Grass and Forage Science最新文献

{"title":"Quantifying the Contributing Potential of European Grasslands to Food Protein and Organic Manure in a Circular Food System","authors":"Catherine Pfeifer,&nbsp;Ramon Winterberg,&nbsp;Florian Leiber","doi":"10.1111/gfs.12713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12713","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper evaluates the role of grasslands in a circular food system in Europe by assessing the animal-sourced food and manure production potential of a grass-fed dual-purpose cattle system. A computational model integrated grassland yield estimates, livestock productivity data, and nitrogen balance calculations. Two scenarios, varying in calf fattening duration, were analysed to explore their impacts on livestock numbers, protein production, and nutrient cycling, with the aim of assessing different levels of meat production from grassland. Transitioning to a solely grass-fed dual-purpose cattle system reduces bovine numbers across most European countries. However, despite fewer animals, dual-purpose production can increase bovine protein production in some countries, such as France and Ireland, compared to current levels. This is because dual-purpose cattle produce both milk and meat, with milk providing a higher protein conversion efficiency from grassland than meat. As a result, countries currently producing more meat than milk can partially offset the loss in protein resulting from the reduction in animal numbers. Dual-purpose cattle alone generally cannot meet current animal-sourced protein demands, especially in regions where bovine production depends heavily on concentrate feeds. They may only in some countries provide sufficient animal-sourced food to meet the nationally defined requirements of a healthy diet or generate enough manure to maintain soil fertility without additional nutrient input. Future research should aim to improve the accuracy of grassland yield estimates across Europe and develop context-specific livestock strategies to address these challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":12767,"journal":{"name":"Grass and Forage Science","volume":"80 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gfs.12713","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143856936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Fibrolytic Enzymes and Regrowth Ages on Fermentation Profile and Nutrient Composition of Mombasa Grass and Elephant Grass Silages","authors":"Gabriel Ferreira de Lima Cruz,&nbsp;Odilon Gomes Pereira,&nbsp;Wagner Sousa Alves,&nbsp;Rafael Lelis de Freitas,&nbsp;Edson Mauro Santos,&nbsp;João Luiz Pratti Daniel,&nbsp;Evan Cole Diepersloot,&nbsp;Luiz Felipe Ferraretto,&nbsp;Karina Guimarães Ribeiro","doi":"10.1111/gfs.12714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12714","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Two experiments were carried out to evaluate whether the addition of cellulase and/or xylanase enzymes interacts with regrowth age (RA) in mombasa grass (<i>Megathyrsus maximus</i>) and elephant grass cv. BRS Capiaçu (<i>Cenchrus purpureus</i>) to alter nutritive composition and fermentation profile. Mombasa and elephant grass plots were mowed and harvested at two different RAs (7- and 11-week for mombasa grass; 12- and 16-week for elephant grass). After forages were chopped, they received one of the following additive treatments: no additive (control), xylanase enzyme (300 mg/kg DM; XYL), cellulase enzyme (1 g/kg fresh matter; CEL) and cellulase + xylanase enzymes (same dosages as before; MIX), in a factorial arrangement of 4 (additives) × 2 (regrowth ages), with three replicates. Greater lactic acid and lower acetic acid, butyric acid and N<span></span>NH₃ concentrations were observed for CEL in mombasa grass silage. Nevertheless, CEL decreased aerobic stability in elephant grass silages and increased effluent production in both species. For mombasa grass silages, lower fermentation loss and more extensive fermentation were observed for early harvest, while the opposite was observed for elephant grass silages. Cellulase improves the fermentation profile of Mombasa grass silage. The combined application of these enzymes does not appear to warrant recommendation. Further research is warranted to evaluate the synergetic effects of cellulase with chemical, absorbent and microbial additives.</p>","PeriodicalId":12767,"journal":{"name":"Grass and Forage Science","volume":"80 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gfs.12714","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143853019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Herbage Nutritive Value in Extensively Grazed Grassland as Affected by Botanical Composition, Sward Heterogeneity and Grazing Intensity","authors":"Franziska Clausecker,&nbsp;Johannes Isselstein,&nbsp;Kilian Obermeyer,&nbsp;Martin Komainda","doi":"10.1111/gfs.12715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12715","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Extensive grazing management is an effective strategy to conserve biodiversity. Grazing intensity directly affects sward heterogeneity, resulting in the formation of short and tall vegetation patches, which influence the botanical composition and nutritive value of herbage. Understanding the seasonal dynamics of herbage nutritive value under different grazing intensities is essential to optimise animal performance. Herbage nutritive value data were collected over three years (2019–2021) in the long-term ‘FORBIOBEN’ experiment in Central Germany to analyse the effects of patches, grazing intensity and season. The trial was a one-factorial experiment on grazing intensity in a randomised block design with three replicates, each represented by a one-hectare paddock. Grazing intensities—moderate, lenient and very lenient—were