{"title":"Constant-Flow Liquid Transfer System for Skin Microperfusion Biosensing Using a Passive Flow Regulator and a Vacuum Chamber","authors":"Koyo Kayaba;Yoichi Haga;Noriko Tsuruoka","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3600679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3600679","url":null,"abstract":"We have developed a powerless constant-flow liquid transfer system for wearable skin microperfusion. Previously, we introduced a minimally invasive microperfusion needle capable of collecting and measuring the concentration of biological substances from subepidermal tissue. A liquid transfer system for skin microperfusion must meet several requirements, including a low and stable flow rate, low power consumption, disposability, and compact size. The new system we report here operates without electrical power by utilizing a passive constant-flow regulator in combination with a vacuum chamber. The flow regulator has a simple structure, comprising a polymethyl methacrylate plate with a microchannel, bonded to a silicone rubber film. This regulator successfully maintained a flow rate with fluctuations within ±0.5 μL/min under low suction pressures ranging from 10 to 30 kPa. To evaluate its performance, the liquid transfer system was connected to a sensor-integrated microperfusion needle inserted into porcine skin. Results from continuous liquid transfer experiments demonstrated that the system was capable of maintaining a stable, low flow rate for more than 90 min.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 9","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11130660","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fatemeh Niknahad;Pau Casacuberta;Ali Maleki Gargari;Ferran Martín;Mohammad H. Zarifi
{"title":"Next-Generation Passive Sensing of Hazardous Liquid Dispersion Events Using Frequency-Selective Surfaces","authors":"Fatemeh Niknahad;Pau Casacuberta;Ali Maleki Gargari;Ferran Martín;Mohammad H. Zarifi","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3600532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3600532","url":null,"abstract":"Timely detection of hazardous liquid releases is critical in high-risk environments, such as research laboratories and industrial facilities, where proactive safety measures are essential to prevent hazardous incidents. This letter introduces a battery-free, passive frequency-selective surface (FSS) structure designed for wireless, real-time detection of liquid spills and evaporation in hazardous environments. The FSS structure comprises an array of 25 × 25 modified ring resonator cells fabricated on a 0.25-mm-thick substrate operating at the resonant frequency of ∼7.2 GHz. The FSS sensor is wirelessly interrogated at a distance of approximately 90 cm, beyond the near-field zone of the horn antenna. Upon interaction with the incident wave from the transceiver antenna, the renormalized reflection coefficient of the sensor is measured, exhibiting a resonant frequency of 7.2 GHz in its unexposed state. The sensor's response to various hazardous liquids, including ethanol, methanol, isopropyl alcohol (IPA), and acetone, was evaluated through both simulation and experimental measurements, revealing significant suppression of the resonant profile in all cases due to the high dielectric loss and permittivity of the materials. Time-resolved measurements conducted over three cycles of liquid exposure and evaporation confirmed the sensor's repeatable and reproducible response. A 200 MHz change of the <italic>S</i><sub>11</sub> minimum magnitude's frequency was observed in response to a 4 mL IPA release covering the FSS surface. These findings demonstrate the sensor's potential for effective hazardous liquid monitoring in challenging environments, enabling rapid hazard identification without reliance on active electronics, enhancing safety in laboratory settings.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 10","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Olabisi Abdullahi Onifade;Mundzir Abdullah;Muhammad Hafiz Abu Bakar;Mohd Adzir Mahdi;Ahmad Shukri Muhammad Noor
{"title":"Hybrid SPR-LSPR Uric Acid Sensor: An Innovative Framework for Ultrasensitive, Selective, and Stable Biomolecular Detection","authors":"Olabisi Abdullahi Onifade;Mundzir Abdullah;Muhammad Hafiz Abu Bakar;Mohd Adzir Mahdi;Ahmad Shukri Muhammad Noor","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3599871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3599871","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate and sensitive biomarker detection is vital for modern diagnostics, especially in point-of-care testing (POCT), where real-time analysis is essential. Uric acid (UA), a key indicator of metabolic disorders including gout, nephropathy, and cardiovascular disease, requires precise quantification across physiologically relevant ranges in complex matrices. Conventional UA detection methods suffer from instability, poor selectivity, and susceptibility to interference. This letter presents an innovative nonenzymatic hybrid surface plasmon resonance–localized surface plasmon resonance (SPR-LSPR) sensor that combines the long-range sensitivity