Hormones and Behavior最新文献

{"title":"Neuroestrogens, the hippocampus, and female cognitive aging","authors":"Jill C. Flannery ,&nbsp;Parker S. Tirrell ,&nbsp;Nina E. Baumgartner ,&nbsp;Jill M. Daniel","doi":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105710","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105710","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Research conducted over the last several decades implicates ovarian estrogens as important modulators of hippocampal function. More recently however, the importance of estrogens synthesized in the brain de novo for hippocampal function has been recognized. These brain-derived neuroestrogens act in the hippocampus to regulate dendritic spine dynamics and synaptic plasticity as well as hippocampus-dependent memory. The current report provides an overview of research conducted in model systems elucidating the actions of neuroestrogens in the hippocampus and the subsequent consequences for cognition. We highlight the relationship between ovarian estrogens and brain-derived estrogens and discuss implications for female cognitive aging of the putative decline in hippocampal levels of neuroestrogens following loss of ovarian function. Finally, we propose a model of menopause in which a short-term period of midlife estradiol treatment changes the trajectory of hippocampal neuroestrogen production long-term, resulting in sustained interactions of neuroestrogens, insulin-like growth factor-1, and estrogen receptor signaling in the hippocampus, interactions that support successful brain and cognitive aging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13001,"journal":{"name":"Hormones and Behavior","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 105710"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143534808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Women's affiliation across the menstrual cycle: Cycle phase variation and associations with progesterone and estradiol","authors":"Anastasia Makhanova ,&nbsp;Jon K. Maner ,&nbsp;Mikayla D.M. Joslin ,&nbsp;Kaylee E.N. Phimmasene ,&nbsp;Grazyna Jasienska ,&nbsp;Urszula M. Marcinkowska","doi":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105709","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105709","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Throughout history, women have faced numerous threats during pregnancy, some of which can be mitigated by a strong social network. Consequently, women may demonstrate behavioral changes that bolster their social support network during pregnancy and in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. We examined whether women's explicit desire to affiliate varied across menstrual cycle phases and was associated with within-woman fluctuations in progesterone and estradiol. Supporting our hypotheses, women demonstrated increased desire to affiliate in the luteal phase of the cycle, and this increase was especially pronounced for affiliation with close others. Moreover, desire to affiliate indeed tended to be positively associated with within-woman fluctuations in progesterone, although the negative association between women's desire to affiliate and within-woman fluctuations in estradiol was more robust across analyses. This research links women's explicit desire for social connection to endocrinological processes across the menstrual cycle and, more broadly, to recurrent challenges faced by pregnant women throughout evolutionary history.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13001,"journal":{"name":"Hormones and Behavior","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 105709"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postnatal glucocorticoid exposure causes long-lasting effects on competitive but not neophobic behaviors in a common songbird","authors":"Abigail A. Kimmitt ,&nbsp;Frédéric Angelier ,&nbsp;Jacquelyn K. Grace","doi":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105696","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105696","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Postnatal stress can affect behavior and physiology in vertebrates, but long-term effects of early-life stress experience are not well understood, especially in wild species. Glucocorticoids, steroid hormones that mediate a suite of physiological and behavioral traits in response to a changing environment, might play an important role in programming long-term responses. We examined the effects of early-life exposure to corticosterone, the primary avian glucocorticoid, on neophobic and competitive behaviors in the house sparrow (<em>Passer domesticus</em>). We manipulated circulating corticosterone levels in wild, free-living nestlings, then measured behavior at the juvenile and adult stages in captivity. Birds were independently tested on their response to a novel object (i.e., neophobia) and tested in their nest group on their response to a limited food source (i.e., competitive behaviors). We had alternate predictions: (1) corticosterone-treated birds would exhibit fewer neophobic behaviors and more competitive behaviors than controls if early-life corticosterone exposure adaptively prepares animals for high-stress environments; or (2) corticosterone-treated birds would be more neophobic and less competitive compared to controls if high early-life corticosterone exposure outpaces the organism's capacity to regulate stability. Additionally, we predicted that postnatal corticosterone exposure might affect juvenile behavior more than adult behavior if responses can be modulated by individual experiences over time. We found that early-life corticosterone exposure largely did not predict neophobic behaviors in response to a novel object and environment but did predict competitive behaviors in juveniles. Corticosterone-treated juvenile males tended to be less competitive and displaced more frequently than control juvenile males, whereas corticosterone-treated juvenile females