IEEE Sensors Letters最新文献

{"title":"π-Model Capacitive Sensor for Steering Wheel Hand Position Detection","authors":"Pinku Sebastian;Narayanan P. P.;Muhamed Jamshir M;Sreenath Vijayakumar","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3583753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3583753","url":null,"abstract":"The positioning and posture of hands on the steering wheel are crucial for ensuring road safety while driving. This letter introduces a novel π-model capacitive sensor designed for detecting hand positions on the steering wheel. The system comprises two sets of π-model capacitive sensors, each utilizing two large curved electrodes. Existing methods for monitoring hand positions often involve complex multisensor setups and camera-based systems, which can raise privacy concerns and complexity. However, the proposed capacitive sensing mechanism offers a nonintrusive, privacy-preserving solution with a simple design. Experimental results demonstrate the proposed sensor's high accuracy, with an error rate of less than 0.2% for position estimation, making it an effective alternative to the existing systems. The proposed sensor has direct application in automobiles, such as identifying driver fatigue, providing timely warnings, and assessing driver attentiveness.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 8","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144606275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved Performance of Near-Infrared $bf{S}{{bf{i}}_{1 - x}}bf{S}{{bf{n}}_x}/text{Si}$ Metal-Oxide- Semiconductor Field-Effect Phototransistors by Utilizing the Grating-Gate","authors":"Harshvardhan Kumar;Bhavika Agarwal;Shean-Jen Chen","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3582507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3582507","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents that novel grating-gate (GG) <inline-formula><tex-math>$mathrm{S}{{mathrm{i}}_{1 - x}}mathrm{S}{{mathrm{n}}_x}$</tex-math></inline-formula> <italic>p</i>-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect phototransistors (MOSFEPTs) grown on the Si platform are explicitly designed for near-infrared (NIR) photodetection applications. The proposed device can be fabricated using 0.8-μm complementary-metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology and addresses the challenge of integrating a detector with CMOS processing circuits. The proposed structure utilizes the GG to enhance the transmission and absorption of incident light into the channel, leveraging the principles of Fabry–Perot and surface plasmon resonance. Furthermore, the GG plays a crucial role in minimizing the drain current under dark by effectively reducing the gate leakage current. The result demonstrates that the MOSFEPT featuring a GG achieves a drain current (<italic>I</i>_DS = ∼0.73 μA at <italic>V</i>_GS = −3 V and <italic>V</i>_DS = −1.5 V) that is two orders of magnitude lower in the dark than the conventional-gate MOSFEPT (<italic>I</i>_DS = ∼68.8 μA at <italic>V</i>_GS = −3 V and <italic>V</i>_DS = −1.5 V). Thus, the MOSFEPT with a GG demonstrates a remarkable detectivity value of <inline-formula><tex-math>$2.15 times {{10}^{10}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> Jones and a low noise-equivalent power value of <inline-formula><tex-math>$1.46 times {{10}^{ - 13}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> WHz^−0.5 at <italic>λ</i> = 850 nm. Furthermore, the MOSFEPT featuring a GG achieves exceptionally high responsivity and external quantum efficiency of 5.06 A/W and 674%, respectively, at <italic>λ</i> = 850 nm with <inline-formula><tex-math>${{V}_{text{DS}}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> <italic>V</i>_DS = −1.5 V and <inline-formula><tex-math>${{V}_{text{GS}}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> <italic>V</i>_GS = −3 V, exceeding previously reported values and highlighting its potential for advanced NIR detection applications.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 7","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144572972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Approach to On-Trace Current Sensing Scheme With Switching Noise Immunity","authors":"Alireza Omidi;Hossein Niakan;Zach Matheson;Hassan Habib Chaudhry;Ayooluwa Adeolu Ajiboye;Arafat Hasnain;Alireza Khaligh;Babak Parkhideh","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3582508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3582508","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetoresistance (MR) current sensors have gained increasing attention due to their compact size and high accuracy. However, their performance degrades when exposed to high dv/dt switching noise, a common condition in wide-bandgap power converters. This letter presents a hybrid sensing approach that combines a tunnel MR sensor mounted directly on the current-carrying trace with a printed circuit board (PCB)-embedded Rogowski coil and conditioning circuits to address two major challenges: noise immunity and bandwidth limitation. This configuration extends the measurable bandwidth and mitigates dv/dt-induced transients associated with fast switching events in GaN dc–dc converters. The hybrid sensor can be flexibly placed on or near switching nodes, significantly simplifying component placement and PCB layout. Experimental results from a GaN dc–dc converter demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 7","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144550520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Practicality Study on AI-Assisted AOI in Inkjet-Printed FPC Manufacturing for Predictive Electromagnetic Responses","authors":"Kuan-Yi Wu;Cheng-Yao Lo","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3582054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3582054","url":null,"abstract":"An artificial intelligence (AI) model based on Gaussian process regression with covariance function of exponential was established with inkjet-printed flexible printed circuits (FPCs). The AI model was proposed for antenna characteristic prediction through line edge roughness (LER) of the fabricated patterns as a part of the automated optical inspection (AOI). FPCs of antennas in spiral shapes operating at 2.45 GHz were designed with three pattern distortions to imitate practical situations in inkjet printing; and 144 and 36 samples were fabricated as the training and testing groups for AI modeling, respectively. The capacitance value, operating frequency, and coupling efficiency in terms of intensity loss were characterized through simulation, measurement, and prediction in this work. Results indicated that along the deterioration of the LER, all three characteristics degraded as expected. Quantified statistics proved that the predicted capacitance value, operating frequency, and intensity loss exhibited remarkable correctness: root mean square error was 0.0499 pF, 0.0004 GHz, and 0.0430 dB, respectively; with linear coefficient of determination of 0.9862, 0.9828, and 0.9946 from their measured counterparts, respectively. These results outperformed those demonstrated with an AI model established with printed circuit board, which failed to reflect genuine wetting behaviors usually appear in printed electronics. The difference between the measured and predicted capacitance value, operating frequency, and coupling efficiency was merely 0.1583%, 0.0159%, and 0.0564%, respectively; indicating the effectiveness and practicality of introducing the AOI and AI for off-line characteristic prediction from in-line pattern integrity of microelectronic component in a production line.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 8","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward Inclusive Communication: Bit Equivalent Smart Gloves for Tamil Language Finger Spelling Translation","authors":"Bavesh Ram S;Chirranjeavi M;Aaruran S;Harikumar M. E.","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3580990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3580990","url":null,"abstract":"While research in gesture recognition on popular and widespread languages like American Sign Language and Indian Sign Language has always aided the speech and hearing impaired in communicating better, the vernacular languages have not been brought to the spotlight to have similar technological aids developed. We present a Sensor-based Bit Equivalent Smart gloves for Tamil language finger spelling. Developing finger spelling for the Tamil language celebrates cultural diversity and inclusivity and aids in cultural preservation over the long term. The Tamil language has 247 characters which fall under two broad categories, which the two gloves on each hand detect as bit equivalent values based on finger movements. These finger movements are articulated into words or sentences and then displayed on an Android-based app to work as a translator. Flex sensors are used to recognize these bit-equivalent values. The left and the right glove communicate through an RF-based transceiver, and the right glove communicates to the Android app through Bluetooth. Overall, this is a low-powered wearable device with much focus on mobility and real-time usability. Experimental results indicate an average accuracy for all the characters as 91%, which was tested with 100 users. The results show that the device has appreciable accuracy and can be improved for day-to-day usage.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 7","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144536566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Printed Silver/PEDOT:PSS Dry Electrodes for Pulse Wave Detection via Impedance Plethysmography Measurements","authors":"Camilo Eduardo Téllez Villamizar;Arvind Gurusekaran;Ahmed Rasheed;Ibba Pietro;Christian Tronstad;Giuseppe Ciccone;Paolo Lugli;Luisa Petti","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3581511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3581511","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we developed a stretchable, screen printed dry electrode for impedance plethysmography (IPG) measurements using two different pastes: silver (Ag) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). A minimum number of layers were printed to get a uniform film after annealing to evaluate the electrical and electromechanical behavior of the related electrodes. Notably, the three layer Ag+PEDOT:PSS electrode exhibited increased sensitivity due to a higher initial sheet resistance (21.9 <inline-formula><tex-math>$pm$</tex-math></inline-formula> 0.03 <inline-formula><tex-math>$Omega$</tex-math></inline-formula>/sq) and enhanced electrical contact between Ag and PEDOT:PSS films. 3-D surface profile measurements of the deposited layers revealed suitable distribution of the layers and tracks, with thickness reaching 90 <inline-formula><tex-math>$mu$</tex-math></inline-formula>m, such as stretchable Ag paste (33.7 <inline-formula><tex-math>$mu$</tex-math></inline-formula>m) and three layers of PEDOT:PSS (56.2 <inline-formula><tex-math>$mu$</tex-math></inline-formula>m) after curing at a temperature of <inline-formula><tex-math>$approx 120^circ text{C}$</tex-math></inline-formula>. Preliminary tests demonstrated that these electrodes can perform impedance plethysmography measurements and get waveforms comparable to those obtained with traditional disposable gel electrodes. This study highlights the potential of these IPG electrodes to be integrated into smart garments, enabling further in vivo measurements in patient monitoring, presenting a significant step toward practical healthcare applications.