managed based on target compressed sward heights of 6, 12 and 18 cm, respectively. Results show that herbage nutritive value was significantly affected by the patches, sometimes in interaction with season. Short patches contained in general 32.6% higher crude protein and 14.6% lower fibre concentrations than tall patches and also remained seasonally more stable, while in tall patches the phenological development of the plants was ongoing. The higher the grazing intensity the greater was the area covered by short patches per paddock. Thus, when accounting for patch proportions, a higher grazing intensity resulted in significantly improved herbage nutritive value compared to more lenient grazing. To accurately assess herbage nutritive value in areas of extensive grazing management, it is therefore recommended to account for patch-specific variability and to know the patch proportions which result from the grazing intensity.</p>","PeriodicalId":12767,"journal":{"name":"Grass and Forage Science","volume":"80 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gfs.12715","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143835917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Yield and Stability of Three Tropical Forage Grasses Cultivated as Pure or Mixed Stands","authors":"Larissa Fernanda Garcia-Carvalho,&nbsp;Guilhermo Francklin de Souza Congio,&nbsp;Gislaine Cristina Barro,&nbsp;Alex Marciano dos Santos Silva,&nbsp;Emanoella Karol Saraiva Otaviano,&nbsp;Caio Macret Gomes,&nbsp;Alexandre Fameli Mammana,&nbsp;André Fischer Sbrissia,&nbsp;Paulo Gonçalves Duchini,&nbsp;Rodrigo Amorim Barbosa,&nbsp;Carlos Tadeu dos Santos Dias,&nbsp;Sila Carneiro da Silva","doi":"10.1111/gfs.12717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12717","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Multispecific pastures are considered more sustainable to animal production than monocultures. However, studies on mixtures of tropical grasses are underexplored. We aimed to assess whether a mixture of three contrasting growth strategies of perennial tropical forage grasses could outperform their respective monocultures in terms of forage yield and stability. The four treatments included three perennial tropical forage grasses: Andropogon gambagrass (AG; <i>Andropogon gayanus</i> cv. Planaltina), Massai guineagrass [MG; <i>Megathyrsus maximus</i> cv. Massai] and Piatã palisadegrass [PP; <i>Urochloa brizantha</i> cv. BRS Piatã], cultivated as monocultures and as a mixture of the three species. Treatments were randomly assigned to sixteen 180 m² plots and managed intermittently under manual harvest at pre- and post-harvest heights of 35 and 17.5 cm, respectively, for 2 years. The botanical composition of the mixture remained relatively stable, with a predominance of MG (68.9%), followed by PP (20.1%) and AG (6.8%). Annual forage yield varied between years (<i>p</i> = 0.0017) with a difference of 3974 kg DM ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, but not according to treatments (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05) with an average of 23,012 kg DM ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. No effect was observed for the intra-annual forage yield variance among treatments (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05). The association among PP, MG and AG in a mixture allows species to coexist with a relatively stable botanical composition, as well as forage yield and stability, similar to their monocultures.</p>","PeriodicalId":12767,"journal":{"name":"Grass and Forage Science","volume":"80 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gfs.12717","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143835957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Should Asystasia gangetica No Longer Be Considered Just a Weed but Rather Also a Livestock Fodder?","authors":"Mohammad Mijanur Rahman,&nbsp;Maliha Sultana,&nbsp;Candyrine Su Chui Len","doi":"10.1111/gfs.12712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12712","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Under oil palm, rubber, and coconut plantations, there are many plant species that are commonly considered weeds. Ruminants are often grazed on these palatable weeds as the primary source of feed on such integrated farms. <i>Asystasia gangetica</i> (L.) T. Anderson belongs to the family Acanthaceae, flowering plants predominantly found in tropical and subtropical regions. This plant is perennial and invasive and extensively grows on the ground surface of tree plantations. Redefining <i>A. gangetica</i> as a forage crop instead of a weed can support sustainable livestock feeding by utilising its nutritional value, adaptability, and cost-saving benefits, contributing to climate-smart animal production. It has been revealed that this plant has high nutritional value and biologically active compounds. In recent years, there has been growing interest in using <i>A. gangetica</i> as a low-input management plant for animal feeding purposes. Due to its weedy characteristics and limited use as an animal feed, data on growth characteristics, nutritional value, and utilisation of the species in tropical regions is insufficient. In this paper, the distribution and adaptation of <i>A. gangetica</i> are determined, and the growth characteristics, nutritive value, and usefulness assessed. This species is relatively short and spreads rapidly forming a dense sward, which is important for the prevention of soil erosion thus having potential also as a cover crop.