tended to be more competitive than control juvenile females; however, these patterns were no longer present by adulthood. We conclude that early-life stress might have sex-specific effects in a bird's competitive ability in their first year of life, which could impact survival in populations facing novel stressors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13001,"journal":{"name":"Hormones and Behavior","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 105696"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143474306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The gold standard control groups in physiological and pharmacological research are not that shiny: Intraperitoneal saline injection and needle pricking affect prepubescent mice's behavior in a sex-specific manner","authors":"Muiara Aparecida Moraes ,&nbsp;Laila Blanc Arabe ,&nbsp;Bruna Lopes Resende ,&nbsp;Beatriz Campos Codo ,&nbsp;Ana Luiza Araújo Lima Reis ,&nbsp;Bruno Rezende Souza","doi":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105707","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105707","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Study design and experimental tools are crucial for good quality science, and an essential part of it is the choice of control groups to best test the hypothesis. Two of the standard control groups in physiological and pharmacological research are needle pricking without substance injection (Sham) and/or vehicle injection (Saline). However, both needle pricking and saline injection can act as stressors, potentially influencing the analyzed outcome. This raises the question of whether the dependent variable remains unaffected by the stress induced by these procedures. Despite the significance of this issue, very few studies have investigated the behavioral effects of a single intraperitoneal (I.P.) Sham and/or single I.P. Saline injection in mice, and those that have used mostly adult males. In this study, we investigated if a single I.P. Sham and/or I.P. Saline injection affects female and male prepubertal (4-weeks-old) mice behavior. After Sham or Saline injection, we examined exploratory/motor behavior (open field test – OFT), anxiety-like behavior (elevated plus-maze – EPM), and behavioral despair/depressive-like behavior (forced swimming test – FST). We observed that both Sham prepubertal females and males showed behavioral alterations in OFT and EPM, and Saline males showed behavioral alterations in OFT and FST. On the other hand, prepubertal Saline females showed an increase in exploratory behavior, risk assessment/anxiety-like behavior, and behavioral despair/depressive-like behavior. Thus, our findings indicate that control procedures commonly used in physiological and pharmacological experimental designs affect the behavior of prepubescent mice, with more pronounced effects in females than in males. This study suggests considering Naïve animals together with Sham and/or Vehicle for a better and more honest interpretation of the data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13001,"journal":{"name":"Hormones and Behavior","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 105707"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143429938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Male, but not female, oxytocin receptor knockout prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) show impaired consolation behavior","authors":"Kengo Horie ,&nbsp;Sarah A. Blumenthal ,&nbsp;Kiyoshi Inoue ,&nbsp;Saori Yada ,&nbsp;Katsuhiko Nishimori ,&nbsp;Larry J. Young","doi":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105708","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105708","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Prosocial behaviors, including empathetic consoling toward others, contribute to maintaining social groups and social connections between individuals in many mammalian species, including monogamous prairie voles (<em>Microtus ochrogaster</em>). Prairie voles display consolation toward distressed partners by increasing allogrooming behavior toward the partner. A previous pharmacological study showed that oxytocin signaling contributes to consolation in male prairie voles, although possible sex differences in the regulation of consoling have not been explored. Here, we demonstrate that male, but not female, oxytocin receptor knockout (<em>Oxtr</em> ^−/−) prairie voles display disrupted consoling behavior toward distressed opposite sex partners who spend 24 h with their partners to form a pair bond. Notably, both male and female <em>Oxtr</em> ^−/− prairie voles showed normal partner preference following 24 h of cohabitation. Autoradiography for the vasopressin 1a receptor (AVPR1A) reveals no differences between genotypes in AVPR1A levels in the lateral septum, ventral pallidum, laterodorsal thalamic nucleus, and central amygdala, suggesting that the lack of OXTR does not lead to compensation via AVPR1A system at the receptor expression level in these selected brain regions. These findings demonstrate that OXTR modulates consolation in a sex-specific manner in prairie voles, while the lack of OXTR does not influence pair bonding.