Grass and Forage Science最新文献

{"title":"Seasonal and species variation in raffinose, short-chain fructan, and long-chain fructan accumulation in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) grown in Central Kentucky","authors":"Isabelle A. Kagan,&nbsp;Brittany E. Davis,&nbsp;Rachel R. Schendel","doi":"10.1111/gfs.12633","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gfs.12633","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fructans in cool-season grasses may have some negative effects on equine health. However, they may have positive effects on ruminant performance, and fructans of different lengths appear to be metabolized differently in the rumen. Hence, seasonal variation in fructan concentrations may impact equine and ruminant performance. Long-chain fructan with degree of polymerization (DP) &gt; 8, short-chain fructan (DP 4 to 8), raffinose, and three fructan trisaccharides were profiled and quantified in timothy (<i>Phleum pratense</i> L.) cultivar ‘Clair’ and tall fescue (<i>Festuca arundinacea</i> Schreb.) cultivar ‘Cajun II’ harvested in April, June, August, and October of two consecutive years in central Kentucky. Harvest year influenced concentrations of long-chain fructan (<i>p</i> = .0017). Harvest date influenced species differences in raffinose (<i>p</i> = .0035), which was most abundant in timothy in June, and in 1-kestose and neokestose (<i>p</i> &lt; .0001), which were most abundant in tall fescue in April. Harvest date influenced species differences in short- and long-chain fructan (<i>p</i> &lt; .0001). Tall fescue had two- to three-fold more short-chain fructan than timothy in April, August, and October. Timothy had two- to five-fold more long-chain fructan than tall fescue in April, June, and October. Species choice and weather patterns may have contributed to relatively low concentrations of all the carbohydrates measured in this study. Fermentation or feeding studies could help to determine if the concentrations present could affect equine health or ruminant performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":12767,"journal":{"name":"Grass and Forage Science","volume":"78 4","pages":"536-546"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135884903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agronomic and physiological responses of corn intercropped with palisadegrass growing in full sun or in a crop-livestock-forestry systems","authors":"Leandro F. Domiciano,&nbsp;Bruno C. Pedreira,&nbsp;Joadil G. Abreu,&nbsp;Dalton H. Pereira,&nbsp;Ciro A. S. Magalhães,&nbsp;Gretchen F. Sassenrath","doi":"10.1111/gfs.12634","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gfs.12634","url":null,"abstract":"<p>There is a need to enhance agricultural intensification and diversification by establishing alternative crop-livestock-forestry systems. Our objective was to compare the production and physiological characteristics of corn (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) either intercropped with Marandu palisadegrass [<i>Brachiaria</i> (syn. <i>Urichloa</i>) <i>brizantha</i> (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R. D. Webster] growing in full sun (FS), or in a crop-livestock-forestry with single-row (CLFs) and triple-row (CLFt) groves of <i>Eucalyptus urograndis</i> (hybrid of <i>Eucalyptus grandis</i> W. Hill ex Maiden and <i>Eucalyptus urophylla</i> S. T. Blake). In the CLFs and CLFt, the trees were spaced at 37 m (90 tree ha⁻¹) and 30 m (135 tree ha⁻¹), respectively. The experiment was carried out for 2 years in a randomised complete block with three replications in a strip-split-plot arrangement with measurements at 5 sites between groves (7 and 13 m on the south face, central, and 7 and 13 m on the north face). The forage mass for full sun, CLFs, and CLFt was 10.9, 9.5, and 6.2 Mg DM ha⁻¹ in 2017 and 28.9, 21.5, and 14.0 Mg DM ha⁻¹ in 2018, while the grain yield was 3.38, 3.34, and 1.66 Mg DM ha⁻¹ in 2017 and 7.90, 4.66, and 2.55 Mg DM ha⁻¹ in 2018. The forage mass (10.1 Mg DM ha⁻¹ in 2017 and 23.9 Mg DM ha⁻¹ in 2018) and grain yield (3.3 Mg DM ha⁻¹ in 2017 and 5.0 Mg DM ha⁻¹ in 2018) in the central and 13 m north distances were greater than in the 7 m north and south, with less light transmission and red: far-red ratio. We concluded that corn intercropped with palisadegrass in an integrated crop-livestock-forestry system was negatively affected by the reduction in radiation transmission, resulting in reduced corn height, forage mass, and grain yield than in the full sun.