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12767,"journal":{"name":"Grass and Forage Science","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143446854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lactic Acid Bacteria and Bacteriocins in Feed Preservation: Mechanisms and Antifungal Properties","authors":"Pamela Oliveira de Souza de Azevedo,&nbsp;Martin Gierus","doi":"10.1111/gfs.12711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12711","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ensilage consists of the fermentation of sugars to lactic acid independent of the forage by epiphytic microorganisms, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which vary in number and composition during fermentation. Silage is a means of preserving forage for extended periods of time when fresh forage is limited or seasonally unavailable, and its inadequate fermentation and poor feed management favour the proliferation of pathogens and contribute to silage spoilage. LAB is a group of microorganisms widely distributed in nature, with lactic acid as the main metabolite produced after sugar fermentation. Some LAB produce antimicrobial peptides with low toxicity and proteinaceous nature, known as bacteriocins, which have a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses and can therefore be effective in silage preservation. Among those species, fungal growth leads to nutrient and dry matter losses, reduced palatability, reduced silage intake and consequently reduced animal performance. While laboratory studies provide compelling evidence of their antifungal properties, the practical application of LAB in silage systems must be evaluated with an understanding of the complexities of real-world conditions. LAB inoculants primarily enhance silage quality by driving acidification and promoting a desirable fermentation profile. While bacteriocins can provide an additional layer of microbial control, their efficacy is best realised when combined with proper management practices. This integrated approach ensures that the conditions for optimal fermentation are maintained, allowing LAB to exert their beneficial effects effectively. However, the complexities of silage fermentation necessitate a broader perspective that includes environmental management and forage quality. LAB and bacteriocins are valuable tools, but their success depends on their integration into a comprehensive silage management strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":12767,"journal":{"name":"Grass and Forage Science","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gfs.12711","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143446853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Balancing Competing Grassland Ecosystem Services Requires Intensive Stakeholder Involvement and Actions on Different Spatial Scales","authors":"Valentin H. Klaus,&nbsp;Juliette M. G. Bloor,&nbsp;Giulio Cozzi,&nbsp;Solen Le Clec’h,&nbsp;Sophie Peter,&nbsp;Olivier Huguenin-Elie","doi":"10.1111/gfs.12709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12709","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Grasslands provide a wide range of different ecosystem services (ES) that are crucial for human well-being. This increases the interest in understanding the drivers of grassland ES to maintain and enhance ES supply for future generations. However, many ES do currently not have a market value and show trade-offs, that is, antagonistic relationships, that are strengthened by management intensification. For example, high forage production is key for farm income, but conflicts with many cultural ES and grassland biodiversity conservation. Balancing these competing services is thus required to ensure ES supply meeting societal demand. This poses the question of how to achieve an economically viable balance in the future. We discuss how involving stakeholders and implementing ES-enhancing actions at landscape, farm and field scales can contribute to tackling this urgent question. First, multi-stakeholder approaches are required to assess prioritisation of ES to understand societal ES demand, design multifunctional landscapes, and motivate and empower farmers to increase insufficiently-supplied ES. Second, information on how management practices change ES and their trade-offs must be available and realistically implementable. Third, different actions to enhance undersupplied ES need to be implemented across spatial scales. These actions must be taken at farm and field but also landscape-scale, which is needed for spatial targeting of different grassland types. We argue that jointly targeting all three spatial scales and intensifying efforts for stakeholder involvement and motivation is crucial for improved ES supply. Our synthesis provides a framework for balancing multiple ES and gives applied examples of how to achieve this.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12767,"journal":{"name":"Grass and Forage Science","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143431270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Irrigation Strategies for Tall Fescue Under Grazing in a Humid Subtropical Temperate Climate","authors":"L. Puppo,&nbsp;R. Hayashi,&nbsp;P. Boggiano,&nbsp;J. M. Ernst,&nbsp;A. Beretta,&nbsp;P. Morales","doi":"10.1111/gfs.12708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12708","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>During the last 10 years, there has been a rapid expansion of irrigation in pastures in Uruguay. It is necessary to define the irrigation management under grazing conditions to achieve the best balance between productivity and the sustainability of natural resources. A trial was established with the drought-sensitive <i>Festuca arundinacea</i> Schreb. cultivar INIA Aurora under grazing. During two and a half years, the following treatments were evaluated: frequent irrigation (T1), which was applied whenever 30% of the available water was depleted; spaced irrigation (T2), which was applied whenever 65% of the available water was depleted and rainfed treatment, which only received rainwater. The experimental design was a randomised complete block with four replications. Grazing was carried out every time the tall fescue reached 2.5 leaves. There was a significant difference in annual dry matter yield between the irrigated and rainfed treatments, but the irrigated treatments did not differ from each other. The average dry matter yield of irrigated treatments was 41% and 56% higher than the rainfed treatment for the first and second year of pasture, respectively. The spaced irrigation management resulted in a 38% saving in pumped water compared to frequent irrigation. However, when considering water productivity as a selection criterion, frequent irrigation would be the recommended irrigation strategy. Irrigation increases soil compaction in a grazing system, and with frequent irrigation management, this effect persists even up to 10 cm of soil depth.