Gut Pathogens最新文献

{"title":"Toxoplasma Gondii in humans, animals and in the environment in Morocco: a literature review.","authors":"Ilham Atif, Oulaid Touloun, Samia Boussaa","doi":"10.1186/s13099-024-00645-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13099-024-00645-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Toxoplasmosis, caused by Toxoplasma gondii, has the unsettling ability to infect nearly every warm-blooded vertebrate. When transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy, it can lead to congenital toxoplasmosis in newborns, which may have severe and even fatal outcomes. Moreover, this parasite is a significant cause of reproductive issues in cattle. The aim of this literature review was to compile and synthesize information on the epidemiology and clinical features of naturally occurring Toxoplasma gondii infections in both humans and animals, as well as to assess the occurrence of oocysts in the environmental matrices in Morocco. To achieve these objectives, data were sourced from four electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. A total of 32 articles published between January 1, 2000, and January 31, 2024, met the inclusion criteria. The findings indicated that the seroprevalence of T. gondii among pregnant women varied by city and appeared to be lower in drier climates. The study identified several risk factors associated with T. gondii infection among women in Morocco, including direct contact with soil, failure to wash fruits and vegetables before eating, limited education, and reliance on well water for drinking. Moreover, there is a limited amount of serological data on T. gondii in animals. In Morocco, the prevalence of this parasite can reach up to 30% in sheep, while it stands at 8.5% in cattle and goats. Leafy greens are particularly prone to hosting pathogens and are associated with foodborne outbreaks. In Morocco, the prevalence of T. gondii in leafy vegetables is around 16%, although soil analyses have not found any oocysts. This review offers a thorough epidemiological overview of T. gondii infections in Morocco, serving as a valuable resource for researchers and aiding in the development of control and prevention programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":12833,"journal":{"name":"Gut Pathogens","volume":"16 1","pages":"53"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11440760/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142345121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quorum regulated latent environmental cells of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae and their role in cholera outbreaks.","authors":"Shah Nayeem Faruque, Shinji Yamasaki, Shah M Faruque","doi":"10.1186/s13099-024-00647-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13099-024-00647-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diverse bacterial group behaviors are controlled by quorum sensing, a regulatory network of bacterial gene expression based on cell density, and involving communication through chemical signal molecules called autoinducers. Multidisciplinary research in toxigenic Vibrio cholerae the etiologic agent of cholera, appear to suggest group behavior in the ecology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and transmission of the pathogen. This review summarizes latest advances and known aspects of quorum regulated environmental survival form of V. cholerae, and their role in cholera outbreaks, as well as the significance of this knowledge in tracking the pathogen for prevention of cholera.</p><p><strong>Main body: </strong>Pathogenic V. cholerae naturally exists in aquatic reservoirs, and infects humans, often leading to epidemic outbreaks of cholera. Effective detection and monitoring of the pathogen in surface waters have been a research focus in preventing cholera outbreaks. However, in the aquatic reservoirs, V. cholerae persists mostly in a quiescent state referred to as viable but non-culturable (VBNC), or conditionally viable environmental cells (CVEC), which fail to grow in routine bacteriological culture. The presence of CVEC can, however, be observed by fluorescent antibody based microscopy, and they appear as clumps of cells embedded in an exopolysaccharide matrix. Current studies suggest that CVEC found in water are derived from in-vivo formed biofilms excreted by cholera patients. The transition to CVEC occurs when dilution of autoinducers in water blocks quorum-mediated regulatory responses that would normally disperse the cellular aggregates. Consequently, CVEC are resuscitated to actively growing cells if autoinducers are replenished, either in the laboratory, or naturally by other environmental bacteria or the intestinal microbiota when CVEC are ingested by humans or aquatic animals.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Quorum sensing plays a crucial role in the environmental persistence of toxigenic V. cholerae in a latent state, and their periodic emergence to cause cholera outbreaks. Furthermore, the autoinducer driven resuscitation of these cells may be a basis for improving the detection of V. cholerae in water samples, and monitoring V. cholerae in their aquatic reservoirs in cholera endemic areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":12833,"journal":{"name":"Gut Pathogens","volume":"16 1","pages":"52"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11441007/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142345120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Establishment of persistent enteric mycobacterial infection following streptomycin pre-treatment.","authors":"Shannon C Duffy, Andréanne Lupien, Youssef Elhaji, Mina Farag, Victoria Marcus, Marcel A