</p>","PeriodicalId":12767,"journal":{"name":"Grass and Forage Science","volume":"78 4","pages":"501-514"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135993586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Convergence points of optimal herbage accumulation and intake rate by sheep grazing tall fescue","authors":"Leonardo Silvestri Szymczak,&nbsp;Anibal de Moraes,&nbsp;Reuben Mark Sulc,&nbsp;David Barker,&nbsp;Alda Lucia Gomes Monteiro,&nbsp;Claudete R. Lang,&nbsp;Renata Franciéli Moraes,&nbsp;Gilles Lemaire,&nbsp;Paulo César de Faccio Carvalho","doi":"10.1111/gfs.12630","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gfs.12630","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Pasture management oriented towards sustainable intensification and stability of yield must consider the ideal balance between the mass of leaves removed by grazing and the mass left as residual. The former supports high animal production and the later supports an optimum soil–plant carbon balance. This study aimed to evaluate the optimal herbage level from both plant and animal perspectives, through the adjustment of instantaneous herbage accumulation rate as estimated by the Gompertz curve model and short-term intake rate of sheep. Weekly tall fescue (<i>Schedonorus arundinaceus</i>) herbage accumulation was measured during seven growth periods with initiation dates in October, November and December 2015, and March, April, August and September 2016 and with the initiation dates arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Total herbage mass, leaf lamina mass, pseudo-stem + sheath mass, senescent mass, and sward surface height were measured each week. The results demonstrated that a pre-grazing sward surface height of 22.3 cm of tall fescue promoted the maximum short-term intake rate of sheep and the optimum herbage accumulation rate in the spring and autumn periods. In general, the convergent point occurred after the maximum instantaneous leaf lamina accumulation rate and before the maximum instantaneous accumulation rate of pseudo-stem + sheath and senescent material. We suggest the existence of a convergent point in which both primary and secondary production of pastoral ecosystems could be fostered.</p>","PeriodicalId":12767,"journal":{"name":"Grass and Forage Science","volume":"78 4","pages":"578-589"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136013888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shoot nitrogen concentrations required for optimal herbage growth of multiple perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars relative to modern summer-active cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) cultivars","authors":"Adam D. Langworthy,&nbsp;Ross Corkrey,&nbsp;Richard P. Rawnsley,&nbsp;James L. Hills","doi":"10.1111/gfs.12627","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gfs.12627","url":null,"abstract":"<p>One possible approach for improving the nitrogen (N)-use efficiency of perennial ryegrass (<i>Lolium perenne</i> L.) pastures and reducing environmental N losses is to select cultivars or incorporate alternative pasture species with lower shoot N concentrations. Viability of this strategy depends on herbage production not being unduly compromised. A pot experiment compared the shoot N concentration requirements of a diverse range of perennial ryegrass cultivars to achieve 90% and 99% of the herbage yield maxima achievable within a 20 day regrowth cycle. This research was undertaken to quantify if and what effect Australasian breeding programs have had on the N nutrition of perennial ryegrass. Our experiment found minimal genetic variation in the shoot N concentration requirements for vegetative perennial ryegrass swards to achieve near-maximum herbage yields of living biomass. Across evaluated cultivars, swards achieving 90% and 99% of herbage yield maxima required minimum shoot N concentrations (on a dry matter basis) of 2.56% and 2.87%, respectively. Our experiment also evaluated the shoot N concentration requirements of modern summer-active cocksfoot (syn. orchardgrass; <i>Dactylis glomerata</i> L.) and tall fescue (<i>Festuca arundinacea</i> Schreb.) ecotypes. We found their shoot N concentration requirements to achieve optimal herbage growth to be similar to those of perennial ryegrass. Taken together, our results suggest that within the perennial ryegrass genome, and among similar high yielding temperate perennial grasses, there may be limited scope for selecting plants with lower shoot N concentration requirements.