IEEE Sensors LettersPub Date : 2026-09-01Epub Date: 2026-08-07DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2026.3721914
Jeehyun Song;Robin Oberlé;Sumin Koo
{"title":"Effect of Garment Attachment Location on the Repeatability of IMU-Based Upper-Limb Motion Measurements","authors":"Jeehyun Song;Robin Oberlé;Sumin Koo","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2026.3721914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2026.3721914","url":null,"abstract":"Garment-integrated inertial measurement units (IMUs) are widely used for wearable motion sensing, but their measurement repeatability can be affected by relative motion between the garment and the body. This letter investigates how attachment location influences IMU measurement repeatability during repeated upper limb motions. Garment-mounted IMUs were compared with paired body-mounted reference sensors during repeated arm-elevation tasks. Sensors were placed at four upper limb locations—wrist, forearm, upper arm, and shoulder—on a regular-fitting sports jacket. Relative angular deviations were computed using a quaternion-based angular difference metric to compare repeatability across attachment locations. Experimental results from six participants, analyzed using a one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance with attachment location as the within-subject factor, revealed clear location-dependent differences in measurement behavior. The wrist exhibited the lowest trial-to-trial variability, followed by the forearm, whereas the shoulder exhibited the greatest variability despite a smaller mean angular deviation. A significant main effect of location was found for both mean angular deviation [F(3,15) = 7.761, <italic>p =</i> 0.002] and trial-to-trial variability [F(3,15) = 10.467, <italic>p =</i> 0.001]. These results suggest that attachment location is an important factor in the repeatability of garment-integrated IMU measurements under the present experimental conditions and provide preliminary guidance for sensor placement in wearable motion-sensing systems.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"10 9","pages":"7004304-7004304"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148925540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Dual-Path Optical Clip for Bubble-Aware Continuous Monitoring in Surgical Drainage Tubing","authors":"Chun-Wei Chiu;Po-Chun Kuo;Mou-Wei Chang;Yu-Te Liao;Kun-Ta Wu","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2026.3721660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2026.3721660","url":null,"abstract":"A dual-path optical clip for bubble-aware continuous monitoring in surgical drainage tubing is presented. To address the ambiguity in single-path optical monitoring, reflection and transmission signals were jointly acquired from the same tube segment using a time-multiplexed configuration and processed using a ratio-based redness proxy. In a benchtop filled-tube experiment, both paths consistently tracked the same redness-related trend across stepwise dye infusion stages, with highly correlated stagewise slopes over three runs (Pearson’s <inline-formula><tex-math>$r = 0.98$</tex-math></inline-formula>). The reflection slope response was <inline-formula><tex-math>$2.53 pm 0.20$</tex-math></inline-formula> times larger than the transmission response slope. Across 30 runs with varied flow, dye-infusion, and air-intake, 300 bubble events showed a linear <inline-formula><tex-math>$Delta T$</tex-math></inline-formula>–<inline-formula><tex-math>$Delta R$</tex-math></inline-formula> relationship (slope <inline-formula><tex-math>$approx 3.53$</tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><tex-math>$r approx 0.985$</tex-math></inline-formula>). As this slope differed from that of a genuine redness change (<inline-formula><tex-math>$approx! 2.53$</tex-math></inline-formula>), the dual-path ratio told a passing bubble from a true color change, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC <inline-formula><tex-math>$approx 0.97$</tex-math></inline-formula>), which single-path amplitude could not (AUC <inline-formula><tex-math>$approx 0.50$</tex-math></inline-formula>). This training-free approach supports interpretable, disturbance-aware benchtop monitoring.