Behr","doi":"10.1186/s13099-024-00649-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13099-024-00649-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12833,"journal":{"name":"Gut Pathogens","volume":"16 1","pages":"54"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11441166/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142345117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elucidating antibiofilm as well as photocatalytic disinfection potential of green synthesized nanosilver against multi-drug-resistant bacteria and its photodegradation ability of cationic dyes.","authors":"Bibin Mohan, Padikkamannil Abishad, Pokkittath Radhakrishnan Arya, Marita Dias, Valil Kunjukunju Vinod, Asha Karthikeyan, Sanis Juliet, Nitin Vasantrao Kurkure, Sukhadeo Baliram Barbuddhe, Deepak Bhiwa Rawool, Jess Vergis","doi":"10.1186/s13099-024-00639-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13099-024-00639-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bioinspired nanomaterials have widely been employed as suitable alternatives for controlling biofilm and pathogens due to their distinctive physico-chemical properties.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>This study explored the antibiofilm as well as photocatalytic potential of silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized using the cell-free supernatant of Lactobacillus acidophilus for the disinfection of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) strains of enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), Salmonella Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on exposure to LED light. In addition, the removal of toxic cationic dyes i.e., methylene blue (MB), rhodamine B (RhB) and crystal violet (CV) was explored on exposure to sunlight, LED and UV lights.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Initially, the synthesis of AgNPs was verified using UV- Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited MIC and MBC values of 7.80 and 15.625 µg/mL, respectively. The AgNPs exhibited significant inhibition (P < 0.001) in the biofilm-forming ability of all the tested MDR isolates. On exposure to LED light, the AgNPs could effectively eliminate all the tested MDR isolates in a dose-dependent manner. While performing photocatalytic assays, the degradation of RhB was observed to be quite slower than MB and CV irrespective of the tested light sources. Moreover, the sunlight as well as UV light exhibited better photodegradation capacity than LED light. Notwithstanding the light sources, RhB followed zero-order kinetics; however, MB and CV followed primarily second-order kinetics.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The green synthesized AgNPs were found to be an effective photocatalytic as well as antifouling candidate that could be applied in therapeutics and wastewater treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":12833,"journal":{"name":"Gut Pathogens","volume":"16 1","pages":"51"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11438043/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142345118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elucidating the genotoxicity of Fusobacterium nucleatum-secreted mutagens in colorectal cancer carcinogenesis.","authors":"Wenye Xu, Yuchen Zhang, Dongjiao Chen, Dan Huang, Yang Zhao, Wei Hu, Ling Lin, Yingzhi Liu, Shilan Wang, Judeng Zeng, Chuan Xie, Hung Chan, Qing Li, Huarong Chen, Xiaodong Liu, Sunny H Wong, Jun Yu, Francis K L Chan, Matthew T V Chan, Siew C Ng, William K K Wu, Lin Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s13099-024-00640-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13099-024-00640-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) is one of the key tumorigenic bacteria in colorectal cancer (CRC), yet how F. nucleatum is involved in colorectal cancer carcinogenesis remains unknown.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the present study, we carried out PathSeq analysis on RNA sequencing data from the 430 primary colon adenocarcinomas in TCGA database to assess the relationship between patients' survival and F. nucleatum abundance. Among patients with cecum and ascending colon tumors, we found that F. nucleatum transcriptome abundance is positively correlated with mutation load. We further demonstrated that patients with both high tumoral abundance of F. nucleatum and high mutation load exhibited poorer survival and DNA damage. We furthermore determined that F. nucleatum-conditioned medium (Fn. CM) induces DNA damage in both in vitro and in vivo studies. In addition, two F. nucleatum-secreted mutagens, namely DL-homocystine and allantoic acid, were identified to lead to DNA damage.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our finding delineates the genotoxicity of F.nucleatum-secreted mutagens, which provides a basis for further work to investigate the role of F. nucleatum in the pathogenicity of CRC.</p>","PeriodicalId":12833,"journal":{"name":"Gut Pathogens","volume":"16 1","pages":"50"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11438217/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142345119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial Expression of Concern: Emerging role of bacterial outer membrane vesicle in gastrointestinal tract.","authors":"Cheng-Mei Tian, Mei-Feng Yang, Hao-Ming Xu, Min-Zheng Zhu, Yuan Zhang, Jun Yao, Li-Sheng Wang, Yu-Jie Liang, De-Feng Li","doi":"10.1186/s13099-024-00646-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13099-024-00646-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12833,"journal":{"name":"Gut Pathogens","volume":"16 1","pages":"49"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11421101/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142307539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of intestinal parasites and Helicobacter pylori