Hormones and Behavior最新文献

{"title":"The role of ovarian hormone dynamics in metabolic phenotype and gene expression in female mice","authors":"Laila Ouldibbat,&nbsp;Devin Rocks,&nbsp;Branden Sampson,&nbsp;Marija Kundakovic","doi":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105693","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105693","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ovarian hormones, particularly estradiol, play an important role in the regulation of metabolic function including in food intake, thermogenesis, activity, fat distribution, and overall weight management. While it is known that weight and food intake follow cyclical patterns across the rodent estrous cycle, the majority of metabolic studies still focus on ovariectomized rodent models and estrogen replacement. Here we provide a comprehensive metabolic profiling of female mice under different ovarian hormone states, from having naturally-cycling ovarian hormone levels to complete ovarian hormone depletion and “estrous cycle-like” estrogen replacement (0.2 or 1 μg estradiol benzoate every 4 days). Every domain of metabolic function that we examined including activity levels, food intake, and body composition was affected by ovariectomy and contributed to &gt;30 % weight gain and nearly two-fold increase in fat mass in ovarian hormone-depleted mice over the 12-week period. By combining physiological and hormone replacement paradigms, we show that cyclical estrogen levels are necessary and sufficient to maintain optimal body weight and fat mass. We show that the hypothalamic expression of genes encoding estrogen receptor alpha (<em>Esr1)</em> and neuropeptides involved in feeding behavior (<em>Agrp</em>, <em>Pomc</em>) changes across the cycle and with ovariectomy, and is partially “rescued” by cyclical estrogen treatment. The drastic fat mass changes following ovariectomy are accompanied by changes in adipose tissue gene expression, including a decreased responsiveness to estrogens due to <em>Esr1</em> down-regulation. Our study highlights the importance of understanding the dynamic regulation of metabolic function by ovarian hormones and calls for more naturalistic and higher-resolution approaches to studying the molecular basis of ovarian hormone action.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13001,"journal":{"name":"Hormones and Behavior","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 105693"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of testosterone in spring nomadic migration of male pine siskins (Spinus pinus)","authors":"Adam J. Becker ,&nbsp;Heather E. Watts","doi":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105694","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105694","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Our understanding of the endocrine regulation of migration comes primarily from studies of obligate migrants, which make predictable seasonal movements. Less well studied are facultative migrations, which are more variable in timing, distance, and direction. In obligate migrants, an increase in circulating testosterone appears to be important in stimulating the transition to a spring migratory state, though the mechanism by which testosterone exerts these effects remains poorly understood. The pine siskin (<em>Spinus pinus</em>) is a songbird that exhibits spring nomadism, a form of facultative migration. Using captive male pine siskins, we first tested the hypotheses that circulating androgens stimulate (i) physiological preparation and (ii) the expression of behavioral readiness for nomadic migration. We found that when birds were given subcutaneous implants containing exogenous testosterone, they exhibited greater nocturnal migratory restlessness, but generally not greater physiological preparation, compared to control birds. Further, when we inhibited the effects of testosterone by giving subcutaneous implants of androgen receptor antagonist and aromatase inhibitor these birds showed less nocturnal migratory restlessness compared to control birds, though the groups did not differ in physiological preparations. We then tested whether the effects of testosterone are mediated by activation of androgen receptors or estrogen receptors by giving androgen receptor antagonist and aromatase inhibitor separately. This manipulation provided some evidence that the effects of testosterone on migratory restlessness occur via activation of androgen receptors and suggested a role for androgen receptor activation in physiological preparations. Overall, the results indicate a role for testosterone in stimulating spring nomadic migratory behavior in male pine siskins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13001,"journal":{"name":"Hormones and Behavior","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 105694"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143372532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive effects of early life exposure to PCBs in rats: Sex-specific behavioral, hormonal and neuromolecular mechanisms involving the brain dopamine system","authors":"Emily N. Hilz,&nbsp;Cameron Schnurer,&nbsp;Swati Bhamidipati,&nbsp;Jahnabi Deka,&nbsp;Lindsay M. Thompson,&nbsp;Andrea C. Gore","doi":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105697","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105697","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are environmental toxicants that disrupt hormonal and neurodevelopmental processes. Among these chemicals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are particularly concerning due to their resistance to biodegradation and tendency to bioaccumulate. PCBs affect neurodevelopmental function and disrupt the brain's dopamine (DA) system, which is crucial for attentional, affective, and reward processing. These disruptions may contribute to the rising prevalence of DA-mediated neuropsychiatric disorders such as ADHD, depression, and substance use disorders. Notably, these behaviors are sexually dimorphic in part due to differences in sex hormones and their receptors, which are targets of estrogenic PCBs. Therefore, this study determined effects of early life PCB exposure on behaviors and neurochemistry related to potential disruption of dopaminergic signaling. Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to the PCB mixture Aroclor 1221 (A1221) or vehicle perinatally and then underwent a series of behavioral tests in adulthood, including the sucrose preference test to measure anhedonia, conditioned orienting to assess incentive-motivational phenotype, and attentional set-shifting to evaluate cognitive flexibility and response latency. Following these tests, rats were euthanized, and serum estradiol (E2), DA cells in the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SN), and gene expression from those combined midbrain nuclei were measured. Female rats exposed perinatally to A1221 exhibited decreased sucrose preference, and both male and female A1221 rats had reduced response latency in the attentional set-shifting task compared to vehicle counterparts. Conditioned orienting and serum estradiol (E2)were not affected in either sex; however, A1221-exposed rats of both sexes displayed higher TH+ cell numbers in the VTA and increased expression of dopamine receptor 1 (<em>Drd1</em>) in the combined midbrain nuclei. Additionally, E2 uniquely predicted behavioral outcomes and VTA DAergic cell numbers in A1221-exposed female rats, whereas DA signaling genes were predictive of behavioral outcomes in males. These data highlight sex-specific effects of A1221 on neuromolecular and behavioral phenotypes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13001,"journal":{"name":"Hormones and Behavior","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 105697"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143372533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hormonal fluctuations in rodent models using 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Aoi Mashimo ,&nbsp;Ryuga Oshida ,&nbsp;Yuichiro Oka ,&nbsp;Sora Kawabata ,&nbsp;Chiharu Takasu ,&nbsp;Kota Nihei ,&nbsp;Takuma Kojima ,&nbsp;Naohiko Kanemura ,&nbsp;Kenji Murata","doi":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105680","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105680","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An animal model of 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD)-induced premature ovarian failure was developed to mimic menopause; this model has been used in various field studies. However, detailed reports on the rodent model using VCD are lacking, and the animal species used, administration methods, and hormonal fluctuations in the creation of the VCD model have not been comprehensively elucidated. The aim of this study was to systematically review these aspects of the rodent model using VCD and elucidate its characteristics. Thirty-two studies were extracted; rats and mice (66 %/44 %) are the most commonly used animal species. In most of the studies involving mice, a dose of 160 mg/kg was administered, whereas in most rat studies, doses of 80 mg/kg and 160 mg/kg were administered. On most mice studies (70 %), the most frequently applied dosage duration was 15 days. In most rat studies (63 %), the most frequently applied duration was 25 days, followed by 14 and 15 days in 30 % of the studies. Meta-analysis indicated that the mouse model using VCD simulates significant hormonal changes, such as estradiol (E2), anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) changes. In conclusion, although the VCD model has demonstrated significant promise in replicating menopausal hormonal conditions, further systematic studies are required to fully understand its potential applications and refine its methodologies. This comprehensive review of existing literature highlights the need for continued research to expand the use of the VCD model in diverse medical fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13001,"journal":{"name":"Hormones and Behavior","volume":"168 ","pages":"Article 105680"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143004518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain transcriptomics of a social challenge and maternal aggression in incubating female tree swallows","authors":"Emily J. Levy ,&nbsp;Elizabeth M. George ,&nbsp;Douglas B. Rusch ,&nbsp;Aaron Buechlein ,&nbsp;Kimberly A. Rosvall","doi":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105692","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105692","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aggressive behavior is ubiquitous across many contexts, including defense of territories, mates, and offspring. For decades, researchers have detailed the effect of aggressive behavior on physiology, but our understanding of these mechanisms in females lags behind that of males, despite the fact that female aggression is widespread, particularly in the context of maternal defense of eggs or offspring (i.e., maternal aggression). Here, we measured effects of a social challenge on brain gene expression in free-living incubating females. We hypothesized that the social challenge would generate at least one of three transcriptomic effects: (1) sensitizing the brain to otherwise low levels of sex steroids, (2) changing other neuroendocrine signaling pathways associated with social behavior (e.g., dopamine), or (3) broad shifts related to metabolism or immune function. We tested these hypotheses in incubating female tree swallows (<em>Tachycineta bicolor</em>), exposing 10 females to a 30-min simulated territorial intrusion, which elicited maternal aggression. After this challenge, we measured neural gene expression via RNA-seq and compared gene expression to 10 unchallenged controls. We saw no global treatment effect on gene expression. However, within the experimental