Maxime Montoya, Simone Bacles-Min, A. Molnos, J. Fournier
{"title":"Dynamic encoding, a lightweight combined countermeasure against hardware attacks","authors":"Maxime Montoya, Simone Bacles-Min, A. Molnos, J. Fournier","doi":"10.1109/DSD51259.2020.00039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DSD51259.2020.00039","url":null,"abstract":"With the Internet of Things (IoT) an increasing amount of sensitive data have to be communicated and hence encrypted. Low-cost hardware attacks such as fault analysis (FA) or side-channel analysis (SCA) threaten the implementation of cryptographic algorithms. Many countermeasures have been proposed against either of these attacks, however, only a few countermeasures protect efficiently an implementation against both attacks. These combined countermeasures usually have a prohibitive area and power overhead, and require up to thousands of bits of fresh randomness at each encryption. Therefore, they may not be suited to protect lightweight algorithms in resource-constrained devices. In this paper, we propose a new combined countermeasure, which is particularly adapted to protect lightweight algorithms based on shift registers. It achieves an efficient power balancing at algorithmic level, and provides an inherent fault detection with a better coverage than most existing combined countermeasures. Furthermore, it has a smaller power and area overhead than existing combined countermeasures, and requires at most 8 random bits at each encryption.","PeriodicalId":128527,"journal":{"name":"2020 23rd Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design (DSD)","volume":"134 3-4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114034112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. M. D. Silva, Ilaria Cerrone, Daniel Malágon, Jorge Marinho, Stephen Mundy, João Gaspar, J. Mendes
{"title":"An Active Implant to Restore Dental Proprioceptivity","authors":"J. M. D. Silva, Ilaria Cerrone, Daniel Malágon, Jorge Marinho, Stephen Mundy, João Gaspar, J. Mendes","doi":"10.1109/DSD51259.2020.00058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DSD51259.2020.00058","url":null,"abstract":"The present work aims at developing a smart dental implant meant to restore the proprioceptive control of the masticatory muscle activity, in consequence of the loss of natural teeth. When periodontal afferent information is not available, the control of the occlusal forces is impaired and the capacity of regulating the masticatory force on a certain tooth or teeth is affected. The active implant being proposed detects the force exerted on teeth and proportionally generates stimuli to send that information to the brain in order to restore the neurobiological mechanisms associated to the masticatory sensory-motor function. After the description of the physiological and biomechanical aspects related to the loss of teeth and masticatory function, details are provided on the force sensing, processing and stimuli generation circuits included in the active implant being proposed. Preliminary simulation results that illustrate the implant functionality are presented.","PeriodicalId":128527,"journal":{"name":"2020 23rd Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design (DSD)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114415010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Trading the Reliability of Approximate TMR in FPGAs with the Cost of Mitigation","authors":"Umar Afzaal, Jeong-A Lee","doi":"10.1109/DSD51259.2020.00107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DSD51259.2020.00107","url":null,"abstract":"A number of works have focused on relaxing circuit specification for building partial TMR circuits, but a framework for analysing the effect of circuit degradation on its dependability is missing in the literature. This paper aims to bridge this gap by developing a reliability model for approximate TMR circuits implemented in FPGAs and the parameter definitions for controlling design trade-offs with reliability in the approximation process. The framework is useful in the assignment of the design parameters such that the reliability constraints of the application at hand are satisfied. Reliability curves for different trade-offs show a sharp decline in reliability even at small error thresholds, requiring that for maintaining system operation in the high reliability region, a TMR approximation method must achieve the desired reduction in hardware overheads within tight error constraints. Furthermore, the effect of an unprotected voter on the overall system reliability is also quantified. To which end, it is shown that the simple unprotected voter results in significant degradation on the approximate TMR reliability and therefore using a fault-tolerant voting circuit is essential to a reliable system operation.","PeriodicalId":128527,"journal":{"name":"2020 23rd Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design (DSD)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128426778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gautier Berthou, K. Marquet, T. Risset, Guillaume Salagnac
