Hormones and Behavior最新文献

{"title":"Dynamic rebalancing of approach and withdrawal motivations underpins the decline of rat maternal behavior: A behavioral analysis of dam-pup interactions","authors":"Yi Chen ,&nbsp;Jiahong Xu ,&nbsp;Qianying Wang ,&nbsp;Xin Gu ,&nbsp;Jinyue Pang ,&nbsp;Ruiyong Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2026.105938","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2026.105938","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The decline of rat maternal behavior during the postpartum period is a critical transition, yet its underlying mechanisms, particularly the interactive effects of the mother's internal state and offspring characteristics, remain incompletely understood. Using a 3 × 3 factorial design, we examined maternal behavior in Sprague-Dawley rats across three postpartum stages [postpartum day (PPD) 5/6, PPD 11/12, PPD 17/18] when presented with pups of three postnatal ages [postnatal day (PND) 5/6, PND 11/12, PND 17/18]. Behavioral assessments included a home-cage maternal behavior test, a pup retrieval test on an Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), and a pup versus male preference test. Our results demonstrate a dynamic rebalancing of maternal motivations: as pups aged and dams progressed through later postpartum stages, classic approach-related behaviors (e.g., pup retrieval, licking, crouching/hovering over pups) significantly decreased, while withdrawal-related behaviors (e.g., pup avoidance, self-grooming, and dam's distance from the nest) correspondingly increased. This shift was distinctly modulated: pup characteristics primarily influenced the decline in approach motivation, whereas maternal condition predominantly governed the increase in withdrawal motivation. In the EPM, pup age specifically affected pup retrieval and general activity but not anxiety-like behavior. Late-postpartum dams lost their preferential interest in younger pups in the pup versus male preference test. Furthermore, we validated a set of behavioral indicators (e.g., resting away from pups, dam's distance from the nest) as reliable measures of withdrawal motivation. Collectively, these findings underscore that the decline of maternal behavior arises from a dynamic rebalancing between approach and withdrawal motivational systems, jointly driven by the dam's evolving internal state and the changing stimulus characteristics of the developing pups. Additionally, our work extends the Approach-Withdrawal biphasic motivational framework to the natural decline phase of maternal behavior and provides validated tools for assessing withdrawal motivation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13001,"journal":{"name":"Hormones and Behavior","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 105938"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147803056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to the special issue on “Nuance and novelty in the behavioral neuroendocrinology of hormonal contraceptives”","authors":"Adriene M. Beltz ,&nbsp;Benedetta Leuner","doi":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2026.105917","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2026.105917","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13001,"journal":{"name":"Hormones and Behavior","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 105917"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147432493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prosocial support in adolescence regulates behavior and corticosterone responses following early life adversity in male rats","authors":"Audrey Lynch ,&nbsp;Heather C. Brenhouse,&nbsp;Jocelyn M. Breton","doi":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2026.105902","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2026.105902","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Experiencing early life adversity (ELA) increases risk for developing psychiatric disorders later in life. Social environments during adolescence can influence hormonal and behavioral outcomes. Maternal separation (MS), a well-validated model of ELA, generally increases anxiety-and-depression-related behaviors and corticosterone (CORT) responses in rats, especially in males. Prosocial support encompasses receiving active and motivated help, often while experiencing distress. How and if receiving prosocial support in adolescence mitigates such negative impacts of ELA is unknown. In this study, male rats were reared under MS or control (CON) conditions. In adolescence, all rats experienced one week of restraint stress and were either freed (received prosocial support) or not freed from the restrainer by another rat. Blood samples were collected throughout restrainer testing to measure CORT, and several behavioral assays examining anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors were carried out in adolescence and adulthood. MS rats demonstrated greater anxiety-like behavior at baseline compared to CON rats. After restraint stress, all rats who did not receive prosocial support demonstrated greater anxiety-like behavior, increased motivation for reward, and disrupted social behavior in adolescence compared to their supported counterparts, regardless of rearing condition. MS-induced blunting in adolescent baseline CORT was also rescued following prosocial support, while repeated stress exposure, without prosocial support, sensitized CORT stress responses in MS, but not CON animals. In adulthood, rats who did not receive prosocial support showed greater anxiety-like behavior and decreased food-seeking behavior in an anxiogenic context. Together, these