Health physics最新文献

{"title":"Methods to Derive Uncertainty Intervals for Lifetime Risks for Lung Cancer Related to Occupational Radon Exposure.","authors":"M Sommer, N Fenske, C Heumann, P Scholz-Kreisel, F Heinzl","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001994","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001994","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Lifetime risks are a useful tool in quantifying health risks related to radiation exposure and play an important role in the radiation detriment and, in the case of radon, for radon dose conversion. This study considers the lifetime risk of dying from lung cancer related to occupational radon exposure. For this purpose, in addition to other risk measures, the lifetime excess absolute risk (LEAR) is mainly examined. Uncertainty intervals for such lifetime risk estimates and corresponding statistical methods are rarely presented in the radon literature.Based on previous work on LEAR estimates, the objective of this article is to introduce and discuss novel methods to derive uncertainty intervals for lifetime risk estimates for lung cancer related to occupational radon exposure. Uncertainties of two main components of lifetime risk calculations are modeled: uncertainties of risk model parameter estimates describing the excess relative risk for lung cancer and of baseline mortality rates. Approximate normality assumption (ANA) methods derived from likelihood theory and Bayesian techniques are employed to quantify uncertainty in risk model parameters. The derived methods are applied to risk models from the German \"Wismut\" uranium miners cohort study (full Wismut cohort with follow-up up to 2018 and sub-cohort with miners first hired in 1960 or later, designated as \"1960+ sub-cohort\"). Mortality rate uncertainty is assessed based on information from the WHO mortality database. All uncertainty assessment methods are realized with Monte Carlo simulations. Resulting uncertainty intervals for different lifetime risk measures are compared. Uncertainty from risk model parameters imposes the largest uncertainty on lifetime risks but baseline lung cancer mortality rate uncertainty is also substantial. Using the ANA method accounting for uncertainty in risk model parameter estimates, the LEAR in % for the 1960+ sub-cohort risk model was 6.70 with a 95% uncertainty interval of [3.26; 12.28] for the exposure scenario of 2 Working Level Months from age 18-64 years, compared to the full cohort risk model with a LEAR in % of 3.43 and narrower 95% uncertainty interval [2.06; 4.84]. ANA methods and Bayesian techniques with a non-informative prior yield similar results, whenever comparable. There are only minor differences across different lifetime risk measures. Based on the present results, risk model parameter uncertainty accounts for a substantial share of lifetime risk uncertainty for radon protection. ANA methods are the most practicable and should be employed in the majority of cases. The explicit choice of lifetime risk measures is negligible. The derived uncertainty intervals are comparable to the range of lifetime risk estimates from uranium miners studies in the literature. These findings should be accounted for when developing radiation protection policies, which are based on lifetime risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144333012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences between Radiation Dose Values under Wearing and Non-wearing Geometries of Personal Dosimeters during Sleep.","authors":"Jun Hirouchi, Shogo Takahara, Masatoshi Watanabe","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000002001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/HP.0000000000002001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>With the return of residents after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station accident, the measurement results of radiation doses to residents can be used to assess the risk or safety of remaining in their homes. However, personal radiation doses vary depending on the behavior and residential environment of each subject, even for a group of subjects living in the same region at the same time. In past studies, subjects were required to wear a personal dosimeter on their chests outdoors, but they were not required to wear the device indoors. This study investigated the difference between the dose values indicated for the wearing and non-wearing geometries of personal dosimeters during sleep. In particular, an adult human phantom was used to compare the indicated dose values when personal dosimeters were placed on the chest (reproducing the wearing geometry) and near the head (reproducing the non-wearing geometry) in two houses with a high measured radiation dose. Furthermore, to understand the reason for the difference in the indicated dose values, the radiation dose rate during sleep was calculated using a radiation transport calculation code. The dose values for the wearing geometry were approximately 4% lower on the first floor and approximately 15% lower on the second floor than those for the non-wearing geometry. In addition, the radiation dose rates and radiation dose rate ratios (head/chest) differed by approximately 30% and 20%, respectively, depending on the distance from the nearest window (1 to 3 m).