{"title":"MPU-based incremental checkpointing for transiently-powered systems","authors":"Gautier Berthou, K. Marquet, T. Risset, Guillaume Salagnac","doi":"10.1109/DSD51259.2020.00025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DSD51259.2020.00025","url":null,"abstract":"Transiently-powered devices are a class of small devices powered by energy harvesting. Because such devices are subject to frequent power outages, many recent works propose to checkpoint data residing in volatile RAM into non-volatile RAM. In this article, we propose a new incremental checkpointing mechanism supported by a common hardware component, namely a Memory Protection Unit (MPU). This mechanism leverages the hardware interrupts of the MPU: volatile RAM is read-only on boot and is progressively unlocked as soon as protection violations occur. The MPU interrupt handler is designed to flag the corresponding volatile RAM blocks as dirty, $i.e$., modified. When a power outage is foreseen to be imminent, the software simply has to copy the dirty blocks from volatile RAM into the non-volatile RAM to ensure application progress over power outages. We validate our approach analytically and in cycle-accurate simulation, and we show that the proposed solution can be easily implemented on real hardware.","PeriodicalId":128527,"journal":{"name":"2020 23rd Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design (DSD)","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125975108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Intrusion Detection for SOME/IP: Challenges and Opportunities","authors":"Tobias Gehrmann, P. Duplys","doi":"10.1109/DSD51259.2020.00096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DSD51259.2020.00096","url":null,"abstract":"Due to ever increasing complexity and the introduction of more and more connectivity, modern cars have an ever growing attack surface. To cope with this, intrusion detection should be used as an additional layer of defense complementing dedicated security measures. There is, however, very little published work on intrusion detection in cars, in particular for service-oriented communication. In this short paper, we first discuss selected challenges and opportunities for intrusion detection in SOME/IP, a standard protocol for service-oriented communication in cars. We then propose an architecture for a SOME/IP intrusion detection system, discuss its security properties and report preliminary experimental results.","PeriodicalId":128527,"journal":{"name":"2020 23rd Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design (DSD)","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124954360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Petryk, Z. Dyka, E. Pérez, Mamathamba Kalishettyhalli Mahadevaiaha, I. Kabin, C. Wenger, P. Langendörfer
{"title":"Evaluation of the Sensitivity of RRAM Cells to Optical Fault Injection Attacks","authors":"D. Petryk, Z. Dyka, E. Pérez, Mamathamba Kalishettyhalli Mahadevaiaha, I. Kabin, C. Wenger, P. Langendörfer","doi":"10.1109/DSD51259.2020.00047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DSD51259.2020.00047","url":null,"abstract":"Resistive Random Access Memory (RRAM) is a type of Non-Volatile Memory (NVM). In this paper we investigate the sensitivity of the TiN/Ti/Al:HfO2/TiN-based 1T-1R RRAM cells implemented in a 250 nm CMOS IHP technology to the laser irradiation in detail. Experimental results show the feasibility to influence the state of the cells under laser irradiation, i.e. successful optical Fault Injection. We focus on the selection of the parameters of the laser station and their influence on the success of optical Fault Injections.","PeriodicalId":128527,"journal":{"name":"2020 23rd Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design (DSD)","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130397781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Classification-Based Unified Cache Replacement via Partitioned Victim Address History","authors":"Eishi Arima","doi":"10.1109/DSD51259.2020.00027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DSD51259.2020.00027","url":null,"abstract":"In modern microprocessors, lower level cache memories are usually implemented as unified caches where different classes of cachelines such as data, instructions, and Page Table Entries (PTEs) coexist. Particularly, frequent PTE accesses following after TLB missies can happen on modern systems, which is driven by the increasing demands of applications for larger working set size, and this trend naturally leads to significant conflicts among these different kinds of cachelines.This paper targets the emerging conflict problem and provides a systematic mechanism using a partitioned victim address history. Prior studies have shown the effectiveness of history-based cache managements to predict the reuseness and thus to improve the hit rate. This work augments the following functionalities: (1) partitioning the history into multiple areas to separately keep track of the reuseness for all the different cacheline categories; and (2) setting different allocation priorities to the different cacheline categories when cache replacement. Furthermore, this paper proposes a control system to dynamically optimize the history partitions and the cache allocation priorities at the same time by using the statistics of the history structure. The experimental result indicates that the proposed technique improves performance considerably compared with the conventional LRU-based approach and others.","PeriodicalId":128527,"journal":{"name":"2020 23rd Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design (DSD)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126466358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Philipp Weber, Philipp Weiss, Dominik Reinhardt, S. Steinhorst
