamer. Designed to overcome the limitations of enzyme-based biosensors, the sensor offers improved stability, reusability, and specificity. The device capacitance increased monotonously as a function of lactate concentration from 100 nM–800 nM with 4.6 pF/nM sensitivity measured at 15 kHz. Atomic force microscope imaging showed lower surface roughness of lactate on aptamer (∼45 nm) compared with glucose (560 nM) and dopamine (890 nM), indicating a higher affinity of the aptamer to bind with sodium lactate that results in a smoother surface.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"10 2","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Semi-Supervised Multi-Loss TCN and Transfer Learning for Earthquake Detection in Distributed Fiber-Optic Acoustic Sensing Systems","authors":"Deepika Sasi;Sundaresan Sabapathy;Thomas Joseph","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3646771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3646771","url":null,"abstract":"Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) enables dense seismic monitoring; however, event detection is challenged by limited labeled data and noise. This letter introduces a semisupervised framework based on multiloss temporal convolutional network, where hybrid masking and multiobjective loss enhance signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and improve label efficiency. The method achieves 98.75% classification accuracy and 36.55 dB SNR, significantly surpassing semisupervised baselines. To further illustrate adaptability, transfer learning experiment on an external dataset confirms the model’s generalization capability. This label-efficient method advances scalable and robust DAS-based seismic event detection with minimal labeled data requirements.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"10 2","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}