</p>","PeriodicalId":12767,"journal":{"name":"Grass and Forage Science","volume":"78 4","pages":"525-535"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gfs.12627","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136361801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum CV. Inia Sepé) responses to defoliation intensities","authors":"Diego German Giorello Leites,&nbsp;André Fisher Sbrissia,&nbsp;Sila Carneiro Da Silva","doi":"10.1111/gfs.12628","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gfs.12628","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Defoliation management is determinant of forage production and plant persistence. The objective of this study was to identify grazing suitability and stability of herbage production of INIA Sepé subjected to four intensities of defoliation (represented for sward canopies of 3, 10, 17 and 24 cm maintained constant through weekly cuts) and two rates of nitrogen fertilization (100 and 300 kg ha⁻¹). The response variables studied were: botanical/morphological composition of the herbage mass, herbage accumulation, nutritive value, tiller population density (TPD), tiller weight (TW), leaf area index (LAI) and nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) and calculations performed relative to the tiller size × density compensation mechanism (SDC). Taller swards had smaller population of large tillers, with greater individual leaf area, showing a tiller × size density compensation response. Calculations indicated that the regression coefficient for the linear regression between TW and TPD in a log scale was close to −2.5, in agreement with the −5/2 self-thinning rule, with variable LAI and R (ratio between tiller leaf area and volume). The exception was during year 1 for the 100 kg N ha⁻¹, when the regression coefficient was close to −1.5. During year 2 only one replication of the 3 cm and 100 kg N ha⁻¹ did not follow the SDC line. LAI and herbage accumulation were positively correlated with the distance between points of log(TW) × log(TPD) and an hypothetical −3/2 SDC line (<i>p</i> &lt; .0001). <i>Paspalum notatum</i> cv. INIA Sepé shows stability of herbage accumulation and ability to adjust tiller size and population density.</p>","PeriodicalId":12767,"journal":{"name":"Grass and Forage Science","volume":"78 4","pages":"491-500"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47107086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of soil potassium status on the productivity of docks (Rumex obtusifolius L.) in intensively managed temperate grassland","authors":"T. O'Donovan,&nbsp;I. A. Casey,&nbsp;J. Humphreys","doi":"10.1111/gfs.12625","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gfs.12625","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Docks are a widespread problem in grassland, necessitating novel management solutions as pesticides become increasingly regulated. The objective was to investigate the role of soil test Potassium (K) concentrations (Morgan's solution; Na acetate + acetic acid, pH 4.8; STK) on competitiveness of docks in grassland. The experimental site (52°21 N, 7°18 W) was reseeded with perennial ryegrass in October 2009. A plot experiment was laid down in a randomised complete block design with seven rates of fertiliser K (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 kg ha⁻¹) and eight replicates. Dock numbers were measured over 6 years (2010–2015) and herbage production over 5 years (2012–2016). There was poor alignment between fertiliser K and STK in the early years of the study, however this alignment improved over time. While fertiliser K had no effect on dock numbers, there were positive correlations between STK early in the study and dock numbers m⁻² throughout the study. Dock numbers m⁻² were relatively static between 2010 and 2012 and increased substantially between 2013 and 2015. Between 2013 and 2016 there were strong inverse relationships (<i>r</i> &gt; −.765; <i>p</i> &lt; .001) between dock and grass herbage production. Towards the end of the study the lower annual fertiliser K inputs (0 and 50 kg ha⁻¹) resulted in lower (<i>p</i> &lt; .01) dock root and herbage production with an associated increase (<i>p</i> &lt; .05) in grass herbage production. It is evident there is a threshold STK for permanent grassland infested with docks at which grass is more competitive for plant-available soil K than the docks to the detriment of the dock component of the sward.