results suggest that receiving prosocial support in adolescence shifts behavioral and hormonal outcomes following ELA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13001,"journal":{"name":"Hormones and Behavior","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 105902"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147316730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The gastric branch of the vagus nerve is required for hypothalamic pituitary axis stress habituation in male Sprague Dawley rats","authors":"Lori J. Sampsell,&nbsp;Jonathan W. Snyder,&nbsp;Alexandra Evans,&nbsp;Nelli Horvath,&nbsp;Isa N. McMenimon,&nbsp;Jennifer E. Nyland,&nbsp;Kirsteen N. Browning,&nbsp;Andras Hajnal,&nbsp;Yuval Silberman","doi":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2026.105889","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2026.105889","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The vagus nerve is known to participate in the negative feedback regulation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis in response to acute stress, but the role of the vagus nerve in facilitating HPA habituation to repeated stress remains largely unexplored. The role of specific vagal subbranches in stress responses is also unclear. This study evaluated whether selective surgical ablation of the left anterior gastric branch of the vagus nerve (gVX) impairs physiological and behavioral adaptation to repeated stress. Rats were assigned to gVX or sham surgery and underwent repeated restraint stress consisting of 2 h of restraint daily for 5 consecutive days, during which blood was collected every 15 min to assess corticosterone and non-fasting glucose levels, while ultrasonic vocalizations were recorded. 24 h after the final restraint session, rats underwent an open field test to assess anxiety-like behaviors. There were no overt changes in gastric function by gVX. Plasma corticosterone levels were similarly elevated in both groups on the first day of restraint stress. By day 5, the sham group exhibited a significant reduction in stress-evoked corticosterone levels compared to day 1, indicating habituation, while corticosterone levels in the gVX group remained elevated after repeated stress. Non-fasted glucose levels followed a similar pattern, with sham rats showing habituation, whereas the gVX group maintained significantly elevated levels on day 5. The gVX group displayed significantly more stress-associated vocalizations during restraint and no habituation over time. In the open-field test, gVX rats showed fewer center entries, increased immobility, and reduced distance traveled, reflecting heightened anxiety-like behaviors. These findings collectively demonstrate that the gastric branch of the vagus nerve is crucial for stress habituation, revealing a critical connection between gastrointestinal and stress-related neural pathways. A better understanding of these mechanisms could inform therapeutic strategies for stress-related disorders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13001,"journal":{"name":"Hormones and Behavior","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 105889"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estrogen regulates cognitive function in APP/PS1 female mice via modulation of IDO1-mediated Trp/Kyn metabolism through ERβ","authors":"Lingdi Zhang ,&nbsp;Shuang Hu ,&nbsp;Jianjun Zhu ,&nbsp;Guojun Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2026.105891","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2026.105891","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is more prevalent in postmenopausal women, possibly due to estrogen deficiency. IDO1 (Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1), a tryptophan-metabolizing enzyme, mediates immunomodulation and neuroinflammation and may be related to cognitive impairment in AD. This study used APP/PS1 transgenic female mice with ovariectomy (OVX),E2, IDO1 inhibitor (1-MT), and agonists and antagonists of estrogen receptors to explore the potential roles of estrogen and IDO1 in AD. Results showed that OVX aggravated the cognitive function impairment of the APP/PS1 mice. OVX also decreased the serum E2 level and increased the hippocampal IDO1 level. The application of 1-MT reversed the cognitive impairment, suggesting the elevated IDO1 level to be a contributing factor for the high susceptibility to AD in females with estrogen deficiency. Interestingly, E2 alleviated the cognitive function of the APP/PS1 mice undergoing OVX. E2 also decreased hippocampal IDO1 level and impacted the metabolism of IDO1-mediated L-Tryptophan (Trp)/kynurenine (Kyn) pathway by decreasing the levels of Kyn, Kyn-to-Trp ratio, 3-hydroxykynurenine (3−HK) and quinolinic acid (QA) and increasing the levels of serotonin (5-HT), 5-HT-to-Trp ratio, and kynurenic acid (KA). The E2's effects were similar to those of the IDO1 inhibitor. Furthermore, the ERβ antagonist could reverse the effects of E2 and the ERβ agonist had comparable effects to E2 on the Trp/Kyn pathway. These findings indicate that E2 has positive effects on the cognitive function of the APP/PS1 female mice undergoing OVX, and the mechanism may be related to the modulation of IDO1-mediated Trp/Kyn pathway via activation of ERβ.