{"title":"Refractive Index Detection With a Laser-Induced Graphene-Coated Tilted Fiber Bragg Grating and Spectral Profile Interrogation","authors":"Marzhan Nurlankyzy;Lucas Pereira;Aida Zhakypbekova;Aliya Bekmurzayeva;Zhannat Ashikbayeva;Andreas Ioannou;Kyriacos Kalli;Florinda M. Costa;Nuno Santos;Carlos Marques;Daniele Tosi","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3598079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3598079","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, we report a tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) with a laser-induced graphene coating. The device displays a cladding mode pattern with a bandwidth of 44 nm. Each spectral dip and peak senses the refractive index change, with sensitivities up to 9.62 dB/refractive index units (RIUs) and 4.00 dB/RIU, respectively. The interrogation of the whole spectral feature envelope can be performed either in the wavelength or in the amplitude domain, with sensitivities of 11.21 nm/RIU and 7.15 dB/RIU, respectively. The graphene-coated TFBG provides improved sensitivity over a standard TFBG with a simple fabrication process and does not require additional components (such as polarizers or intensity-modulating devices) or fiber manipulations (such as etching, tapering, or capillaries). The achieved precision of up to 4.17 × 10<sup>-4</sup> RIU is compatible with refractometry and biosensing applications.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 9","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144887815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Out-of-Plane Printed Photodetectors on Fully Encapsulated Ultrathin Chip","authors":"Abhishek Singh Dahiya;Sihang Ma;Adamos Christou;Ravinder Dahiya","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3597531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3597531","url":null,"abstract":"Flexible active sensor matrix is of interest for applications, such as electronic skin (e-skin) for robotics and imaging, to effectively lower the signal crosstalk, improve response time, and reduce the power consumption. As a result, considerable advances have been made, but so far, the focus has been on the integration of various electronic components in the same plane, i.e., in the 2-D configuration, limiting to the low integration density. The 3-D integration could possibly resolve these limitations with lesser layout complexity, lower power consumption, and compact packaging. Toward this direction, we show herein the fabrication of out-of-plane photodetectors (PDs), and vertical interconnects printed on an encapsulated ultrathin chip to develop a 3-D electronic system for ultraviolet (UV) light sensing. The printed PDs show high peak responsivity (R = >10<sup>6</sup> A/W), and I<sub>photo</sub>/I<sub>dark</sub> ratio (≈ 10<sup>3</sup>) at the UV light (λ = 365 nm) intensity of 0.5 µW/cm<sup>2</sup> and 2 V bias. The photoinduced transfer curves of MOSFETs integrated with the printed PD were obtained at V<sub>ds</sub> = 0.5, 1, and 2 V under dark and different incident power intensities ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 µW/cm<sup>2</sup> with a step of 0.5 µW/cm<sup>2</sup>. The controlled sensing behavior (i.e., stable low-off currents), evident from the data obtained using the integrated pixel, confirms the potential of presented approach for the development of active-matrix 3-D heterogeneously integrated sensory systems.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 9","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144880406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Time Constant Estimation on a Low-Cost, Low-Power Microcontroller Using the Matrix Pencil Method","authors":"Kelly L. Tou;Titan Yuan;Kristofer S. J. Pister","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3597629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3597629","url":null,"abstract":"An algorithm to accurately determine the time constant of a circuit simplifies reading out resistive and capacitive sensors. However, implementing such an algorithm on low-cost, low-power microcontrollers requires overcoming hardware limitations, such as analog-to-digital converter (ADC) noise, limited memory, and the lack of a floating-point unit. This work utilizes the matrix pencil method to estimate the time constant of a decaying exponential signal and outlines the nontrivial firmware implementation of the algorithm on a low-cost, low-power microcontroller. Experimental results show that time constants over more than two orders of magnitude can be accurately estimated to be within around 2% of the nominal value with a standard error of about 0.2% of the nominal value, despite the hardware limitations. This is a significant improvement over previous methods for accurately determining the time constant of a circuit using subpar hardware.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 9","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144904878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"In-Vehicle Sensor System for Monitoring Efficiency of Vehicle E/E Architectures","authors":"Henning Peitzmeier;Julin Horstkötter;Claas Tebruegge;Felix Kortmann;Arthur Seibel;Ghada Bouattour","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3597746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3597746","url":null,"abstract":"Automotive electronics form a system that has been iteratively expanded into a complex architecture. Without having access to manufacturer data, insights into the functional end electrical behavior of the subsystems and their interdependencies inside a vehicle remain unclear. This makes it difficult for research to develop sophisticated optimization solutions for energy consumption and computing power to accelerate the environmental impact reduction of the automotive sector and to fulfill governmental regulations. Existing