of SPR with the near-field enhancement of LSPR. The platform incorporates a nanostructured gold-3-aminopropyltriethoxysiane-gold nanoparticle-graphene quantum dots (Au-APTES-AuNP-GQD) matrix, leveraging gold thin films, amine-functionalized AuNP, and GQD to enhance plasmonic confinement and molecular recognition. Structural and optical characterizations confirmed its nanoscale integrity. The sensor achieved a sensitivity of 0.1828°/(mg/dL), a low detection limit of 0.1658mg/dL, and linearity (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.8655) across a 1–9mg/dL UA physiological range. It demonstrated high selectivity, with a 1.1757° shift and 90.1% relative response to UA in the presence of common interferents. This label-free, real-time, and scalable sensor is highly suited for POCT and continuous UA monitoring, with modular adaptability for broader clinical biomarker detection.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 9","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144918146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Corrugated Glass Diaphragm Differential Pressure Sensor Using Sampling Moiré Method","authors":"Takao Nakajima;Ohga Nomura;Ryo Oda;Takuto Kishimoto;Toshihiro Shiratori;Kyota Shimada;Ryusei Ando;Hidetoshi Takahashi","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3599416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3599416","url":null,"abstract":"Various types of pressure sensors have been developed because pressure monitoring is essential in a variety of fields. Among these, optical methods have attracted attention due to their high sensitivity and low drift; however, they often require complex setups. Recently, the sampling Moiré (SM) method has emerged as an optical measurement technique, offering both simplicity and high resolution. In this letter, we propose a vision-based differential pressure sensor using the SM method. The proposed sensor consists of a corrugated glass diaphragm with a stripe pattern, a right-angle prism, and a microcontroller-based board camera. From the images of the stripe pattern captured before and after diaphragm displacement, the applied differential pressure is calculated using the SM method. We designed and fabricated a corrugated glass diaphragm with a thickness of 50 µm using laser processing. A stripe pattern with a pitch of 0.4 mm was formed at the center of the diaphragm. Then, the sensor was fabricated by assembling the corrugated glass diaphragm, the prism, and the camera. The pressure calibration experiments were conducted to evaluate the sensor response. When a differential pressure of −200 to +200 Pa was applied to the sensor, the measured displacement was linear, with a resolution of less than 10 Pa. These results suggest that the proposed vision-based sensor can effectively measure differential pressure with a simple setup.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 10","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145036717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andreas Fuchsluger;Tina Mitteramskogler;Rafael Ecker;Annalisa De Pastina;Bernhard Jakoby
{"title":"High-Performance Acoustofluidic Platform for Hematocrit Determination and Particle Separation Using Lateral Plate Transducer Modes","authors":"Andreas Fuchsluger;Tina Mitteramskogler;Rafael Ecker;Annalisa De Pastina;Bernhard Jakoby","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3599672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3599672","url":null,"abstract":"Acoustofluidics enables contact-free manipulation of particles in fluids using acoustic forces, making it ideal for handling biological samples without labeling or surface modification. While bulk acoustic wave (BAW) devices typically rely on transducer thickness modes, this work demonstrates high-performance particle manipulation using lateral width modes. Our silicon-glass-based microfluidic device, coupled to a piezoelectric transducer in an antisymmetric lateral mode, achieves acoustic energy densities up to <inline-formula><tex-math>$text{3000 J/m}^{text{3}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>—comparable to leading thickness-mode systems. This work demonstrates the two key applications, first, direct hematocrit determination by focusing red blood cells in whole blood, enabling optical analysis without centrifugation, and second, flow-through separation of particles and cells at rates up to <inline-formula><tex-math>$text{9 mL/min}$</tex-math></inline-formula>. The efficient particle focusing and separation performance confirm that lateral transducer modes are a powerful alternative in acoustofluidics. This approach broadens the design space for lab-on-chip systems targeting label-free diagnostics and sample preparation.