coinfection, and contributing factors among patients with gastrointestinal manifestations at Addis Zemen primary hospital, Northwest Ethiopia","authors":"Andargachew Almaw, Ayenew Berhan, Addisu Ayele, Alemie Fentie, Aynework Abebaw, Birhanemaskal Malkamu, Birhanu Getie, Mulat Erkihun, Yenealem Solomon, Tahir Eyayu, Teklehaimanot Kiros","doi":"10.1186/s13099-024-00642-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13099-024-00642-8","url":null,"abstract":"The urease-producing Helicobacter pylori increase the likelihood that pathogenic intestinal protozoa will use the stomach’s increased hydrogen potential to propagate the disease. Coinfections exacerbate the onset and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasites/Helicobacter pylori coinfection and contributing factors in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms at Addis Zemen Primary Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. From April to July 2023, patients with gastrointestinal problems participated in a cross-sectional study carried out in a hospital. To collect the clinical and sociodemographic data, a questionnaire was employed. Intestinal parasites and Helicobacter pylori were detected using the saline stool wet mount and Helicobacter pylori stool antigen tests, respectively. SPSS version 20 was used to analyze the data and variables with p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The study included 384 participants in total, of which 47.3% (182/384) were farmers and 50.3% (193/384) were women. Of the study subjects, 69/384 or approximately 18%, had intestinal parasitic infections. In 12% of cases (46/384), Helicobacter pylori were detected. A coinfection of Helicobacter pylori and intestinal parasites was found in 5.5% (21/384) of the subjects. Multiple logistic regression revealed increased risk of coinfection of Helicobacter pylori and intestinal parasites in patients who drink surface water (AOR: 10.7, p = 0.03) family history of Helicobacter pylori (AOR: 3.3, p = 0.024) and those with untrimmed fingers (AOR: 4.9, p = 0.031). Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/ moshkovskii/ bangladeshi complex are the most common protozoans that cause coinfection with Helicobacter pylori. Drinking surface water, family history of Helicobacter pylori and untrimmed fingers are the contributing factors to intestinal parasites/Helicobacter pylori coinfection.","PeriodicalId":12833,"journal":{"name":"Gut Pathogens","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142247626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structured multicellular intestinal spheroids (SMIS) as a standardized model for infection biology","authors":"Angelina Kraski, Paweł Migdał, Robert Klopfleisch, Clara Räckel, Jutta Sharbati, Markus M. Heimesaat, Thomas Alter, Carlos Hanisch, Greta Gölz, Ralf Einspanier, Soroush Sharbati","doi":"10.1186/s13099-024-00644-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13099-024-00644-6","url":null,"abstract":"3D cell culture models have recently garnered increasing attention for replicating organ microarchitecture and eliciting in vivo-like responses, holding significant promise across various biological disciplines. Broadly, 3D cell culture encompasses organoids as well as single- and multicellular spheroids. While the latter have found successful applications in tumor research, there is a notable scarcity of standardized intestinal models for infection biology that mimic the microarchitecture of the intestine. Hence, this study aimed to develop structured multicellular intestinal spheroids (SMIS) specifically tailored for studying molecular basis of infection by intestinal pathogens. We have successfully engineered human SMIS comprising four relevant cell types, featuring a fibroblast core enveloped by an outer monolayer of enterocytes and goblet cells along with monocytic cells. These SMIS effectively emulate the in vivo architecture of the intestinal mucosal surface and manifest differentiated morphological characteristics, including the presence of microvilli, within a mere two days of culture. Through analysis of various differentiation factors, we have illustrated that these spheroids attain heightened levels of differentiation compared to 2D monolayers. Moreover, SMIS serve as an optimized intestinal infection model, surpassing the capabilities of traditional 2D cultures, and exhibit a regulatory pattern of immunological markers similar to in vivo infections after Campylobacter jejuni infection. Notably, our protocol extends beyond human spheroids, demonstrating adaptability to other species such as mice and pigs. Based on the rapid attainment of enhanced differentiation states, coupled with the emergence of functional brush border features, increased cellular complexity, and replication of the intestinal mucosal microarchitecture, which allows for exposure studies via the medium, we are confident that our innovative SMIS model surpasses conventional cell culture methods as a superior model. Moreover, it offers advantages over stem cell-derived organoids due to scalability and standardization capabilities of the protocol. By showcasing differentiated morphological attributes, our model provides an optimal platform for diverse applications. Furthermore, the investigated differences of several immunological factors compared to monotypic monolayers after Campylobacter jejuni infection underline the refinement of our spheroid model, which closely mimics important features of in vivo infections.","PeriodicalId":12833,"journal":{"name":"Gut Pathogens","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142247632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strain-specific effects of probiotics on depression and anxiety: a meta-analysis.","authors":"Maryam Rahmannia, Mohadeseh Poudineh, Roya Mirzaei, Mohammad Amin Aalipour, Amir Hashem Shahidi Bonjar, Mehdi Goudarzi, Ali Kheradmand, Hamid Reza Aslani, Majid Sadeghian, Mohammad Javad Nasiri, Leonardo Antonio Sechi","doi":"10.1186/s13099-024-00634-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13099-024-00634-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Depression and anxiety are pervasive mental health disorders with substantial global burdens. Probiotics, live microorganisms known for their health benefits, have emerged as a potential therapeutic intervention for these conditions. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to evaluate the strain-specific effects of probiotics on relieving depressive and anxiety symptoms while elucidating underlying mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL and PubMed/Medline were systematically queried to identify studies released until May 15, 2024. Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) that employed standardized assessment tools for depression and anxiety namely Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS), or Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) were included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>12 RCTs involving 707 participants were included. Seven RCTs utilizing the BDI questionnaire demonstrated a significant decrease in depressive symptoms favoring probiotics containing strains such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus salivarius, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium breve, and Bifidobacterium longum (MD: -2.69, CI95%: -4.22/-1.16, p value: 0.00). Conversely, RCTs using HAMD showed a non-significant reduction in depressive symptoms (MD: -1.40, CI95%: -3.29/0.48, p value: 0.14). RCTs employing DASS and MADRS scales also showed no significant differences.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This meta-analysis offers valuable insights into the strain-specific effects of probiotics containing Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species on depressive and anxiety symptoms. While our findings suggest a significant reduction in depressive symptoms based on the BDI scale favoring probiotics, the lack of significant effects observed on the HAMD, DASS, and MADRS scales underscores the complexity inherent in these conditions. It is imperative to acknowledge the mixed results across different measurement scales, indicating the need for cautious interpretation. Therefore, we advocate for a nuanced understanding of probiotics' impacts on various dimensions of mood, emphasizing the necessity for further research.</p>","PeriodicalId":12833,"journal":{"name":"Gut Pathogens","volume":"16 1","pages":"46"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11382490/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142153707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk factors and clinical outcomes associated with multiple as opposed to single pathogens detected on the gastrointestinal disease polymerase chain reaction assay.","authors":"Insa Mannstadt, Alexa M Choy, Jianhua Li, Daniel A Green, Daniel E Freedberg","doi":"10.1186/s13099-024-00638-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13099-024-00638-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The use of gastrointestinal disease multiplex polymerase chain reaction (GI PCR) testing has become common for suspected gastrointestinal infection. Patients often test positive for multiple pathogens simultaneously through GI PCR, although the clinical significance of this is uncertain.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study investigated risk factors and clinical outcomes associated with detection of multiple (as opposed to single) pathogens on GI PCR. We included adult patients who underwent GI PCR testing from 2020 to 2023 and had one or more pathogens detected. We compared patients with multiple versus those with single pathogens and hypothesized that immunosuppression would be a risk factor for detection of multiple pathogens. We further hypothesized that, during the 90 days after GI PCR testing, patients with multiple pathogens would have worse clinical outcomes such as increased rates of emergency department (ED) visits, death, hospitalization, or ambulatory care visits.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>GI PCR was positive in 1341 (29%) of tested patients; 356 patients had multiple pathogens and 985 had one pathogen. The most common pathogens included Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC, 27%), norovirus (17%), and Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC, 14%) in both multi- and singly positive patients. Immunosuppression was not associated with multiple pathogens (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.35, 95% CI 0.96, 1.86). The factors most associated with multiple pathogens were Hispanic ethnicity (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.42, 2.45) and chronic kidney disease (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.13, 2.49). Patients with multiple pathogens were more likely to have ED visits during the 90 days after GI PCR testing (40% vs. 32%, p < 0.01), but they were not more likely to die, be hospitalized, or to have ambulatory medical visits.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Immunosuppression was not associated with detection of multiple as opposed to single pathogens on GI PCR testing. There were worse clinical outcomes associated with detection of multiple pathogens, although these effects were modest.</p>","PeriodicalId":12833,"journal":{"name":"Gut Pathogens","volume":"16 1","pages":"45"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11365154/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142106731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}