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13001,"journal":{"name":"Hormones and Behavior","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 105708"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143429937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How a territorial challenge changes sex steroid-related gene networks in the female brain: A field experiment with the tree swallow","authors":"Elizabeth M. George ,&nbsp;Kimberly A. Rosvall","doi":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105698","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105698","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Territorial competition can stimulate secretion of testosterone (T), which is thought to act on neural circuits of aggression to promote further aggression. Here, we test the hypothesis that competition modulates sex steroid sensitivity and conversion in the brain, focused on the female tree swallow (<em>Tachycineta bicolor</em>). In this bird species, exogenous T enhances female aggression, but social competition for limited nesting territories does not stimulate systemic T elevation. We exposed free-living females to simulated territorial intrusions and sampled five regions of the vertebrate social behavior network (SBN). Using quantitative PCR, we measured mRNA abundance of: androgen receptor, 5-alpha reductase, estrogen receptor alpha, and aromatase. Using standard analyses, we found essentially no treatment effect on mRNA abundance in any one brain area; however, network analyses revealed marked socially-induced changes in gene co-expression across the SBN. After a territorial challenge, gene expression was more positively correlated with T, and genes specific to the androgen-signaling pathway were also more positively correlated with one another. The challenged brain also exhibited stronger negative correlations among genes in the nucleus taeniae, but stronger positive correlations between the lateral septum and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Together, these findings suggest that, in response to female-female territorial challenges, T acts on androgen-mediated circuits of aggression, with some divergence in gene regulation in the nucleus taeniae. The post-transcriptional consequences of these shifts require more research, but their existence underscores insights to be gained from analyzing the neuroendocrine properties of the SBN using network-level perspectives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13001,"journal":{"name":"Hormones and Behavior","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 105698"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143420294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hormones, brain and behavior in birds: The Lehrman legacy","authors":"Gregory F. Ball","doi":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105695","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105695","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This short essay is based on the presentation I gave at the meeting of the Society of Behavioral Neuroendocrinology held in Tours, France in June 2023 when I received the Lehrman award for career achievement. I conducted my PhD at the Institute of Animal Behavior that was founded by Lehrman at Rutgers University. Although I never met Lehrman I was mentored by several scientists who had worked with him. I therefore decided to organize my essay about the Lehrman award around the enduring legacy of Lehrman's work as it influenced my career. Four aspects of the scientific legacy of Daniel Lehrman are distinguished and I discuss how these insights affected my own research program. A concise summary of the research I conducted in collaboration with PhD students and postdocs that relates to these topics is then presented. This research that involves several avian species includes studies of how behavior can influence the endocrine physiology and behavior of receivers of a particular signal. The cloning of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) gene in songbirds and analysis of the environmental factors influencing its expression demonstrated how the GnRH neuronal system is a key link between the perception of behavior and changes in endocrine physiology. Finally, there is a review of studies of the experimental analysis of the brain sites where testosterone acts to control the motivation to sing and the quality of song in songbirds that follow directly in the Lehrman line of work on how steroids regulate avian reproductive behaviors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13001,"journal":{"name":"Hormones and Behavior","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 105695"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143420295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of ovarian hormone dynamics in metabolic phenotype and gene expression in female mice","authors":"Laila Ouldibbat,&nbsp;Devin Rocks,&nbsp;Branden Sampson,&nbsp;Marija Kundakovic","doi":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105693","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105693","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ovarian hormones, particularly estradiol, play an important role in the regulation of metabolic function including in food intake, thermogenesis, activity, fat distribution, and overall weight management. While it is known that weight and food intake follow cyclical patterns across the rodent estrous cycle, the majority of metabolic studies still focus on ovariectomized rodent models and estrogen replacement. Here we provide a comprehensive metabolic profiling of female mice under different ovarian hormone states, from having naturally-cycling ovarian hormone levels to complete ovarian hormone depletion and “estrous cycle-like” estrogen replacement (0.2 or 1 μg estradiol benzoate every 4 days). Every domain of metabolic function that we examined including activity levels, food intake, and body composition was affected by ovariectomy and contributed to &gt;30 % weight gain and nearly two-fold increase in fat mass in ovarian hormone-depleted mice over the 12-week period. By combining physiological and hormone replacement paradigms, we show that cyclical estrogen levels are necessary and sufficient to maintain optimal body weight and fat mass. We show that the hypothalamic expression of genes encoding estrogen receptor alpha (<em>Esr1)</em> and neuropeptides involved in feeding behavior (<em>Agrp</em>, <em>Pomc</em>) changes across the cycle and with ovariectomy, and is partially “rescued” by cyclical estrogen treatment. The drastic fat mass changes following ovariectomy are accompanied by changes in adipose tissue gene expression, including a decreased responsiveness to estrogens due to <em>Esr1</em> down-regulation. Our study highlights the importance of understanding the dynamic regulation of metabolic function by ovarian hormones and calls for more naturalistic and higher-resolution approaches to studying the molecular basis of ovarian hormone action.