measurement systems are either expensive or lack measurement granularity, which restricts accessibility to data and results in assumption-based contributions. This work presents a novel low-cost modular in-vehicle sensor system designed to monitor the energy consumption of automotive auxiliary systems. The novelty of this approach lies in breaking down the power consumption to the level of components [electronic control units (ECUs), sensors, and actuators], while supporting correlation with vehicle driving parameters. This approach allows users a wide range of applications for analyzing the computing power of individual ECUs, as well as the traceability of control logics by recording the activation/deactivation of actuators and sensors. The recording allows a digital image of the functions to be created and optimized in a simulation and compared with the real electrical/electronic architecture. This easy-to-integrate system, powered via USB and using adapter connectors for noninvasive setup, offers six channels to measure up to 18 V and 10 A at 200 Hz (12-bit resolution). Validated in a test vehicle on park distance control and surround view systems, it identified how vehicle speed affects sensor activation and ECU power, pinpointing opportunities for idle modes and energy savings.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 9","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144914121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Steven Tran;Seungbeom Noh;Carlos H. Mastrangelo;Hanseup Kim
{"title":"A Highly Accurate UV-Based Soil Organic Carbon Measurement System Enabled With the Measurement of Environmental Contributors and a Precise Superposition of Prediction Algorithms","authors":"Steven Tran;Seungbeom Noh;Carlos H. Mastrangelo;Hanseup Kim","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3597505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3597505","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents a UV-induced soil organic carbon (SOC) measurement system enhanced with an ensemble machine learning algorithm for environmental calibration. The system uses a 30-min UV exposure to extract CO<sub>2</sub> via photo-oxidation and integrates temperature and moisture data to correct for environmental variability. A custom ensemble learning model composed of six algorithms processes the data to deliver highly accurate SOC predictions. Field validation of this system demonstrated a prediction accuracy of 93.95% with an R<sup>2</sup> of 0.91, representing a 21.03% improvement over models lacking environmental calibration and underscoring the systems strong potential for real-time, in-situ carbon monitoring.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 9","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144914361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sampling Moiré Method-Based Weight Scale Utilizing Dual-Pitch Stripe Pattern for High Resolution and Wide Range","authors":"Maya Kurihara;Takuto Kishimoto;Kyota Shimada;Ryusei Ando;Ohga Nomura;Toshihiro Shiratori;Hidetoshi Takahashi","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3597264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3597264","url":null,"abstract":"Continuous measurement of the body mass of seabird chicks during the nestling period is valuable for investigating their growth ecology. To periodically measure their body mass without excessive disturbance, weight scales have been installed inside nests that have been constructed previously. Conventional weight scales had difficulty with low output drift and maintaining low power consumption. A force plate utilizing the sampling Moiré (SM) method, achieving high resolution and drift robustness in human use, was proposed. An applied force was calculated from a displacement detected by analyzing the stripe pattern captured by a camera. However, if there is a change of more than half the pattern pitch between frames, it cannot be measured correctly. Then, we propose an SM method-based weight scale that can be installed in nests and is suitable for time-lapse measurements, reducing power consumption. The proposed weight scale comprises a top plate supported with springs, an optical prism, and a microcontroller-based camera board. A dual-pitch stripe pattern, incorporating both short- and wide-pitch components, is attached to the backside of the top plate. Plate displacement is measured by analyzing images of the stripe pattern captured through the prism. Correction of the short-pitch results using the long-pitch results resolves phase wrapping and enables both high resolution and a wide measurement range. Calibration experiments of the developed weight scale demonstrated that the dual-pitch approach measured weights up to 2 kg while maintaining a high resolution of 45 mN, which corresponds to 4.6 g. The proposed weight scale is suitable for time-lapse monitoring of body mass in seabird chicks.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 9","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144868350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Closed-Form Algorithm for Integrated TOF-PDR Positioning Using a Single Anchor","authors":"Tomoya Haga;Naoki Honma;Kentaro Murata;Atsushi Miura;Tsubasa Yanagawa","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3596806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3596806","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, we propose a hybrid indoor positioning method that integrates propagation distance estimation using a single ultra-wideband (UWB) anchor and pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) on commercial smartphones. The proposed method estimates the smartphone's coordinates by comparing two distances: one derived from time-of-flight information provided by the UWB system, and the other obtained through smartphone-based PDR. Since the terminal position is obtained directly in a closed form, the computational complexity is reduced, facilitating integration with PDR on portable devices. Experiments were conducted in an indoor environment using a single UWB anchor capable of both transmission and reception, along with a commercial smartphone. The effectiveness of the proposed method was validated by comparing its positioning accuracy and computational complexity with brute-force search. The proposed approach achieved an average positioning error of 1.7 m and reduced the computational complexity to approximately 1/1000 of that required by the brute-force search, thereby validating its effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 9","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144914122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yi Ye Chuah;Soon Poh Lee;Eng Hock Lim;Chun Hui Tan;Pei Song Chee
