Gut Pathogens最新文献

{"title":"Establishment of persistent enteric mycobacterial infection following streptomycin pre-treatment.","authors":"Shannon C Duffy, Andréanne Lupien, Youssef Elhaji, Mina Farag, Victoria Marcus, Marcel A Behr","doi":"10.1186/s13099-023-00573-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13099-023-00573-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis, a chronic gastrointestinal disease affecting ruminants. This disease remains widespread in part due to the limitations of available diagnostics and vaccines. A representative small animal model of disease could act as a valuable tool for studying its pathogenesis and to develop new methods for paratuberculosis control, but current models are lacking. Streptomycin pre-treatment can reduce colonization resistance and has previously been shown to improve enteric infection in a Salmonella model. Here, we investigated whether streptomycin pre-treatment of mice followed by MAP gavage could act as a model of paratuberculosis which mimics the natural route of infection and disease development in ruminants. The infection outcomes of MAP were compared to M. avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH), an environmental mycobacterium, and M. bovis and M. orygis, two tuberculous mycobacteria. Streptomycin pre-treatment was shown to consistently improve bacterial infection post-oral inoculation. This model led to chronic MAP infection of the intestines and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) up to 24-weeks post-gavage, however there was no evidence of inflammation or disease. These infection outcomes were found to be specific to MAP. When the model was applied to a bacterium of lesser virulence MAH, the infection was comparatively transient. Mice infected with bacteria of greater virulence, M. bovis or M. orygis, developed chronic intestinal and MLN infection with pulmonary disease similar to zoonotic TB. Our findings suggest that a streptomycin pre-treatment mouse model could be applied to future studies to improve enteric infection with MAP and to investigate other modifications underlying MAP enteritis.</p>","PeriodicalId":12833,"journal":{"name":"Gut Pathogens","volume":"15 1","pages":"46"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10546655/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41095474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multi-omics study to investigate the progression of the Correa pathway in gastric mucosa in the context of cirrhosis.","authors":"Ruiguang Ma, Qian Li, Guoxian Yu, Jun Wang, Yueyue Li, Xinyan Xu, Yiqing Zhu, Min Dong, Yanjing Gao, Lixiang Li, Zhen Li","doi":"10.1186/s13099-023-00571-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13099-023-00571-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) are prone to gastric mucosa damage. We investigated the alterations of gastric mucosa in LC patients and their possible mechanisms through multi-omics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We observed significant gastric mucosa microbial dysbiosis in LC subjects. Gastric mucosal microbiomes of LC patients contained a higher relative abundance of Streptococcus, Neisseria, Prevotella, Veillonella, and Porphyromonas, as well as a decreased abundance in Helicobacter and Achromobacter, than control subjects. The LC patients had higher levels of bile acids (BAs) and long-chain acylcarnitines (long-chain ACs) in serum. The gastric mucosal microbiomes were associated with serum levels of BAs and long-chain ACs. Transcriptome analyses of gastric mucosa revealed an upregulation of endothelial cell specific molecule 1, serpin family E member 1, mucin 2, caudal type homeobox 2, retinol binding protein 2, and defensin alpha 5 in LC group. Besides, the bile secretion signaling pathway was significantly upregulated in the LC group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The alterations in the gastric mucosal microbiome and transcriptome of LC patients were identified. The impaired energy metabolism in gastric mucosal cells and bile acids might aggravate the inflammation of gastric mucosa and even exacerbate the Correa's cascade process. The gastric mucosal cells might reduce bile acid toxicity by bile acid efflux and detoxification.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>ChiCTR2100051070.</p>","PeriodicalId":12833,"journal":{"name":"Gut Pathogens","volume":"15 1","pages":"45"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10521386/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41120529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Whole-genome characterization of common rotavirus strains circulating in Vellore, India from 2002 to 2017: emergence of non-classical genomic constellations.","authors":"Shainey Alokit Khakha, Tintu Varghese, Sidhartha Giri, Alan Durbin, Gene S Tan, Maheswari Kalaivanan, Jasmin Helan Prasad, Gagandeep Kang","doi":"10.1186/s13099-023-00569-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13099-023-00569-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rotaviruses (RVs) are the most common etiological agent of acute gastroenteritis among young children, even after vaccine introduction in low-income countries. A whole-genome classification representing the 11 RV genes, was introduced for surveillance and characterization of RVs. This study characterized the common circulating strains in Vellore, India from 2002 to 2017 to understand rotavirus strain diversity and evolution using Whole genome sequencing (WGS) carried out on Illumina MiSeq. The 89% (92% of Wa-like, 86% of DS-1-like) of strains had classical constellations, while reassortant constellations were seen in 11% (8% of Wa-like, 14% of DS-1-like) of the strains. The rare E6-NSP4 in combination with DS-1 like G1P[8] and the emergence of the OP-354 subtype of P[8] were identified. Phylogenetics of RV strains revealed multiple subtypes circulating in the past 15 years, with strong evidence of animal to human gene transmission among several strains.