SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Impact of Flood on Sugarcane Industry of Pakistan","authors":"Murtazain Raza, A. Saeed, S. Shahid, Najabat Ali","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2326952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2326952","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract During the current season 2010-11 most of the Sugar Mills of the Sindh started crushing late October-2010 and up to 31st December, 2010 Crushed 2,165,625 metric tons of sugarcane as against 2,691,769 metric tons crushed in the same period last year. The sugar produced was 167,159 metric tons as against 224,626 metric tons last year and same situation in other provinces. A major issue pertains to sugarcane crushed is more or less the same but production of sugar decreased due to reduction in the recovery percentage. During the current period recovery percentage was 7.72 as against 8.34 % last year. The main cause of reduction in the recovery rate was the excess water due to devastating flood in the country and rain. As a result excessive water was absorbed by the sugarcane crop which reduced the sugar contents in the cane and increased in the weight of the same. This result in dual loss to the mills in the shape of more payments to the growers and less recovery.","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115279993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk Rationing and the Demand for Agricultural Credit","authors":"Sivalai V. Khantachavana, L. V. Verteramo Chiu, C. Turvey, R. Kong","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2191297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2191297","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to provide a specific test of the Boucher, Carter and Guirkinger (2008) framework to determine the extent of risk rationing amongst potential rural borrowers. Using data from 730 farm households in the Shaanxi province of China and from 372 farmers in northeastern Mexico, we investigate factors associated with risk rationed, quantity rationed and price rationed farmers. The analysis applies both a linear probability and logit model. We find in China the incidence of risk rationing in farmers to be 6.5%, 14% for quantity rationed and 80% for price rationed. In Mexico, 35% of our sample is risk rationed, 10% quantity rationed and 55% price rationed. Our results from China support the hypothesis that financial poor are more likely to be quantity rationed; in Mexico however, the level of education is found to be important in determining quantity rationed. In both countries, asset wealthy farmers are less likely to be risk rationed; however, income doesn’t appear to have an impact. We provide evidence that the elasticity of demand for credit is different among the three groups of farmers: risk rationed, quantity rationed and price rationed. Risk aversion and prudence are significantly correlated with risk rationing in China, while only risk aversion is significant in Mexico. Our results suggest that efforts to enhance credit access must also deal with risk and risk perceptions. With some exceptions, our investigation supports the theoretical model presented in Boucher, Carter and Guirkinger (2008).","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128841793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of Mopane Woodland Resources and Associated Woodland Management Challenges in Rural Areas of South Africa","authors":"R. Makhado, J. M. Potgieter, D. Wessels, A. Saidi, K. Masehela","doi":"10.17348/ERA.10.0.369-379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17348/ERA.10.0.369-379","url":null,"abstract":"Normal 0 false false false EN-ZA X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Normal 0 false false false EN-ZA X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Mopane woodland resources in South Africa are essential to the wellbeing of rural communities living near them. They provide the primary source of poles used for construction of traditional structures as well as fuel wood. In mopane woodland areas, 80% of rural people use fuel wood as the primary source of energy for cooking and heating. Villagers prefer to use mopane ( Colophospermum mopane (J. Kirk ex Benth.) J. Leonard) tree for fuel wood and construction of traditional structures; because it has high energy content, emits less smoke when it is dry, and it is durable. A family of about 7 people uses a mean of 7.8 kilograms for cooking per day per meal, resulting in about 2.8 metric tons consumed per year per household. A mean volume of 1.4  m 3   is used when constructing a traditional hut, which means that a family with three or four houses would use 4.1 m 3 - 5.4  m 3  in constructing them. Mopane worms harvested from mopane woodland are consumed for their nutritional value and also traded to generate income. Despite the value of mopane woodland resources to rural livelihoods, unsustainable resource use and irresponsible management resulted in dwindling woodland resources.","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129547157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Doha Round and Farm Lobby in the United States","authors":"S. Kostyaev","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2125204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2125204","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to analysis of the present condition of WTO and Doha round. The agrarian lobby in the US is studied, as well as the history of its formation and present condition in American political system. The 2008 farm bill is subject of special attention. At the conclusion the role of the U.S. agriculture sector in the prospects of Doha round is