group, more maternal aggression was correlated with upregulation of genes associated with immune activation and downregulation of genes associated with synaptic plasticity. Though more research is needed to understand the downstream effects of these transcriptional differences, our findings generate key questions about how the brain responds to social challenges across different contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13001,"journal":{"name":"Hormones and Behavior","volume":"168 ","pages":"Article 105692"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143079687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of exogenous manipulation of glucocorticoid concentrations on meerkat heart rate, behaviour and vocal production","authors":"Isabel Driscoll ,&nbsp;Elodie F. Briefer ,&nbsp;Andre Ganswindt ,&nbsp;Marta B. Manser","doi":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105676","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105676","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Encoding of emotional arousal in vocalisations is commonly observed in the animal kingdom, and provides a rapid means of information transfer about an individual's affective responses to internal and external stimuli. As a result, assessing affective arousal-related variation in the acoustic structure of vocalisations can provide insight into how animals perceive both internal and external stimuli, and how this is, in turn, communicated to con- or heterospecifics. However, the underlying physiological mechanisms driving arousal-related acoustic variation remains unclear. One potential driver of such variation in behaviour and vocal production are glucocorticoids. Through exogenous glucocorticoid manipulation, we aimed to gain insight on the relationship between arousal and physiological parameters, behaviour and vocal production in wild meerkats (Suricata suricatta). To this aim, we administered glucocorticoids to wild meerkats, and recorded their heart rate, vigilance behaviour, call rate and acoustic structure during natural behavioural contexts. The results suggest that, although the glucocorticoid treatment did increase plasma glucocorticoid levels, this did not result in observable changes in heart rate, vigilance, or vocal production. This lack of treatment effect suggests that, while glucocorticoids may be a significant component and correlate of the arousal response, they are not the direct drivers of affective arousal related changes in heart rate, behaviour, or vocal production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13001,"journal":{"name":"Hormones and Behavior","volume":"168 ","pages":"Article 105676"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143004499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of exercise and transient estradiol exposure in middle-aged female rats","authors":"Emily K. Felton ,&nbsp;Paulina A. Kulesz ,&nbsp;J. Leigh Leasure ,&nbsp;Shaefali P. Rodgers","doi":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105690","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105690","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The benefits of estrogen treatment on cognition in middle-aged and older women are dependent on many factors, including the timing of treatment. Moreover, the potential interactive effects with other lifestyle factors, such as exercise, are poorly understood. In this study, we tested for lasting benefits of independent and combined treatment with estrogen and voluntary exercise initiated in midlife, using a rat model of menopause. Twelve-month-old, retired female breeders were bilaterally ovariectomized and received six weeks of 17β-estradiol (E2) treatment via subcutaneous implant, with or without access to running wheels. After E2 treatment, animals in the exercise groups had running wheel access for seven additional weeks, including a two-week period of cognitive and affective testing. Thereafter, hippocampal neuronal and cellular plasticity were assessed. E2 and exercise independently exerted effects on behavioral and cellular outcome measures. Transient E2 treatment enduringly increased motor output, lowered body weight, and increased behavioral plasticity. Exercise decreased total hippocampal microglia number and increased brain weight. No additive effects of exercise and E2 treatment were observed. E2 treatment may provide a means by which to enduringly increase physical activity in middle age, but combined E2 and exercise do not produce additive benefits on hippocampal behavioral or cellular plasticity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13001,"journal":{"name":"Hormones and Behavior","volume":"168 ","pages":"Article 105690"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143046629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corticosterone predicts double-brooding in female savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis)","authors":"Hayley A. Spina ,&nbsp;D. Ryan Norris ,&nbsp;Linda Nong ,&nbsp;Sarah L. Dobney ,&nbsp;Sarah D. Mueller ,&nbsp;Nikole E. Freeman ,&nbsp;Stéphanie M. Doucet ,&nbsp;Daniel J. Mennill ,&nbsp;Amy E.M. Newman","doi":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105679","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105679","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Given that double-brooding (rearing two broods within a season) can increase annual fecundity, it is unclear why some females in multi-brooded populations rear only one brood per season. The Quality Hypothesis proposes that double-brooded females are high quality and, thus, have sufficient energetic resources available to bear the costs of rearing two broods per season. Glucocorticoids — endocrine hormones that have a critical role in energy regulation — could reflect female quality, and, therefore, also have the potential to indicate whether a female will rear a second brood. Using 12 years of reproductive data on migratory Savannah