</p>","PeriodicalId":12767,"journal":{"name":"Grass and Forage Science","volume":"78 4","pages":"515-524"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gfs.12625","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43329936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of harvest frequency and season on morphogenic and structural characteristics of dwarf and tall Elephantgrass genotypes","authors":"Elisvaldo José Silva Alencar,&nbsp;Mércia Virginia Ferreira Dos Santos,&nbsp;Márcio Vieira da Cunha,&nbsp;Alexandre Carneiro Leão de Mello,&nbsp;Jorge Eduardo Cavalcante Lucena,&nbsp;Antonio Leopoldino Neto,&nbsp;Thaíse Virgínia Freire Ramos Peixôto,&nbsp;Natália Viana da Silva","doi":"10.1111/gfs.12624","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gfs.12624","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study aimed to evaluate the impact of two harvest frequencies (60 and 90 days) on the morphogenic and structural characteristics of four Elephantgrass genotypes (two tall and two dwarf) in both rainy and dry seasons. The research was conducted in Garanhuns, Brazil from September 2019 to December 2021. The morphogenic characteristics evaluated included leaf appearance rate, stem and leaf elongation rate, phyllochron, plant height, stem diameter, leaf and stem length, basal tiller population density, and number of leaves per tiller. The results showed that Elephant B had the highest leaf elongation rate among all genotypes, both in the rainy and dry seasons. During the rainy season, the tall genotypes showed higher stem elongation rates compared to the dwarf genotypes. The tall genotypes also had lower phyllochron values. Taiwan A-146 2.37 had a higher population density of basal tillers by 30%–37% compared to other genotypes. During the dry season, the stem elongation rate of Taiwan A-146 2.37 was slower compared to the rainy season. The study showed that the harvest frequency had an effect on the morphogenic characteristics of Elephantgrass genotypes, with 60 days harvest resulting in higher leaf elongation rates. Elephant B was superior in terms of leaf elongation at both harvest frequencies. The results indicate that the season also plays a role in the morphogenic characteristics of the genotypes. This study provides insights into the optimal cutting strategies for Elephantgrass based on the size of the plant and season.</p>","PeriodicalId":12767,"journal":{"name":"Grass and Forage Science","volume":"78 4","pages":"480-490"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47772303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variations of seed size and seed number per spikelet and their effects on seed germination in hulled oats","authors":"Zhan Yuan,&nbsp;René Gislum,&nbsp;Zhang Jing,&nbsp;Jia Zhifeng,&nbsp;Ma Xiang,&nbsp;Liu Haicong,&nbsp;Guo Rongming,&nbsp;Zhang Wei,&nbsp;Fang Jiaqi,&nbsp;Qingping Zhou,&nbsp;Wang Hui","doi":"10.1111/gfs.12626","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gfs.12626","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Seed yield components and ear characteristics are critical parameters for seed yield improvement of cereal crops. In this study, 23 hulled oat (<i>Avena sativa</i>) cultivars were planted in four experimental sites during 2018–2020. We determined the ear parameters including the number of four spikelet types, the ear length, the seed weight <i>per</i> ear, and the size of the left and the right seed in the double-seed spikelet. In addition, five oat cultivars with the highest percentage of the triple-seed spikelet were selected to evaluate the germination performance of the left, the middle, and the right seed. The results showed that the double-seed spikelet was present in 73% of the ear, occupying the highest proportion than other spikelet types. The negative correlation showed the trade-off between total seed number <i>per</i> ear and average seed weight. According to the pathway analysis, the number of double-seed spikelet had the significantly highest direct effect on the seed weight <i>per</i> ear with the path coefficient of 0.93. In the double-seed spikelet, the length and the thickness both had significantly positive correlations to the seed weight of the left and the right seeds. The middle seed, which had the smallest seed size, had the lowest germination rate, germination index, vigour index, seedling weight, and length than the right and left seed among three seed positions in the triple-seed spikelet. We conclude that the double-seed spikelet number is a key ear characteristic when breeding high-yielding cultivars.