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13001,"journal":{"name":"Hormones and Behavior","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 105891"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146142148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paternal deprivation in biparental zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) affects care of offspring with consequences for adult stress-induced corticosterone levels","authors":"Angela K. Goff-Riley ,&nbsp;Jennifer L. Grindstaff","doi":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2026.105900","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2026.105900","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is sensitive to early life perturbations. We examined how an early-life perturbation, paternal deprivation, affects the HPA axis development of offspring and how maternal behavior is impacted by paternal deprivation. Using captive zebra finches, <em>Taeniopygia guttata</em>, we set up two paternal deprivation treatment groups in which we removed the father at hatching or at fledging. These two periods were chosen because they comprise two important stages during dependency at which offspring can differentially be impacted by changes in parental care. In the offspring, we measured growth, nestling baseline corticosterone and adult baseline and isolation-induced corticosterone. In the parents, we quantified parental care through the dependency period. We found that single mothers increased feedings to match the combined feedings of mothers and fathers in biparental nests but could not match the amount of time spent in contact with offspring. Nestling growth was not affected by paternal deprivation. Additionally, offspring that experienced paternal deprivation from hatching and fledging had higher corticosterone levels relative to their baseline corticosterone levels after experiencing social isolation, which is reflective of a hyper-responsive stress response. This suggests that the HPA axis development of offspring is altered when fathers are absent and that these effects are possibly driven by decreased parental contact rather than nutritional constraint.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13001,"journal":{"name":"Hormones and Behavior","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 105900"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146226630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neonatal lipopolysaccharide has long-term effects on steroids and gene expression in the adult mouse brain","authors":"Hitasha Bajaj ,&nbsp;Melody Salehzadeh ,&nbsp;Anna Mazurenko ,&nbsp;Carmen Choo ,&nbsp;Annie V. Ciernia ,&nbsp;Kiran K. Soma","doi":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2026.105888","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2026.105888","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Early-life infections can exert profound and lasting effects on brain development and function, potentially through sustained alterations in glucocorticoid (GC) signaling. Here, we investigated whether a neonatal immune challenge alters brain steroids and gene expression in adulthood. Male and female C57BL/6J mice were injected intraperitoneally with saline vehicle or 50 μg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at postnatal day (PND) 4 and PND6, and then with either vehicle or LPS in adulthood (2 × 2 design). The brain and serum were collected 4 h after adult treatment. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we measured steroids in serum (total and free) and in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), dorsal hippocampus, ventral hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. In both groups of adults, neonatal LPS increased progesterone levels in the PFC. In LPS-treated adults, neonatal LPS increased corticosterone levels (total and free) in serum, as well as in all regions. Moreover, in LPS-treated adults, neonatal LPS increased 11-dehydrocorticosterone (DHC) levels in the dorsal hippocampus, ventral hippocampus, and hypothalamus, as well as aldosterone levels in the dorsal hippocampus and amygdala. Using bulk RNA sequencing, we examined gene expression in the dorsal hippocampus. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified modules showing impacts of neonatal LPS, adult LPS, and sex. Further, correlations between steroid levels and module eigengenes suggest that neonatal LPS modulates the effects of adult LPS on gene expression. These findings clarify how neonatal LPS exposure shapes brain steroid profiles and gene expression, providing new insights into the enduring impacts of early-life infection on brain function and behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13001,"journal":{"name":"Hormones and Behavior","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 105888"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146258179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The competitive side of social living: Maternal hormonal programming and phenotypic outcomes in blue tit offspring","authors":"Alejandro García-Antón ,&nbsp;Wendt Müller ,&nbsp;Jorge García-Campa ,&nbsp;Fernando Riñones ,&nbsp;Judith Morales","doi":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2026.105898","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2026.105898","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Social interactions are vital in animal life, providing access to key information about foraging opportunities, mates, and predators. Yet in highly competitive environments, being social can be costly, as increased interaction rates may lead to more frequent aggressive encounters, favouring the development of more competitive phenotypes. Remarkably, these environmental pressures can have transgenerational effects. For example, mothers can respond to their social environment by transferring non-genetic compounds, such as hormones, to their offspring. However, evidence for an effect of social density on maternal hormone allocation and subsequent