{"title":"Material Properties of a Laser-Induced Graphene-Based Biosensor on Kevlar Textile for NonInvasive Glucose Sensing","authors":"Yi Ye Chuah;Soon Poh Lee;Eng Hock Lim;Chun Hui Tan;Pei Song Chee","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3596083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3596083","url":null,"abstract":"Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has emerged as a versatile platform for fabricating graphene-based sensors, offering efficient production and precise control over structural properties. While most LIG-based sensors have been developed on polyimide substrates, their performance on textile platforms remains underexplored. This study investigates the material properties and performance of a flexible electrochemical biosensor fabricated on a Kevlar textile for noninvasive glucose detection. The biosensor incorporates LIG electrodes functionalized with glucose oxidase (GOx) immobilized in a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix, along with Prussian Blue (PB) as an electron mediator to enhance electron transfer efficiency. A silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrode was integrated to ensure stable potential measurements. The electrochemical performance was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA), confirming the sensor's sensitivity and stability across physiological glucose concentrations. The biosensor demonstrated a linear glucose detection range from 0.01 to 2 mM, a sensitivity of 1.85 μA·mM<sup>−1</sup>, and a calculated limit of detection of 0.0573 mM. This letter highlights the feasibility of textile-based LIG sensors as a noninvasive glucose monitoring solution for diabetic care.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 9","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144914362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Scalable and Customizable Trimaterial Microneedle Electrochemical Biosensor Platform With Cleanroom-Free Fabrication","authors":"Kazim Haider;Trevor Tilly;Victoria Coyle;Colin Dalton","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3596869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3596869","url":null,"abstract":"This work reports a rapid, cleanroom-free route for fabricating three-electrode microneedle electrochemical biosensors by repurposing the high speed wire bonding technique from the semiconductor industry. The 50 µm diameter Au, Pt, and 30 µm Ag wires were bonded to commercial printed circuit boards (PCBs) to produce freestanding microneedles (MNs) that served as working (WE), counter (CE), and reference (RE) electrodes. Ag MNs were galvanostatically chlorinated to form Ag/AgCl reference electrodes with low drift, −3 ± 0.3 mV over 24 h in phosphate-buffered saline. Au MNs were coated with PEDOT:PSS/glucose oxidase for amperometric glucose sensing from 5–25 mM (sensitivity = 0.37 µA mM-1, +0.50 V working voltage), covering the physiologic range for diabetes management. Platform versatility was demonstrated by nanomolar-range detection after the addition of an aptamer self-assembled monolayer on wire bonded Au MNs. This fully automated, additive wire bonding process provides submillimetre electrode spacing, < US$2 materials cost per trielectrode array, and seamless integration with external sensing hardware for wearable applications owing to the PCB-substrate based approach. We demonstrate a scalable pathway toward multiplexed MN patches for continuous interstitial fluid monitoring and other microneedle-based minimally invasive biosensing applications.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 9","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11119430","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144867649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"TF-RHYTHMM: Time–Frequency Ridge-Based Heart Rate Estimation Yielded Through Mode Matching for MIMO Radar","authors":"Naoki Honma;Kentaro Murata;Morio Iwai;Koichiro Kobayashi","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3596565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3596565","url":null,"abstract":"In noncontact heart rate estimation using microwaves, the accuracy of heart rate estimation decreases due to interference from respiratory harmonics. Various methods have been proposed to mitigate the influence of respiration; however, most of these methods evaluate the average heart rate over an observation period of 10 s or longer, making it impossible to observe heart rate fluctuations within that interval. In this letter, we propose a technique called time–frequency ridge-based heart-rate estimation yielded through mode matching, which is suitable for radar-based systems. Experimental results from 14 participants demonstrated that a heart rate estimation accuracy of 0.8 bpm (50th percentile) was achieved with an observation time of 6 s.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 9","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144896803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}