</p>","PeriodicalId":12767,"journal":{"name":"Grass and Forage Science","volume":"79 1","pages":"29-36"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49146428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fractionation of mixed grass and clover stands using a leaf stripper","authors":"Brooke Micke,&nbsp;Sanna Bergqvist,&nbsp;Steffen Adler,&nbsp;Julien Morel,&nbsp;David Parsons","doi":"10.1111/gfs.12623","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gfs.12623","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Leys are an important part of northern European livestock production, particularly for ruminants since monogastric animals are limited in their ability to digest the fibres of the forage. Crop fractionation methods are a promising option to make forages more beneficial for monogastric animals and decrease the amount of imported protein feed. A leaf stripping harvesting technique was evaluated at Röbäcksdalen in northern Sweden in mixed grass-clover leys over 2 years. The PremAlfa Mini leaf stripper (Trust'ing-Alf'ing, Nantes, France) worked well in mixed stands, harvesting on average a third of the available forage biomass, primarily in the form of leaves and soft stems from the clover plants. It proved successful in producing a forage fraction that had a significantly higher crude protein (CP) concentration (+39.1%) and lower neutral detergent fibre (aNDFom) concentration (−21.4%) than the pre-harvest mixed sward (all significant at <i>p</i> &lt; .05 level). Due to the remaining high level of aNDFom in the leaf stripper fraction, it is more suited for use as an energy source for monogastrics rather than as a protein supplement. Alternatively, the leaf stripper fraction could be used to increase digestibility and CP content in the feed rations of high producing dairy cows.</p>","PeriodicalId":12767,"journal":{"name":"Grass and Forage Science","volume":"79 2","pages":"158-169"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gfs.12623","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41512130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ensilibility and protein degradation characteristics of forage from mountain grasslands containing tanniferous species","authors":"Simon Ineichen,&nbsp;Andrea B. Seiler,&nbsp;Ueli Wyss,&nbsp;Carsten S. Malisch,&nbsp;Beat Reidy","doi":"10.1111/gfs.12620","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gfs.12620","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ensiling forage from species-rich mountain grasslands is challenging. Low concentrations of fermentable carbohydrates and the coarse morphological structure of the forage promote the activity of butyric acid forming bacteria. This is associated with the formation of ammonia from protein degradation, resulting in an insufficient pH decline. On the other hand, forage from species-rich swards may contain tanniferous plant species which contain varying contents of condensed tannins (CT). Therefore, the silage quality of forage prepared from species-rich mountain grasslands and the role CT may play in silage fermentation was studied. A set-up of two long-term mineral fertilization field experiments, located in the Jura mountains and the Alps in Switzerland were used to obtain forage with contrasting species and chemical composition. Collection was done during both the generative and vegetative growth stage from three differently fertilized swards: unfertilised (“0”), fertilized with phosphorus and potassium (“PK”) or fertilized with PK and nitrogen (“NPK”). The forage was wilted to approximately 37% dry matter (DM), chopped to 2 cm lengths and ensiled for at least 65 days as laboratory-scale silages. The wilted forage was characterized by concentrations of crude protein between 117 and 130 g/kg DM and water-soluble carbohydrates varying from 84 to 148 g/kg DM. Concentrations of CT ranged from 6 g to 14 g/kg DM and those of soluble CT from 1.8 to 7.6 g/kg DM. All silages contained butyric acid, irrespective of the type of fertilization or harvest stage (range: 1.5 g to 16 g/kg DM). Concentrations of acetic and lactic acid ranged from 2.1 g to 15.0 g/kg DM and from 21.0 to 44.0 g/kg DM, respectively. Concentrations of unfermented sugar remained high and pH levels were above those expected. Formation of non-protein-N (NPN) increased in the range of 130 to 264 g/kg N from wilted to ensiled forage. The negative correlations of CT or soluble CT contents with ammonia-N or NPN in silage were found in both forage from the generative and vegetative harvests indicating a possible relationship with protein degradation during ensiling.</p>","PeriodicalId":12767,"journal":{"name":"Grass and Forage Science","volume":"78 4","pages":"622-635"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gfs.12620","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49470663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}