</p>","PeriodicalId":12833,"journal":{"name":"Gut Pathogens","volume":"15 1","pages":"44"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10510252/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41098221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative genomic analysis of Fusobacterium nucleatum reveals high intra-species diversity and cgmlst marker construction.","authors":"Qianhui Zhu, Arslan Dovletgeldiyev, Chen Shen, Kexin Li, Songnian Hu, Zilong He","doi":"10.1186/s13099-023-00570-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13099-023-00570-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Fusobacterium nucleatum is a one of the most important anaerobic opportunistic pathogens in the oral and intestinal tracts of human and animals. It can cause various diseases such as infections, Lemierre's syndrome, oral cancer and colorectal cancer. The comparative genomic studies on the population genome level, have not been reported.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We analyzed all publicly available Fusobacterium nucleatums' genomic data for a comparative genomic study, focusing on the pan-genomic features, virulence genes, plasmid genomes and developed cgmlst molecular markers. We found the pan-genome shows a clear open tendency and most of plasmids in Fusobacterium nucleatum are mainly transmitted intraspecifically.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our comparative analysis of Fusobacterium nucleatum systematically revealed the open pan-genomic features and phylogenetic tree based on cgmlst molecular markers. What's more, we also identified common plasmid typing among genomes. We hope that our study will provide a theoretical basis for subsequent functional studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12833,"journal":{"name":"Gut Pathogens","volume":"15 1","pages":"43"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10503116/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10267593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The changing relationship between Cholera and interannual climate variables in Kolkata over the past century.","authors":"Debbie Shackleton, Fayyaz Ali Memon, Albert Chen, Shanta Dutta, Suman Kanungo, Alok Deb","doi":"10.1186/s13099-023-00565-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13099-023-00565-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In the Bengal Delta, research has shown that climate and cholera are linked. One demonstration of this is the relationship between interannual ocean-atmospheric oscillations such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). What remains unclear in the present literature is the nature of this relationship in the specific context of Kolkata, and how this relationship may have changed over time.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, we analyse the changing relationship between ENSO and IOD with cholera in Kolkata over recent (1999-2019) and historical (1897-1941) time intervals. Wavelet coherence analysis revealed significant non-stationary association at 2-4 year and 4-8 year periods between cholera and both interannual timeseries during both time intervals. However, coherence was notably weakened in the recent interval, particularly with regards to ENSO, a result supported by a complementary SARIMA analysis. Similar coherence patterns with temperature indicate it could be an important mediating factor in the relationship between cholera and oscillating climate phenomena in Kolkata.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study reveals a shifting relationship between cholera and climate variables (ENSO and IOD) in Kolkata, suggesting a decoupling between environmental influences and cholera transmission in recent years. Our results therefore do not suggest that an intensification of ENSO is likely to significantly influence cholera in the region. We also find that the relationship between cholera and interannual climate variables is distinct to Kolkata, highlighting the spatial heterogeneity of the climate-cholera relationship even within the Bengal Delta.</p>","PeriodicalId":12833,"journal":{"name":"Gut Pathogens","volume":"15 1","pages":"42"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10498578/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10259069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Production of highly immunogenic and safe Triton X-100 produced bacterial ghost vaccine against Shigella flexneri 2b serotype.","authors":"Amany Abdelfattah, Reham Samir, Heba M Amin","doi":"10.1186/s13099-023-00568-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13099-023-00568-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bacterial ghost cells (BGCs) are cells were drained of their genetic and cytoplasmic components. This work aimed to develop vaccine candidates against the Shigella flexneri (S. flexneri) 2b serotype using the BGCs approach. For the first time, (S. flexneri) 2b serotype BGCs vaccine was prepared by incubation with Triton X-100 (TX100) for only 12 h. Its safety and immunogenicity were compared to another vaccine produced using a previously used surfactant, namely Tween 80 (TW80). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cellular DNA, protein contents measurements, and ghost cell re-cultivation were used to confirm the successful generation of the BGCs. Immunogenicity was assessed through mice's intraperitoneal (IP) immunization followed by infection with S. flexneri ATCC 12022. Finally, histopathological examination was carried out.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Viable colony forming units (CFUs) of S. flexneri were counted from stool samples as well as homogenized colon tissues of the non-immunized challenged group. Immunized mice sera showed a significant increase in serum bactericidal activity of both preparations (TX100 = 40% and TW80 = 56%) compared to the non-immunized challenged group (positive control). The IgG levels of the bacterial ghost-vaccinated groups were four and three times greater for the TX100 and TW80 ghost vaccines, respectively, compared to that of the positive control; both bacterial ghost vaccines (BGVs) were safe and effective, according to the results of the safety check tests and histopathological analysis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>When comparing the BGVs prepared using TX100 and TW80 methods, the use of TX100 as a new chemical treating agent for BGC production attained robust results in terms of shorter incubation time with the targeted cells and a strong immune response against S. flexneri 2b serotype ATCC 12022 in the IP challenge test. However, a clinical study is needed to confirm the efficacy and total safety of this novel vaccine.</p>","PeriodicalId":12833,"journal":{"name":"Gut Pathogens","volume":"15 1","pages":"41"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10483756/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10184952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dysbiosis of gut microbiota during fecal stream diversion in patients with colorectal cancer.","authors":"Soo Young Lee, Hyeung-Min Park, Chang Hyun Kim, Hyeong Rok Kim","doi":"10.1186/s13099-023-00566-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13099-023-00566-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The effect of fecal stream diversion on the gut microbiota is still uncertain. The present study was designed to assess the effect of fecal stream diversion on the composition of the gut microbiota in patients with colorectal cancer. We included patients undergoing left-sided colorectal cancer surgery with (ileostomy group) or without (control group) diverting ileostomy. Fecal samples were collected from 10 patients in each group before surgery (t₁) and after ileostomy repair in the ileostomy group and 6-12 months after the initial surgery in the control group (t₂). The fecal microbiota was assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing, and changes in the composition of the fecal microbiota were compared between the two groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Alpha diversity analysis revealed that the complexity of fecal microbiota decreased between t₁ and t₂ only in the ileostomy group. Beta diversity analysis also showed dissimilarity between t₁ and t₂ only in the ileostomy group. The composition of the microbiota was similar between the two groups at t₁. However, at t₂, the ileostomy group had lower proportion of beneficial bacteria (Lachnospiraceae, 3.8% vs. 29.9%, p < 0.001; Ruminococcaceae, 0.6% vs. 18.4%, p < 0.001; Blautia, 0.1% vs. 9.1%, p < 0.001; Faecalibacterium, 0.2% vs. 7.5%, p < 0.001) and a higher proportion of harmful bacteria (Proteobacteria, 17.9% vs. 5.1%, p = 0.006; Clostridium, 16.2% vs. 1.1%, p = 0.013; Streptococcus, 17.7% vs. 1.6%, p = 0.002) than the control group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Fecal stream diversion was closely associated with less diversity and dysbiosis of the gut microbiota.</p>","PeriodicalId":12833,"journal":{"name":"Gut Pathogens","volume":"15 1","pages":"40"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10439566/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10047556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metagenomics revealed a correlation of gut phageome with autism spectrum disorder.","authors":"Khashayar Shahin, Abbas Soleimani-Delfan, Zihan He, Philippe Sansonetti, Jean-Marc Collard","doi":"10.1186/s13099-023-00561-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13099-023-00561-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The human gut bacteriome is believed to have pivotal influences on human health and disease while the particular roles associated with the gut phageome have not been fully characterized yet with few exceptions. It is argued that gut microbiota can have a potential role in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The public microbiota database of ASD and typically developing (TD) Chinese individuals were analyzed for phage protein-coding units (pPCU) to find any link between the phageome and ASD. The gut phageome of ASD individuals showed a wider diversity and higher abundance compared to TD individuals. The ASD phageome was associated with a significant expansion of Caudoviricetes bacteriophages. Phages infecting Bacteroidaceae and prophages encoded within Faecalibacterium were more frequent in ASD than in TD individuals. The expansion and diversification of ASD phageome can influence the bacterial homeostasis by imposing pressure on the bacterial communities. In conclusion, the differences of phages community in in ASD and TD can be used as potential diagnosis biomarkers of ASD. Further investigations are needed to verify the role of gut phage communities in the pathogenesis of ASD.