assessed.","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129713712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agricultural Resources and Environmental Indicators, 2012 Edition","authors":"C. Osteen, J. Gottlieb, U. Vasavada","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2141408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2141408","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural Resources and Environmental Indicators, 2012, describes trends in economic, structural, resource, and environmental indicators in the agriculture sector, focusing on changes since the release of Agricultural Resources and Environmental Indicators, 2006. These indicators are useful to assess important changes in U.S. agriculture—the industry’s development; its environmental effects; and the implications for economic, social, and environmental sustainability. This report tracks key resources, including natural, produced, and management resources, that are used in and affected by agricultural production, as well as structural changes in farm production and the economic conditions and policies that influence agricultural resource use and its environmental impacts. Each chapter provides a concise overview of a specific topic with links to sources of additional information.","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129640691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agriculture and Trade Opportunities for Tanzania: Past Volatility and Future Climate Change","authors":"S. A. Ahmed, N. Diffenbaugh, T. Hertel, W. Martin","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-9361.2012.00672.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9361.2012.00672.x","url":null,"abstract":"Given global heterogeneity in climate-induced agricultural variability, Tanzania has the potential to substantially increase its maize exports to other countries. If global maize production is lower than usual due to supply shocks in major exporting regions, Tanzania may be able to export more maize at higher prices, even if it also experiences below-trend productivity. Diverse destinations for exports can allow for enhanced trading opportunities when negative supply shocks affect the partners' usual import sources. Future climate predictions suggest that some of Tanzania's trading partners will experience severe dry conditions that may reduce agricultural production in years when Tanzania is only mildly affected. Tanzania could thus export grain to countries as climate change increases the likelihood of severe precipitation deficits in other countries while simultaneously decreasing the likelihood of severe precipitation deficits in Tanzania. Trade restrictions, like export bans, prevent Tanzania from taking advantage of these opportunities, foregoing significant economic benefits.","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122897440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organizational Restrictions for the Sustainable Development of the Artsianal Cheese Business in Argentina: The Case of Sheep Cheese","authors":"E. Dulce","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2138167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2138167","url":null,"abstract":"The stagnation and presumable setback of the sheep’s milk activity in Argentina has usually been explained in terms of productive and reproductive aspects and, only recently, of organizational aspects. The organizational design of this business (actors and their relations), a possible cause of the low sustainability of artisan-type businesses, has not been properly explored in Argentina or worldwide. The object of this study is to identify and describe the organizational aspects that might be restricting the sustained development of the sheep cheese business in Argentina, in spite of the opportunities offered by the market. The methodology used was phenomenological epistemology, combining qualitative and quantitative research. A survey was conducted of 19 ovine dairy farms in the province of Buenos Aires, selected on the basis of a random sample stratified by production scale. The survey was analyzed with PC-ORD software (McCune and Meford, 1999) with multivariate analysis techniques – Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Based on the PCA, the first two eigenvalues were retained as they accumulated 59.6% of the total variance. Two principal components were identified: F1 (36.4%), interpreted as “Governance Structures” and F2 (26.14%), interpreted as “Specialization Level”. In T2 (Producer – Industry Transaction), the points of conflict revolved around the quality of the raw material, its price, the payment terms and the difficulty to change buyers for the milk, while in T3 (Industry – Distribution Transaction), these revolved around the quality of the raw material, the marketed volume and the product’s supply regularity. Vertical integration (in T2 and T3) prevails as the governance structure selected to solve transactions independently from production scale. In T3, the interests of industry and distribution were asymmetrical in relation to asset specificity. Elevated transaction costs, derived from opportunism and the bounded rationality of the actors and enhanced by asymmetrical information and isolated efforts, raised the levels of conflict. This had a negative effect on specialization, competitiveness and, therefore, on the sustainability of the businesses.","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"20 21","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120813720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suffrage, Schooling, and Sorting in the Post-Bellum U.S. South","authors":"S. Naidu","doi":"10.3386/W18129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W18129","url":null,"abstract":"This