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 8","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Fabrication of Flexible Thin-Wire Multispot Thermocouples Using Hot-Wire Coating","authors":"Sebastian Lang;Wolfgang Hilber;Tina Mitteramskogler;Bernhard Jakoby","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3581292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3581292","url":null,"abstract":"Temperature measurement is still one of the most important applications for sensor devices. Besides resistive thermal sensors, semiconductor devices, and infrared thermal sensors, thermoelectric devices (or thermocouples) are widely used. This work presents a sensor concept and an associated fabrication method for flexible thermoelectric sensors based on a single metal wire substrate with a diameter of only 80 μm covered by one or multiple coating layers of isolating and conductive materials. These devices are fabricated using hot-wire coating technology, where an electric current heats the substrate via Joule heating, causing applied inks to cure nearly instantly. Due to the small diameter of the used wires, the sensors are not only highly flexible but also feature ultralow response times. The samples are fabricated by coating a commercially available 80-μm-thick copper wire with multiple layers of poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene:styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and silver ink separated by layers of polyamide-imide for insulation. Intentional gaps (“holes”) in the insulation allow for the electrical connection of different layers, creating the hot junction of a thermocouple. This design allows for any number of thermocouples to be integrated into a single wire, provided that enough layers of conductive material are provided. The fabricated samples feature thermocouples utilizing copper-PEDOT:PSS as well as silver-PEDOT:PSS junctions, showing different sensitivities to temperature. The thermocouples were characterized to investigate possible differences between material combinations and solvent mixtures and showed a large but expected deviation when comparing two different PEDOT:PSS solutions. The sensitivity was measured to be around 6.3 and 13 μV/K, respectively, for both copper-PEDOT:PSS-thermocouple variants and 9.4 μV/K for the silver-PEDOT:PSS-thermocouples.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 7","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11045125","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144536568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beamforming Optimization for RIS-Assisted RF Sensing in Multipath NLOS Environments","authors":"Cengcang Zeng;Hongbin Li","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3581098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3581098","url":null,"abstract":"Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) have emerged as a key technology for enhancing radar performance, particularly in nonline-of-sight RF sensing. This letter investigates joint transmit and RIS beamforming for RIS-assisted radar in multipath environments, considering both amplitude-phase RIS (AP-RIS) and phase-only RIS (P-RIS). To efficiently optimize RIS configurations, we develop a projection gradient method for AP-RIS and a manifold gradient descent approach for P-RIS, both significantly reducing computational complexity. We also analyze detection performance metrics, including false alarm and detection probabilities, providing a theoretical foundation for system evaluation. Simulation results demonstrate that AP-RIS improves detection performance by leveraging amplitude-phase control to optimize indirect paths, while P-RIS achieves performance gains through optimized phase shifts, despite its unit-modulus constraint. Both schemes significantly outperform the conventional method that neglects indirect paths in strong multipath environments.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 7","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144557858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IEEE Sensors Letters Subject Categories for Article Numbering Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3580246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3580246","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 6","pages":"3-3"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11039509","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144314784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient Critical Data Generation Framework for Vision Sensors of Autonomous Vehicle Perception System","authors":"Cheng Peng;Yichun Su;Zhen Wang;Jianquan Chen;Jiaping Wang;Xiangmo Zhao;Xiaopeng Li","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3580749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3580749","url":null,"abstract":"Visual sensors are essential for the perception systems of autonomous vehicles (AVs) and for ensuring driving safety. While data-driven perception methods perform well in common scenes, they often struggle with critical situations, leading to potential system failures and accidents. To overcome these, we propose a novel approach that fine-tunes large language models integrating a heuristic scene interpreter and employs inspired visual data generation techniques to produce data that closely mimics real-world conditions. This method is implemented on the device designed to inject the generated visual data directly into real sensors, enabling accurate performance assessments of AV perception systems. Authenticity, rationality, and quality of the generated scenes are evaluated through extensive experiments. Experimental results demonstrate that our method significantly enhances the generation of critical data and underscores the substantial value of our approach to improving the safety and reliability of AVs.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 7","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144557857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}