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13001,"journal":{"name":"Hormones and Behavior","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 105693"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of testosterone in spring nomadic migration of male pine siskins (Spinus pinus)","authors":"Adam J. Becker ,&nbsp;Heather E. Watts","doi":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105694","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105694","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Our understanding of the endocrine regulation of migration comes primarily from studies of obligate migrants, which make predictable seasonal movements. Less well studied are facultative migrations, which are more variable in timing, distance, and direction. In obligate migrants, an increase in circulating testosterone appears to be important in stimulating the transition to a spring migratory state, though the mechanism by which testosterone exerts these effects remains poorly understood. The pine siskin (<em>Spinus pinus</em>) is a songbird that exhibits spring nomadism, a form of facultative migration. Using captive male pine siskins, we first tested the hypotheses that circulating androgens stimulate (i) physiological preparation and (ii) the expression of behavioral readiness for nomadic migration. We found that when birds were given subcutaneous implants containing exogenous testosterone, they exhibited greater nocturnal migratory restlessness, but generally not greater physiological preparation, compared to control birds. Further, when we inhibited the effects of testosterone by giving subcutaneous implants of androgen receptor antagonist and aromatase inhibitor these birds showed less nocturnal migratory restlessness compared to control birds, though the groups did not differ in physiological preparations. We then tested whether the effects of testosterone are mediated by activation of androgen receptors or estrogen receptors by giving androgen receptor antagonist and aromatase inhibitor separately. This manipulation provided some evidence that the effects of testosterone on migratory restlessness occur via activation of androgen receptors and suggested a role for androgen receptor activation in physiological preparations. Overall, the results indicate a role for testosterone in stimulating spring nomadic migratory behavior in male pine siskins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13001,"journal":{"name":"Hormones and Behavior","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 105694"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143372532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive effects of early life exposure to PCBs in rats: Sex-specific behavioral, hormonal and neuromolecular mechanisms involving the brain dopamine system","authors":"Emily N. Hilz,&nbsp;Cameron Schnurer,&nbsp;Swati Bhamidipati,&nbsp;Jahnabi Deka,&nbsp;Lindsay M. Thompson,&nbsp;Andrea C. Gore","doi":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105697","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105697","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are environmental toxicants that disrupt hormonal and neurodevelopmental processes. Among these chemicals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are particularly concerning due to their resistance to biodegradation and tendency to bioaccumulate. PCBs affect neurodevelopmental function and disrupt the brain's dopamine (DA) system, which is crucial for attentional, affective, and reward processing. These disruptions may contribute to the rising prevalence of DA-mediated neuropsychiatric disorders such as ADHD, depression, and substance use disorders. Notably, these behaviors are sexually dimorphic in part due to differences in sex hormones and their receptors, which are targets of estrogenic PCBs. Therefore, this study determined effects of early life PCB exposure on behaviors and neurochemistry related to potential disruption of dopaminergic signaling. Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to the PCB mixture Aroclor 1221 (A1221) or vehicle perinatally and then underwent a series of behavioral tests in adulthood, including the sucrose preference test to measure anhedonia, conditioned orienting to assess incentive-motivational phenotype, and attentional set-shifting to evaluate cognitive flexibility and response latency. Following these tests, rats were euthanized, and serum estradiol (E2), DA cells in the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SN), and gene expression from those combined midbrain nuclei were measured. Female rats exposed perinatally to A1221 exhibited decreased sucrose preference, and both male and female A1221 rats had reduced response latency in the attentional set-shifting task compared to vehicle counterparts. Conditioned orienting and serum estradiol (E2)were not affected in either sex; however, A1221-exposed rats of both sexes displayed higher TH+ cell numbers in the VTA and increased expression of dopamine receptor 1 (<em>Drd1</em>) in the combined midbrain nuclei. Additionally, E2 uniquely predicted behavioral outcomes and VTA DAergic cell numbers in A1221-exposed female rats, whereas DA signaling genes were predictive of behavioral outcomes in males. These data highlight sex-specific effects of A1221 on neuromolecular and behavioral phenotypes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13001,"journal":{"name":"Hormones and Behavior","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 105697"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143372533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}