Material Properties of a Laser-Induced Graphene-Based Biosensor on Kevlar Textile for NonInvasive Glucose Sensing

Abstract

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has emerged as a versatile platform for fabricating graphene-based sensors, offering efficient production and precise control over structural properties. While most LIG-based sensors have been developed on polyimide substrates, their performance on textile platforms remains underexplored. This study investigates the material properties and performance of a flexible electrochemical biosensor fabricated on a Kevlar textile for noninvasive glucose detection. The biosensor incorporates LIG electrodes functionalized with glucose oxidase (GOx) immobilized in a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix, along with Prussian Blue (PB) as an electron mediator to enhance electron transfer efficiency. A silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrode was integrated to ensure stable potential measurements. The electrochemical performance was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA), confirming the sensor's sensitivity and stability across physiological glucose concentrations. The biosensor demonstrated a linear glucose detection range from 0.01 to 2 mM, a sensitivity of 1.85 μA·mM⁻¹, and a calculated limit of detection of 0.0573 mM. This letter highlights the feasibility of textile-based LIG sensors as a noninvasive glucose monitoring solution for diabetic care.