</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144301924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiation Doses and Lifetime Attributable Risk of Cancer in Sweden after the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident.","authors":"Martin Tondel, Katja Gabrysch, Mats Isaksson, Christopher Rääf","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/HP.0000000000001998","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Methods for estimating radiological consequences in terms of radiation doses and cancer risks are needed for informed decisions on mitigation efforts after a radionuclide event. The 1986 Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident fallout in Sweden was used as a case study. Open-source data on annual sex-specific population data in 1-y classes by municipality (n = 290), counties (n = 21), and future projection were retrieved from Statistics Sweden from 1986 to 2035. Published organ dose coefficients, cancer risk coefficients, and established methods for dose calculations and cancer risk projections were applied to estimate organ absorbed doses (mGy), effective dose (mSv), collective dose (person-Sv), and lifetime attributable risk (LAR). Due to the geographically variable Chernobyl fallout in Sweden, the variability in absorbed organ doses was greater between municipalities and counties than between organs or sexes. LAR was translated into 377 male and 448 female extra cancer cases over 50 y post-Chernobyl. Overall, 38% of these cancer cases could be attributed to the internal dose in males and 32% in females. The highest number of cancer cases was estimated for Västernorrland county, with only 3% of the Swedish population in 1986, but 18% of the excess cancer cases 1986 to 2035. The collective dose was calculated to 6,028 person-Sv, whereas 2,148 person-Sv (36%) was internal dose. Like for LAR, the population of Västernorrland county got 18% of the total collective dose. The excess number of cancer cases derived from LAR and collective dose gave similar results. Our methods can be adopted to other countries and different fallout scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144289429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the Ocular Response and Corneal Damage Threshold of Exposure to 28 GHz Quasi-millimeter Wave Exposure.","authors":"Masami Kojima, Takafumi Tasaki, Toshio Kamijo, Aki Hada, Yukihisa Suzuki, Alfred Kik, Masateru Ikehata, Hiroshi Sasaki","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001951","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001951","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Electromagnetic radiation energy at millimeter wave frequencies, typically 30 GHz to 300 GHz, is ubiquitously used in society in devices for telecommunications; radar and imaging systems for vehicle collision avoidance, security screening, and medical equipment; scientific research tools for spectroscopy; industrial applications for non-destructive testing and precise measurement; and military and defense applications. Understanding the biological effects of this technology is essential. We have been investigating ocular responses and damage thresholds comparing various frequencies using rabbit eyes and dedicated experimental apparatus. In this study we investigated the 28 GHz quasi-millimeter wave band (wavelength: 10.7 mm), a candidate for 5G communication. Similar to millimeter wave frequencies, ocular damage from exposure to 28 GHz for 6 min (400 mW cm -2 ) included corneal epithelial damage, corneal edema, and opacity. The incident power density threshold, indicating a 50% probability of ocular damage from exposure for 6 min, was found to be 359 mW cm -2 for 28 GHz. Comparing the ocular exposure area for various millimeter wave frequencies (40, 75, 95 GHz) and 28 GHz quasi-millimeter waves using a thermosensitive liquid crystal capsule, we found that for millimeter waves, even at identical incident power densities, the ocular exposure area decreases as the frequency increases (lens effect). However, this lens effect was not observed at 28 GHz, where the entire anterior segment area was exposed to radio waves.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":"487-496"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142947848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supplemental Operational Guidance for Minimizing Potential Inhalation Doses to Workers and Volunteers at Community Reception Centers and Public Shelters.","authors":"John Mauro, Joseph Porrovecchio, William Amann, Stephen Marschke, Michael S Brightwell, Ron Davison, Duane DeMore, Amy Mangel, Lynn Anspaugh, Adela Salame-Alfie, Armin Ansari","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001920","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001920","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>In the event of a nuclear explosion in an urban environment, contaminated persons may be directed to Community Reception Centers (CRC) and/or public shelters. This paper is a companion document to a previous paper that addresses the inhalation hazard to workers at a CRC from resuspension of fallout from the evacuees. To limit the inhalation hazard evacuees must be screened to prevent severely contaminated persons from entering a CRC. The suggested screening level is 10,000 dpm cm -2 and rapid methods of screening arriving evacuees are presented. Practical advice is