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"10 9","pages":"6009504-6009504"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148925292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Frequency-Modulation-Based Physical Reservoir Computing With Tunable MEMS Oscillator","authors":"Yu-Chi Chuang;Chih-Peng Liu;Hsiang-Chun Hsiao;Yi Chiu","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2026.3720575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2026.3720575","url":null,"abstract":"Physical reservoir computing (PRC) has shown great potential in simplifying the neuromorphic computing framework. It is especially suitable for edge computing in sensor applications. Most current PRC uses amplitude modulation for signal processing, resulting in complex system design. In this letter, a frequency-modulation-based reservoir computing system is proposed and demonstrated. An electrostatic tunable microelectromechanical-system (MEMS) oscillator based on a clamped–clamped (CC) beam was employed to provide quasi-digital frequency output, offering an attractive interface with digital systems. The MEMS CC beam was fabricated in a silicon-on-insulator substrate. The digital control loop for PRC was designed and implemented on a field programmable gate array board. In the current design, a handwritten digit recognition task on the Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology dataset achieved an 83% success rate.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"10 9","pages":"5505404-5505404"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148925277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IEEE Sensors LettersPub Date : 2026-09-01Epub Date: 2026-08-20DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2026.3726015
Ankit Sharma;Yuchen Gu;Drew Zachary Hay;Alan D. Bettermann;Daniel van der Weide
{"title":"Dual-Polarized UWB Vivaldi Antenna With Polarization Diversity for Enhanced Tumor Localization in Multistatic Microwave Brain Imaging","authors":"Ankit Sharma;Yuchen Gu;Drew Zachary Hay;Alan D. Bettermann;Daniel van der Weide","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2026.3726015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2026.3726015","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents a compact dual-polarized ultra-wideband antipodal Vivaldi antenna (DP-AVA) and its four-element multistatic imaging system for noninvasive microwave brain tumor localization. The radiating element combines a dual-slot feed, mirror-symmetric flare ridges, parasitic patches, and edge corrugations within a 0.68λ × 0.72λ footprint. Measurements show a −10 dB impedance bandwidth of 1.87–18 GHz (162% FBW), peak realized gain exceeding 11.9 dBi, and interport isolation above 35 dB over 4–18 GHz. We acquire backscattered signals over a full 360° aperture and process them through a three-stage time-domain clutter removal scheme and delay-and-sum reconstruction. The orthogonal copolarized channel reduces tumor localization error from 12.2 to 3.0 mm (75%) for a single inclusion and from 12.8 to 7.2 mm (44%) for dual inclusions, making the DP-AVA a reliable front-end for point-of-care microwave brain imaging.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"10 9","pages":"3506004-3506004"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148925311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CouplingNet: A Physiologically Informed Multitask Framework for Efficient Multiparameter Sensing of Heart and Respiratory Rates From a Single PPG Sensor","authors":"Kawisara Ueafuea;Theerawit Wilaiprasitporn;Thitikorn Kaewlee;Pitipat Gumphusiri;Nattapong Jaimchariyatam;Busarakum Chaitusaney;Wanumaidah Saengmolee","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2026.3722176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2026.3722176","url":null,"abstract":"Photoplethysmography (PPG)-based sensor systems are widely used for continuous vital sign monitoring in wearable and clinical systems. However, efficient multiparameter sensing remains challenging because heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) are typically estimated using separate models, increasing computational complexity, memory usage, and power consumption in resource-constrained devices. This work proposes CouplingNet, a physiologically informed multitask framework for joint HR and RR estimation from a single PPG signal. Building upon a shared temporal representation, the proposed architecture incorporates task-specific temporal branches and bidirectional cross-task coupling to exploit complementary cardiorespiratory information embedded in the PPG signal. Evaluated on the CapnoBase, BIDMC, and CU Sleep datasets, CouplingNet achieved competitive HR and RR estimation performance within an efficient unified architecture requiring fewer trainable parameters and a smaller model size than the evaluated single-task models. Statistically significant improvements over the corresponding single-task baselines were observed on some evaluated datasets. By enabling efficient joint HR and RR estimation from a single sensing modality, CouplingNet represents a promising framework for future resource-constrained wearable PPG monitoring.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"10 9","pages":"5505504-5505504"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148925376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IEEE Sensors LettersPub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-06-22DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2026.3705902