paper estimates the political and economic effects of the 19th century disenfranchisement of black citizens in the U.S. South. Using adjacent county-pairs that straddle state boundaries, I examine the effect of voting restrictions on political competition, public goods, and factor markets. I find that poll taxes and literacy tests each lowered overall electoral turnout by 8-22% and increased the Democratic vote share in elections by 1-7%. Employing newly collected data on schooling inputs, I show that disenfranchisement reduced the teacher-child ratio in black schools by 10-23%, with no significant effects on white teacher-child ratios. I develop a model of suffrage restriction and redistribution in a 2-factor economy with migration and agricultural production to generate sufficient statistics for welfare analysis of the incidence of black disenfranchisement. Consistent with the model, disenfranchised counties experienced a 3.5% increase in farm values per acre, despite a 4% fall in the black population. The estimated factor market responses suggest that black labor bore a collective loss from disenfranchisement equivalent to at least 15% of annual income, with landowners experiencing a 12% gain.","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121116471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Economic View to Forage and Fodder Production in Eastern India","authors":"Krishna M. Singh, M. Meena, Abhay Kumar","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2030697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2030697","url":null,"abstract":"The mixed crop–livestock systems of India are underpinned by the crop residues which contribute on an average 40–60% of the total dry matter intake per livestock unit. There is however considerable regional variation in the dominant type of crop residue: rice and wheat straws in irrigated regions compared to coarse cereal straws and hay from leguminous crops in the drier, semi-arid regions. This paper synthesizes a series of recent studies on the role and importance of crop residues and farmers’ perceptions of fodder quantity and quality in coarse cereal and groundnut based feeding systems. Crop improvement programs for sorghum, pearl millet and groundnut have traditionally focused on grain/pod yield improvement, pest and water stress tolerance. Livestock rearing plays a significant role in the economy of the Indian people. Crop residues and pastures/grasslands are the major feed resource for this activity. Forages can be a simple answer to soil erosion and decline in organic matter and fertility, a problem caused by modern cultivation and fallowing practices on much of the farmland the world over. Keeping in view the constraints in fodder production and in order to overcome the gap between demand and supply, the emphasis need to be given on several steps for augmenting the fodder production. Existing resource utilization pattern needs to be studied in totality according to a system approach. Fodder production is a component of the farming system and efforts need to be made for increasing the forage production in a farming system approach. The holistic approach of integrated resource management will be based on maintaining the fragile balance between productivity functions and conservation practices for ecological sustainability. Forage production must be taken up as a first management goal and 25% of the forest area should be put under trees with regulated accessibility to the farmers. It is suggested to grow forage grasses and fodder trees along village roads and panchayat lands, and on terrace risers/bunds - a non competitive land use system. Conservation of native biodiversity for future improvement along with breeding biotic, abiotic, stress tolerant cultivars of forage species suitable for area not used under arable agriculture can be possible answer to chronic fodder shortages. Use of participatory techniques to identify the problems and to carry out the improvement programme along with In-depth studies on migratory graziers, forage based agroforestry systems and controlled grazing to maintain the productivity of pasture (grazing should be allowed as per carrying capacity) are some other solutions to this problem.","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127456994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Product Quality, Informality, and Child Labor","authors":"Eugenia Fotoniata, Thomas Moutos","doi":"10.1111/rode.12031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12031","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the interactions between the structure of product demand, relative wages, and the allocation of economic activity across two sectors. The agrarian sector produces a homogeneous good and consists of informal firms employing adults and children. The modern sector produces a quality-differentiated product: high-quality varieties are produced by formal firms which employ only adult labour, whereas low-quality varieties are produced by informal firms which employ child labour as well. Differences in tastes and incomes across households generate demand for both high-quality varieties and the low-quality varieties. We find that stricter enforcement of child-labour regulations and increases in minimum wages can have beneficial effects as far as the incidence of child labour and the size of the formal sector are concerned. However, since these policies have undesirable welfare effects among segments of wage-earning households, they may not garner the necessary political support.","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130238928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}