{"title":"Energy-Optimized Elastic Application Distribution for Automotive Systems in Hybrid Cloud Architectures","authors":"Philipp Weber, Philipp Weiss, Dominik Reinhardt, S. Steinhorst","doi":"10.1109/DSD51259.2020.00078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DSD51259.2020.00078","url":null,"abstract":"The increase of resource-intensive applications in modern vehicles used for streaming, gaming or autonomous driving results in rising energy-consumption of its advanced computing and connectivity hardware. Especially in electric vehicles, this leads to much higher hardware costs and a decreased vehicle range. Modern premium cars use distributed heterogeneous hardware and mostly communicate via APIs to large cloud backends. Current approaches to reduce on-board energy consumption offload applications partly and make use of limited network connectivity assumptions to their backends. In this paper, we propose a hybrid electric and electronic architecture that manages vehicle hardware by using cloud computing frameworks. Our hybrid cloud architecture is a connection of the local vehicle cloud and a large data centre community cloud. We propose an online optimization algorithm that shifts applications from on-board ECUs to data centre servers and vice-versa. The optimization algorithm minimizes the local energy-consumption while satisfying predicatively dynamic constraints like data rate limitations, application policies and resource limitations. Our approach outperforms the non-predictive approach in average by 16%, in the best case by 21% and in the worst case both behave equally well.","PeriodicalId":128527,"journal":{"name":"2020 23rd Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design (DSD)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117267152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pipelined ALU for effective external memory access in FPGA","authors":"Tomás Benes, Michal Kekely, Karel Hynek, T. Čejka","doi":"10.1109/DSD51259.2020.00026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DSD51259.2020.00026","url":null,"abstract":"The external memories in digital design are closely related to high response time. The most common approach to mitigate latency is adding a caching mechanism into the memory subsystem. This solution might be sufficient in CPU architecture, where we can reschedule operations when a cache miss occurs. However, the FPGA architectures are usually accelerators with simple functionality, where it is not possible to postpone work. The cache miss often leads to whole pipeline stall or even to data loss. The architecture we present in this paper reduces this problem by aggregating arithmetic operations into the memory subsystem itself. Fast data processing is achieved because arithmetic operations working with external data are offloaded. Our architecture reaches a speed of 200 Mp/s (operations carried out). It is designed to be used in systems with link speeds of 100 Gb/s. It outperforms other implementations by a factor of at least 3. The additional benefit of our architecture is reducing the number of memory transactions by a factor of two on real-world datasets.","PeriodicalId":128527,"journal":{"name":"2020 23rd Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design (DSD)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117099818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Raphael Ponsard, N. Janvier, D. Houzet, V. Fristot, W. Mansour
{"title":"Online GPUAnalysis using Adaptive DMA Controlled by Softcore for 2D Detectors","authors":"Raphael Ponsard, N. Janvier, D. Houzet, V. Fristot, W. Mansour","doi":"10.1109/DSD51259.2020.00075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DSD51259.2020.00075","url":null,"abstract":"New generation X-ray detectors enables cutting-edge experiments that can produce very high throughput data streams that are challenging to manage and store. This paper presents an evaluation of a configurable data placement mechanism from an FPGA device collecting detector raw data to a burst-cache memory and concurrently to a GPU accelerator, bypassing hardware and software extraneous copies and bottlenecks via PCI-Express. It includes a DMA controller dynamically configured in real-time by a Microblaze soft-processor. A low-latency synchronization mechanism using GPUDirect technology is presented as well. Multi-GB, DMA-able memory buffer allocation, leveraging Linux contiguous memory allocator is investigated. As illustrative workloads, real-time raw-data correction as foreseen in Serial Synchrotron X-ray experiments were processed. Obtained results showed that if one could reach a data throughput of 12.7GB/s to CPU memory when using PCIe gen3 x16, a 12-cores OpenMP CPU application processes the raw data only up to 2.7GB/s and is outperformed by a GPU accelerator (NVIDIA RTX 6000).","PeriodicalId":128527,"journal":{"name":"2020 23rd Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design (DSD)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131640125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}