Abhinay Dubey;Indu Kant Dwivedi;Shweta Tripathi
{"title":"Enzymatic Glucose Sensing Using Glucose Oxidase-Integrated Conducting Polymer Extended Gate Field Effect Transistor","authors":"Abhinay Dubey;Indu Kant Dwivedi;Shweta Tripathi","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2026.3705902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2026.3705902","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents a glucose-sensing device that detects changes in glucose concentrations. The detection is based on the diffusion of protons, generated by the enzymatic oxidation of glucose at the surface of a glucose oxidase (Gox) thin film, which continuously affects the drain current. The Gox sensing membrane is fabricated by depositing Gox onto a chitosan which is deposited on Poly-TPD (Poly[bis(4-phenyl) (4-butylphenyl) amine]) using a simple, cost-effective spin-coating technique onto an indium tin oxide-coated substrate. The ion interaction at the Gox surface is integrated with an extended-gate field-effect transistor architecture—an innovative approach in this work. A linear increase in the drain current was observed with rising glucose concentration, demonstrating that the reported organic thin film transistor (OTFT)-based glucose sensor retains enzyme bioactivity and can be applied as a reliable glucose biosensor.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"10 8","pages":"3504604-3504604"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148626067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sleep Posture Recognition for Dual-Occupancy Using Thermal Sensor Arrays","authors":"Selwan Abdussalam;Abdallah Naser;Ahmad Lotfi;Salisu Yahaya","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2026.3709690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2026.3709690","url":null,"abstract":"This letter details our proposed approach and results for nonintrusive sleep posture recognition in real home environments using a thermal sensor array. While existing studies focus only on a single user and ignore shared bedding, we propose a 16-state coupled joint-posture matrix for dual occupancy. By framing an enhanced EfficientNet-B0 architecture as a virtual sensor enhancement, squeeze-and-excitation modules are implemented to perform adaptive channelwise recalibration. This acts as a nonlinear filter to prioritize subject-specific thermal gradients while suppressing surrounding environmental noise. Our results from 12 000 thermal frames indicate a classification accuracy of 90.9%. The system demonstrates high spatial invariance to subject displacement and robust generalizability across diverse body mass index ranges, offering a privacy-preserving solution for long-term health monitoring.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"10 8","pages":"2503904-2503904"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148626170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IEEE Sensors LettersPub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-07-06DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2026.3710573
Zihan Lu;Hongxin Xu;Xuefei Yan;Huahuang Luo;Yuan Wang;Qingqing Ke
{"title":"A Dual-Top-Electrode ScAlN-Based Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasound Transducer With Series-Connected Electrode Topology for Enhanced Receiving Sensitivity","authors":"Zihan Lu;Hongxin Xu;Xuefei Yan;Huahuang Luo;Yuan Wang;Qingqing Ke","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2026.3710573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2026.3710573","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents a dual-top-electrode scandium aluminum nitride (ScAlN)-based piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (PMUT) operating in the series-connected electrode (SCE) topology. In the transmitting mode, the SCE topology ideally halves the local voltage across each piezoelectric unit. This allows a higher external drive voltage for the same electric field constraint, potentially doubling the maximum displacement. For the receiving mode, the SCE topology yields an excellent receiving sensitivity of 5.71 mV/Pa, which is 1.58 times that of its conventional outer-floating electrode (OFE) topology. The enhancement of receiving sensitivity is attributed to the reduction in static capacitance by series connection. Due to the slightly reduced transmitted sound pressure and substantially enhanced receiving sensitivity, the pulse-echo signal captured in the SCE transmit–receive configuration exhibits a 51.8% improvement over the OFE-based scheme. The PMUT with SCE is believed to reveal significant potential for highly sensitive ranging applications.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"10 8","pages":"2504204-2504204"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148628003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}