provided on methods that can be used to limit contamination within a CRC. These methods include alterations to heating and cooling systems and the implementation of monitoring strategies to guard against unexpected increases in airborne activity levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":"526-535"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12036779/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142947840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement of Ambient Millimeter Wave Exposure Levels around Small Base Stations.","authors":"Jerrold T Bushberg, Matthew J Butcher","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001935","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001935","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>This study investigated the implementation and impact of fifth-generation (5G) wireless millimeter wave (mmW) technology. 5G offers significant advancements over previous generations and supports additional frequency bands, including mmW, to enhance mobile broadband with ultra-reliable, low-latency communications, supporting a high volume of diverse communications. This technology is expected to enable billions of new connections in the Internet of Things (IoT), fostering innovations in various sectors including healthcare, manufacturing, and education. This research contributes to the understanding and safe implementation of this transformative technology. Global adoption of 5G is rapidly increasing, with over 1.5 billion subscriptions as of 2024, projected to reach 58% of all wireless subscriptions by 2029. Despite its benefits, 5G mmW installations have raised concerns regarding exposure to electromagnetic fields. This study was conducted using a dual-polarized horn antenna and relatively inexpensive spectrum analyzers to measure typical ambient mmW radiofrequency field power densities near operational radio base stations (RBS) in urban and suburban environments. The measurements were taken at various times of the day and in different weather conditions to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the ambient mmW exposure. The study's results provide reassuring evidence that the ambient mmW exposure from RBSs is significantly lower than the safety limits set by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and other international standards. The exposure levels ranged from 0.0003% to 0.0082% of the public maximum permissible exposure (MPE), with the highest levels being more than 25,000 times lower than the allowed continuous public exposure. This study concludes that typical mmW exposure from 5G RBSs is minimal and substantially below established safety limits.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":"442-448"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142978062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Best Practices for Radiation Safety During an Alpha DaRT Treatment.","authors":"Yadin Cohen, Jon Feldman, Vibha Chaswal, Sarah Heard, Evelyn Shin, Giacomo Feliciani, Jean-Yves Giraud, Eleonora Kuptzov","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001928","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001928","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Alpha DaRT is a new alpha radiation treatment for treating solid tumors and is currently being evaluated through clinical trials worldwide. Being a novel radiation treatment, it is important to discuss the safety considerations and procedures that are needed to ensure safe use of this unique approach. The objective of this article is to provide a set of recommendations-radiation safety best practices that were developed based on operational and clinical experience.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":"536-541"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12036777/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142675649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk Estimation of Carcinogenic and Noncarcinogenic Diseases from Radiation for Medical X-ray Workers.","authors":"Gang Liu, Ye Li, XiaoQin Wu, YinYin Liu, Rong Zhang, LiMei Niu, Xue Zhang, Jinhan Wang, Yeqing Gu","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001946","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001946","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The objective of this paper is to construct a follow-up cohort of medical x-ray workers and analyze the risk estimates of radiation-induced carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic diseases induced by chronic low-dose ionizing radiation exposure in the follow-up cohort. A fixed cohort study was used. A total of 159 medical x-ray workers working in radiology departments of hospitals in Gansu Province from 1950 to 1980 were selected as the radiology group, and 149 medical workers in internal medicine, surgery, and other departments who had not engaged in radiology work at the same hospital were selected as the control group. A fifth follow-up survey was also conducted. Information on personal radiation exposure history, lifestyle and morbidity was collected for 310 medical x-ray workers and the control group. Malignant tumors and noncancerous diseases (cataracts, diabetes, aplastic anemia, hypertension, coronary heart disease, cerebral apoplexy, etc.) were used as endpoints to analyze the risk estimates of carcinogenic