offspring social phenotypes remains scarce. Here, we experimentally manipulated social density in the blue tit (<em>Cyanistes caeruleus</em>) by rearranging nest-boxes before egg-laying, thus creating areas of high and low density —and likely high and low competition levels. We measured yolk testosterone and assessed nestling behaviour through a social preference test (sociability) and breathing rate (a proxy for proactivity). As predicted, mothers in low-density areas deposited less testosterone than those in high-density areas. Nestlings raised at low density showed higher sociability, though this effect was male-specific. Breathing rate had a non-linear, positive relationship with yolk testosterone concentration but was, unexpectedly, lower in high-density areas. Together, these findings suggest that competitive environments increase maternal testosterone transfer, likely promoting more competitive and less social offspring phenotypes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13001,"journal":{"name":"Hormones and Behavior","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 105898"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146226657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hormonal regulation of androgen, estrogen receptor-α, and progesterone receptor expression in the adult male rabbit brain","authors":"Beatriz Molina ,&nbsp;Karina Hernández-Ortega ,&nbsp;Laura Noemi Hernández-Lúa ,&nbsp;Gabriela González-Mariscal ,&nbsp;Ignacio Camacho-Arroyo","doi":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2026.105903","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2026.105903","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sex hormones regulate a broad range of brain functions beyond reproduction via specific receptors, whose expression can be modulated by hormones. However, the regulation of sex hormone receptors across different brain regions in male rabbits remains unknown.</div><div>We investigated the effects of two hormone treatments in castrated male rabbits: testosterone propionate (TP) and dihydrotestosterone plus estradiol benzoate (DHT + EB), on androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), and progesterone receptor (PR) expression in the brain. Adult male New Zealand White rabbits were bilaterally castrated and daily treated with TP or DHT + EB for 16 days. One day after treatments (day 17), AR, ERα, and PR mRNA and protein levels were determined in the olfactory bulb, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, preoptic area, hypothalamus, mesencephalon, and cerebellum using RT-qPCR and Western blot.</div><div>AR mRNA levels increased with both treatments in the prefrontal cortex, preoptic area, and the hypothalamus following TP treatment. Notably, AR protein content increased across all regions after TP, and in the olfactory bulb, prefrontal cortex, preoptic area, and hypothalamus following DHT + EB. Both treatments reduced ERα mRNA in the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, preoptic area, hypothalamus, and mesencephalon; DHT + EB also decreased ERα mRNA in the cerebellum, while ERα protein content remained unchanged in all regions. TP and DHT + EB reduced PR mRNA expression in most regions, with DHT + EB showing broader effects. As with ERα, PR protein content showed no significant changes after treatments. These findings indicate that androgens and estrogens regulate AR, ERα, and PR expression, notably affecting AR protein content.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13001,"journal":{"name":"Hormones and Behavior","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 105903"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147305194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Androgen receptor modulation of vocal circuitry in Alston's singing mouse","authors":"Da-Jiang Zheng ,&nbsp;Britt Mardis ,&nbsp;Denise Lam ,&nbsp;Tarik Islam ,&nbsp;Joel Tripp ,&nbsp;Steven Phelps","doi":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2026.105890","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2026.105890","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Animal advertisement displays are dramatic, often sexually dimorphic behaviors that function in both courtship and competition, and require the coordinated modulation of diverse motivational and motor circuits. In Alston's singing mice, <em>Scotinomys teguina</em>, a novel and elaborate advertisement vocalization is sexually dimorphic and steroid sensitive. Males sing more often than females, and on average male songs have more notes. Song is influenced by circulating androgens, but how such hormonal differences influence the diverse brain regions involved in vocal display is not understood. To characterize androgen-sensitive sites in the vocal pathway, we used two isoforms of pseudorabies virus (PRV) to double-label circuits ending in laryngeal and jaw muscles involved in vocalization, and co-labeled these neurons for androgen receptor (AR). Next, we manipulated circulating androgens and observed the effects on AR distribution and male song. We find androgens drive coordinated changes in AR abundance across motor and motivational circuits, and group differences in song are associated with AR abundance. The results reveal how circulating androgens can coordinate the diverse circuits necessary for elaborate advertisement displays.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13001,"journal":{"name":"Hormones and Behavior","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 105890"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146192025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}