sparrows (<em>Passerculus sandwichensis</em>) from a population in eastern Canada, we explored whether baseline corticosterone concentrations were correlated with measures of female quality (body condition and fat score) and whether a female's baseline corticosterone concentrations during her first brood would predict whether she attempted a second. We found weak evidence that baseline corticosterone was negatively correlated with female body condition and found strong evidence that baseline corticosterone was negatively correlated with fat score. There was weak evidence for a positive relationship between double-brooding and baseline corticosterone in females sampled during the first brood incubation stage. Additionally, there was moderate evidence to suggest that the probability of double-brooding was negatively related to baseline corticosterone in females sampled during the first brood nestling stage. Our results provide evidence that corticosterone can reflect female condition in the context of double-brooding and demonstrate the importance of considering breeding stage when assessing corticosterone concentrations in parents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13001,"journal":{"name":"Hormones and Behavior","volume":"168 ","pages":"Article 105679"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143065301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute effects of estradiol on shoaling in male and female zebrafish (Danio rerio)","authors":"Abel K. Lindley ,&nbsp;Ella Arrant ,&nbsp;Maya L. Costello ,&nbsp;Rachel K. Hantz ,&nbsp;Aubrey M. Kelly ,&nbsp;Lisa A. Mangiamele ,&nbsp;Richmond R. Thompson","doi":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105691","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105691","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The role that estrogens play in the dynamic modulation of social behaviors related to reproduction has been well established, yet whether they can acutely modulate social responses outside of reproductive contexts remains less clear. Further, while estrogens typically promote aggressive responses in competitive contexts, especially in territorial species, it is possible they enhance non-sexual, prosocial interactions in other contexts, especially in species that live in groups. We therefore tested the acute effects of two doses of estradiol (E2) and of an aromatase inhibitor, Fadrozole, on social approach/preference responses for same-sex shoals in male and female zebrafish, as well as the effects of an agonist for the membrane G-protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER). Estradiol, added to the water at a dose of 10–6 M, was able to significantly increase approach/preference responses in both sexes in multiple experiments in &lt;1 h, whereas Fadrozole inhibited social approach responses 1 h and 17 h after exposure in females, but not in males. A GPER agonist did not enhance social preference responses like E2 did. Neither the effects of E2 nor FAD were paralleled by influences on measures of stress/anxiety, indicating E2 rapidly increases tendencies to approach and maintain proximity to groups in this highly social species through direct actions on social brain circuits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13001,"journal":{"name":"Hormones and Behavior","volume":"168 ","pages":"Article 105691"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143103898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary phytoestrogens recalibrate socioemotional behavior in C57Bl/6J mice in a sex- and timing-dependent manner","authors":"Cameron E. Le Roux ,&nbsp;Amy L. Farthing ,&nbsp;Elizabeth K. Lucas","doi":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105678","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105678","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Estrogens are potent regulators of socioemotional behavior across species. Ubiquitous in human and animal diets, plant-derived phytoestrogens (PE) bind estrogen receptors. While prior work has examined the impact of PE exposure on socioemotional behavior, findings are inconsistent across studies. To investigate whether the timing of PE diet initiation may govern differential behavioral effects, we compared the impacts of PE-free (&lt;20 mg/kg) versus PE-rich (810 mg/kg) diet exposure across the lifetime versus acutely in adulthood. Reproductive physiology was assessed through age at puberty onset and gonadal size. In adulthood, all mice underwent a behavioral battery consisting of the open field, elevated plus maze, and social interaction tests, followed by assessment of emotional memory dynamics with cued threat conditioning, extinction, recall, and renewal. Lifetime PE exposure delayed puberty onset and increased adult gonadal size selectively in males, whereas both lifetime and adult-only PE exposure decreased adult body weight in both sexes. In males, adult-only exposure increased open-arm avoidance in the elevated plus maze but enhanced threat memory extinction. In females, lifetime PE exposure increased open-arm avoidance, reduced sociability, and impaired threat memory extinction. Interestingly, lifetime PE exposure increased the context-dependent renewal of threat memory in both sexes. These findings demonstrate sex- and timing-dependent effects of PE exposure. Male lifetime PE exposure impacts reproductive measures with limited behavioral effects, whereas female lifetime exposure broadly impairs socioemotional behavior. Conversely, adult-only PE exposure altered behavior in males with limited impact in females. This study highlights the importance of diet composition, exposure period, and sex in rodent behavioral studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13001,"journal":{"name":"Hormones and Behavior","volume":"168 ","pages":"Article 105678"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143004361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}