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 10","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11126971","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145027905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Utilization of Programmable I/O of RP2350 Microcontroller With CMOS SPAD Sensors","authors":"Tuomo Talala;Marko Pakaslahti;Tore Leikanger;Ilkka Nissinen;Jan Nissinen","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3597731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3597731","url":null,"abstract":"A large amount of data produced by single-photon avalanche diode arrays is a well-known challenge, which is commonly resolved with a high-speed custom interface on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). In this letter, we present a custom interface utilizing programmable I/O blocks of Raspberry Pi RP2350 microcontroller and show that RP2350 can replace FPGAs in some use cases. Only one of the three programmable I/O blocks on RP2350 and about 40 lines of assembly code were enough to handle 21 time-deterministic signals between RP2350 microcontroller and an optical transceiver. Most importantly, the implemented interface achieves data transfer from the transceiver to RP2350 at 900 Mb/s without loading the main processor of RP2350. The operation of the interface was demonstrated by measuring a photoplethysmogram from a fingertip at 500-Hz sample rate. During the measurement, the power consumption of RP2350 was 110 mW, which was less than a third of the system's total power consumption.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 9","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11125894","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144896792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Embedded, Multimodal (TEER, EIS, Transparency) Sensing Chips for In Vitro Cellular Models","authors":"Surbhi Tidke;Maria Tregansin;Joseph Potter;Chris Hatcher;Adrienne Watson;Swaminathan Rajaraman","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3597464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3597464","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, we introduce a pioneering sensing system for multimodal sensing that utilizes microfabricated electrodes fabricated out of several electrode materials on glass wafers, achieving an impressive 98% fabrication yield. Our approach leverages a direct-write laser lithography process, where meticulous tuning of process parameters results in well-defined undercut profiles and a highly efficient lift-off process. The glass chips are subsequently packaged at the wafer-level using 3D-printed culture wells and soldered connections. Employing full-spectrum electrical impedance spectroscopy measurements, we characterized the electrode materials and extracted the 12.5 Hz value to determine baseline transendothelial/transepithelial electrical resistance values without cells of 6356 Ω·cm<sup>2</sup> for indium tin oxide (ITO), 4834 Ω·cm<sup>2</sup> for Ti/Au, and 5522 Ω·cm<sup>2</sup> for Ti/Pt. These measurements represent the first direct, quantitative comparison of these electrode materials under acellular conditions, establishing a robust electrical baseline for future biological model integration. In addition, the high transparency of ITO (83.37%) demonstrates multimodal sensing that combines both electrical and optical interrogation, paving the way for comprehensive biosensing applications.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 9","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144914363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marius Schaab;Thomas Wiedemann;Patrick Hinsen;Achim J. Lilienthal
{"title":"Methane Release Rate Estimation Using Model-Based Gas Tomography","authors":"Marius Schaab;Thomas Wiedemann;Patrick Hinsen;Achim J. Lilienthal","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3598650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3598650","url":null,"abstract":"Gas leaks in industry and nature can cause harmful effects on the environment and human health. Knowing how much gas is emitted over time helps to assess potential damage, track pollution sources, and develop effective mitigation strategies. To address this challenge, we propose to estimate the source's release rate based on measured gas concentrations in a cross section of the gas plume in the down-wind regions of the source. By combining wind information and the 2-D gas distribution in the cross section plane, we can infer the flow of gas through this plane, which is equal to the release rate of the source. We propose a Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy sensor (TDLAS) for remote, open-path gas sensing. By combining multiple TDLAS measurements with a gas tomography reconstruction algorithm, we obtain a 2-D map of gas distribution. This letter introduces an improved novel approach for gas tomography by incorporating prior model assumptions into the algorithm. Our method significantly enhances the accuracy and robustness of release rate estimates. We validate our approach through wind tunnel experiments, demonstrating that our novel estimation method produces precise and reliable release rate estimations for methane gas. The results further encourage exploring how 3-D gas tomography can improve our release rate estimations in the future.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 9","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11123752","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144914364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}