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12767,"journal":{"name":"Grass and Forage Science","volume":"80 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Clover-Based Nurse Cropping for Birdsfoot Trefoil Establishment and Yield","authors":"Serkan Ates,&nbsp;Elizabeth Seeno,&nbsp;Jennifer W. MacAdam,&nbsp;Derrick J. Moot","doi":"10.1111/gfs.12710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12710","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Birdsfoot trefoil (<i>Lotus corniculatus</i> L.), renowned for its persistence in challenging soil and climate conditions, serves as a valuable non-bloating forage legume in temperate regions. However, its slow establishment and low initial yields in the establishment year make it vulnerable to competition from companion and weeds species. Therefore, we investigated the effects of three legume species (red clover, <i>Trifolium pretence</i> L.; balansa clover, <i>Trifolium michelianum</i> L.; and berseem clover, <i>Trifolium alexandrinum</i> L.) as nurse crops at three seeding rates (target 60, 120 or 240 plant m²). These companions increased (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01) total forage accumulation by 37%–55% in the establishment year. The number of established birdsfoot trefoil seedlings was similar in monoculture and mixtures with annual legumes but lower (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01) when planted with red clover. Neither seeding rate nor legume species impeded birdsfoot trefoil growth in the second season. Notably, binary mixtures of birdsfoot trefoil and red clover outperformed (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01) the birdsfoot trefoil monoculture, yielding an additional 3260–5440 kg DM ha⁻¹. These findings highlight a practical strategy for farmers to sow birdsfoot trefoil with a suitable annual or perennial legume species, increasing total forage production without compromising the subsequent birdsfoot trefoil yield or nutritive value.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12767,"journal":{"name":"Grass and Forage Science","volume":"80 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are We Up to the Best Practises in Forage and Grassland Precision Harvest? A Review","authors":"Roberta Martelli,&nbsp;Abid Ali,&nbsp;Valda Rondelli,&nbsp;Lorenzo Barbanti","doi":"10.1111/gfs.12701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12701","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Grassland and forage crops are a domain where the application of precision agriculture techniques has been less intensive so far, compared to grain crops. This is especially evident in the case of variable yield assessment, the step that prompts the adoption of precision management techniques once farmers are faced by unexpectedly high yield spatial variation. Much work has been devoted to forage, grassland and pasture yield assessment since the early 2000's; evaluating the established achievements alongside the existing drawbacks and limitations is seen the best way to lay the foundation for future research work in this field. Self-propelled forage harvesters received most attention in the quest for on-the-go yield assessment. Both volumetric flow (feedroll displacement sensing) and mass flow (impact force and torque sensing) assessments were tested prior to be developed into commercial applications. Nonetheless, their performances vary depending on harvested product characteristics (density, moisture, texture, etc.). Integrating multiple sensor technologies has emerged as the most effective solution to reduce this variability, despite the higher costs involved. Forage handling machines (mowers conditioners, waggon trailers and balers) were also largely addressed. Balers in the static weighing mode are one of the simplest and most reliable yield assessing platforms, although at the expenses of spatial discretization and positional lag of the yield data. Remote sensing based on spectral reflectance data from the standing crop is rapidly gaining interest, especially if performed from satellites. Multiple data sources (e.g., Landsat and MODIS images), sometimes processed through machine learning or neural network techniques, have demonstrated to provide more reliable yield assessments than single data sources. A cross cutting issue in all these techniques is the assessment of forage moisture. At the ground level, near infra-red sensors are gaining popularity over capacitance sensors, thanks to their ability to determine also quality parameters of the harvested biomass. Overall, the need for calibration and maintenance of all sensor types represents a critical point that requires to be carefully evaluated before selecting an appropriate system.</p>","PeriodicalId":12767,"journal":{"name":"Grass and Forage Science","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gfs.12701","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143404781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}