and noncancerous diseases caused by low-dose radiation. There were 14 patients with malignant tumors, 8 in the radiation group and 6 in the control group (RR=1.25); 11 cases of cataract, radiation group, 8 cases, control group, 3 cases, RR:2.50; 18 patients with diabetes mellitus, 12 in the radiation group and 6 in the control group (RR = 1.87); 25 hypertensive patients, 17 in the radiation group and 8 in the control group (RR = 1.99); 23 patients with CHD, 12 in the radiation group and 11 in the control group (RR = 1.02); and 15 cerebral apoplexy patients, 5 in the radiation group and 10 in the control group (RR=0.47).Compared with the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.01). The risk factors for CR and noncarcinogenic diseases associated with low-dose radiation were cataracts (RR: 2.50) > hypertension (RR: 1.99) > diabetes (RR: 1.87) > malignancy (RR: 1.25) > CHD (RR: 1.02) > cerebral apoplexy (RR: 1.02). 0.47. Compared with those in the control group, medical x-ray workers had an increased risk of developing malignant tumors and cataracts, which may be related to occupational exposure to chronic low-dose ionizing radiation. Therefore, radiation workers should pay attention to the optimization of protection in radiation work practice. The incidences of hypertension and diabetes are increased, and the incidences of CHD are basically the same; in particular, the incidence of cerebral apoplexy is significantly reduced, indicating that cerebral apoplexy has a certain protective effect on medical x-ray workers.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":"476-486"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142947828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"False and Misleading Claims of Scientific Misconduct in Early Research into Radiation Dose-response: Part 1. Overlooking Key Historical Text.","authors":"Jan Beyea","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001932","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001932","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>In reviewing a video series that they created for the website of the Health Physics Society (HPS), past leaders of the Health Physics Society have treated as authoritative and trustworthy the scientific misconduct theories of University of Massachusetts Professor Edward Calabrese. No mention is made of detailed critiques of Calabrese's work. I show that Calabrese's historical work as presented by HPS's authors is unreliable because it overlooks key historical text and key statistical concepts about the limits of an early atomic bomb genetics study. When these errors are corrected, claims of scientific misconduct on the part of historical figures evaporate. Claims of threshold behavior in early radiation genetic experiments are wrong for atomic bomb data. Calabrese's unique claims about thresholds in early animal genetic data are not credible for human cancer, given the doses at which they were carried out (>30 R). Recent epidemiological studies of both acute and protracted exposure in humans fail to show dose-rate effects or a dose threshold above 30 R. Such results from human data should be more relevant for most regulators and review committees than Calabrese's claims about old data on animals. Disclaimers, errata, and links to critiques should be added to the HPS webpage hosting the 22-part video series. Failure to do so can cause damage to reputations and historical accuracy because it erroneously validates Calabrese's inflammatory claims of scientific misconduct against past scientists, including three Nobel Prize winners, members of the NAS, and presidents of the AAAS.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":"507-523"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12036784/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142800575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dose Estimation for Indoor Radon, Occupational Radiation, and Electromagnetic Field Exposure in a Nuclear Medicine Department in Turkiye.","authors":"T Sahmaran, S Nur, H I Atılgan, H Peker","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001934","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001934","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>In this study, the occupational radiation dose, radon gas, and non-ionizing radiation doses originating from electromagnetic fields (EMF) to which radiation workers are exposed were monitored and evaluated for 1 y. Using electronic personnel dosimeters (EPD), average daily radiation doses based on the number of patients and annual average effective dose results of radiation workers were obtained over a period of 1 y. Also, the annual effective dose and risk values were calculated for 8 h and 24 h by taking radon gas measurements at 2-mo intervals in the nuclear medicine department. Finally, electric field measurements were made one day a week in the selected areas. All the results obtained were compared with national and international dose limits. The results obtained as a result of EPD, radon gas, and EMF measurements made in the nuclear medicine department were found to be far below the international and national legal dose limits.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":"449-456"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142800561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}