</p>","PeriodicalId":12833,"journal":{"name":"Gut Pathogens","volume":"15 1","pages":"39"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10403902/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9948644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A day-to-day management model improves patient compliance to treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection: a prospective, randomized controlled study.","authors":"Zhen Yang,&nbsp;Wenjie Xiong,&nbsp;Ruoyun Yang,&nbsp;Haisheng Qian,&nbsp;Zhi He,&nbsp;Meihong Chen,&nbsp;Jiajia Yang,&nbsp;Huaiming Sang,&nbsp;Jin Yan,&nbsp;Xiaobing Xu,&nbsp;Yun Wang,&nbsp;Guoxin Zhang,&nbsp;Feng Ye","doi":"10.1186/s13099-023-00556-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13099-023-00556-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The day-to-day (DTD) management model encourages patients to actively participate in their healthcare by setting goals. We determined the effectiveness of the DTD model in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, as compared with conventional outpatient education (OE).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We randomized 254 H. pylori-positive patients into a DTD group (127 patients) and an OE group (127 patients) prior to primary treatment with 14-day bismuth-containing quadruple therapy, including esomeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin. Both groups received consistent medication instructions. Patients in the DTD group recorded daily attendance after completing their daily medication plan from day 1 to day 14. The medication compliance, follow-up compliance, H. pylori eradication rates, and adverse events (AEs) were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the modified intention-to-treat (MITT) and per-protocol (PP) analyses, the DTD group showed significantly higher medication compliance than the OE group (P = 0.001 and P = 0.031, respectively). Both the MITT and PP analyses showed significant differences in follow-up compliance (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively) and timing of the review urea breath test (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively) between the two groups. However, no significant differences were observed in the H. pylori eradication rates (95.8% vs. 93.8%, P = 0.529) in the PP analysis, or AEs incidence (25.4% vs. 28.3%, P = 0.603) between the two groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study demonstrated the novel application of the DTD model in the treatment of H. pylori infection, which enabled patients to develop habitual medication-taking behaviors without physician intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":12833,"journal":{"name":"Gut Pathogens","volume":"15 1","pages":"38"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10388557/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10276622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk factors for gut colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci among Bulgarian critically ill patients.","authors":"Preslava M Hristova,&nbsp;Teodora V Marinova-Bulgaranova,&nbsp;Tanya V Strateva,&nbsp;Stefan V Trifonov,&nbsp;Hristina Y Hitkova","doi":"10.1186/s13099-023-00564-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13099-023-00564-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRЕ) are recognized as important hospital pathogens which have become common in patients admitted to the intensive care units (ICUs). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of and the risk factors for colonization with VRE among ICU patients. A total of 91 patients who had duration of hospitalization more than 48 h and without infection caused by VRE or/and other microorganisms in the ICU at University Hospital, Pleven were screened for colonization with VRE. The following data were collected: demographic characteristics, clinical information and antimicrobials use. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 27.0. Colonization with VRE was established in 22 patients and one was carrying two enterococcal species. A total of 23 VRE were isolated. The univariate analysis showed that the postoperative critical cares (p < 0.001), cardiovascular diseases (p = 0.009) and the presence of an endotracheal tube (p = 0.003) were risk factors for colonization with VRE. Also, the postoperative critical cares (p = 0.021) and cardiovascular diseases (p = 0.018) were confirmed as independent risk factor for VRE acquisition by multivariate analysis. The prevalence of VRE colonization among the ICU patients was relatively high (24.2%). Risk factors for acquisition of intestinal VRE were the postoperative cares, cardiovascular diseases and the presence of an endotracheal tube.</p>","PeriodicalId":12833,"journal":{"name":"Gut Pathogens","volume":"15 1","pages":"37"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10369701/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9940984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}