SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Transformations in the Rural Life in Russian Belgorod Region in 2000-2013 Through 'Modernization' Theoretical Perspective: Increasing Material Well-Being, Growing Individualism and Persisting Pessimism","authors":"A. Efendiev, P. Sorokin, M. Kozlova","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2537305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2537305","url":null,"abstract":"In the present paper we analyze transformations in the life of rural population in the Belgorod region, Russia, in the period 2000-2013 in the context of active development of large vertically integrated enterprises – agroholdings. These transformations are seen through the prism of “modernization” concept: agroholdings promote advanced agricultural technologies, professional management and modern organization of labor and thus may be considered as an important factor stimulating rural modernization in Belgorod region. The traditional understanding of “modernization” in sociology implies a progressive transition from a “pre-modern” or “traditional” to a “modern” society which means changes in many areas such as: occupational structure (including the development of entrepreneurship), material well-being (growth of living condition resulting from efficient economy), and increase in rationality and individualism. However, literature shows that the adaptation to modernization processes might be painful for the local communities and for the society in general. Hence, reflecting on both, modernization theoretical framework and literature on Russian rural development, in our analysis of transformations in Belgorod region we focus on the following aspects: firstly, material well-being and living conditions of rural population; secondly, individualism and attitudes towards achievement and economic success; thirdly, the attractiveness of private farming. Finally, we look at the general perception by the rural population of their future (from the point of view of optimism/pessimism). The research is based on the two empirical studies, conducted in the years 2000 and 2013 which utilized similar methodology in the similar 15 villages of the Belgorod region. Possibly, the most interesting empirical finding is that despite rapid growth of material well-being of the rural population, the pessimistic expectations are no less widespread in 2013 than in 2000. This illustrates the complex nature of the transformations of the rural life in Belgorod region","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128184373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cow Pie Policy: The Reasoning of Care v. Cow Palace under RCRA and Its Implications for Agricultural Manure Management","authors":"B. Smith","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2496714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2496714","url":null,"abstract":"The Agricultural industry is the last frontier of Environmental law. The agricultural industry enjoys some kind of exemption or loophole under every major environmental statute. Though these exemptions may have seemed reasonable in the past, the agricultural industry has changed significantly since the days these policies were enacted. In the dairy industry, the number farms in the United States has dropped while the average herd size per dairy farm has risen. This means higher concentration of manure in smaller areas. There is a growing concern about dairies storing large amounts of manure in unlined lagoons. The lagoons allow for nitrates from the manure to leak into groundwater. A 200 cow dairy farm produces about the same amount of nitrogen from its manure as a community of 5,000-10,000 people. The court case this note analyzes deals with cow manure generated by a dairy farm that cares for 11,000 cows and the nitrate level in the surrounding groundwater is above what the EPA recognizes as safe. Environmental advocacy groups have been unsatisfied with the slow progress of environmental enforcement on the agricultural sector. With legislatures and administrative agencies slow to move against farmers’ interests, environmental advocacy groups have shifted their focus to using nuanced legal arguments to bring agriculture under the regulation of existing statutes. Community Association for Restoration of the Environment, Inc. (CARE) filed a suit in the Federal District Court for the Eastern District of Washington against a large dairy farm in Washington called Cow Palace. Their claim attempts to bring cow manure under the regulation of the Resource Conservation and Reclamation Act (RCRA). The EPA has traditionally exempted cow manure applied to soil as fertilizer under RCRA. CARE claims that the manure has been over-applied to the point that it is no longer being used as a fertilizer and should be considered a dumping of a solid waste. This argument compelled the District Court of Washington to find that the way the farmer stored the manure in unlined lagoons and applied it to fields, constituted the manure as a solid waste under RCRA.This note presents an overview of how this case came to be, and follows it from beginning to end. It highlights the arguments presented on both sides while analyzing the reasoning of the District Court’s ruling under the nebulous case law surrounding RCRA. The note also offers policy guidance in determining how much applied manure is too much. Then the note goes on to suggest that the courts present a clear rule to determine when RCRA is “inconsistent” with other statutes by adopting an analysis similar to the federal pre-emption doctrine. This is followed by an analysis of the appropriate remedies available to the plaintiffs, which the court has yet to decide. Finally the note concludes by finding that this case should be a warning to farmers nationwide. Farmers should assess their current operations and adopt new ma","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"401 4-6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114015801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Economics of the Brazilian Model of Agricultural Development","authors":"Bernardo Mueller, C. Mueller","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2496893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2496893","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the transformation of Brazilian agriculture from a backward and dysfunctional sector to one of the breadbaskets of the world, focusing on those elements that might carry over to other developing countries seeking to make a similar transition. Today, Brazil is one of the major producers of a series of agricultural commodities, such as soybeans, sugar, orange juice, maize, cotton, chicken, meat and pigs, with strong participation in a long list of others. This has been achieved not by simply incorporating more land but by dramatic improvements in productivity, led by technological research that developed methods and inputs specifically suited to the country’s conditions. Whereas the total area of land in agriculture has remained basically the same since the mid-seventies, production has increased by nearly 300%. The success of Brazilian agriculture in increasing production and productivity in a relatively short period of time has attracted much attention to what policies and programs have been behind this transformation. Interest has centered on the fact that the transformation was achieved starting from a relatively backward agricultural setting, similar to that found in many other poor and developing countries. The Brazilian example sparked the notion that south-south cooperation in agriculture could fare better, given the similarities involved and a purported lack of colonial vestiges. The fact that the changes in Brazilian agriculture were achieved simultaneously with a significant and unprecedented drop in poverty and inequality since 1995, made the lure of a Brazilian model even more enticing for poor countries. In particular a sense arose that the Brazilian model would be particularly well suited for Africa.This paper provides an overview of the evolution of Brazilian agriculture analyzing its transition from low productivity and backwardness to its current status as major player in international markets and role model for other developing countries. Yet, rather than simply looking back and trying to find an ex-post reasoning that explains what has taken place, the analysis highlights the fact that throughout this path policy had very limited control over what actually took place and most agents had, and still have, a very poor understanding of how thing actually work. Admitting to the fact that the Brazilian experience in agriculture is still not entirely understood does not mean that it cannot be useful for countries such as those in Africa. On the contrary, doing so may preclude making rash transplantations of policies that may not have the intended effect in different circumstances. Similarly, examining the Brazilian agricultural experience through this lens will help to sort out what elements can be usefully emulated and how that can best be accomplished. We highlight the importance of the underlying institutional setting on the impact of agricultural policy. The remarkable transformation in Brazilian agriculture onl","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123201947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agricultural Marketing Cooperatives with Direct Selling: A Cooperative Non Cooperative Game","authors":"Maxime Agbo, D. Rousselière, J. Salanié","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2345260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2345260","url":null,"abstract":"We build a theoretical model to study a market structure of a marketing cooperative with direct selling, in which many farmers are members of an agricultural marketing cooperative. They can sell their production either to the cooperative or on an oligopolistic local market. We show that the decision to sell to the cooperative induces an anti-competitive effect on the direct selling market. The cooperative facilitates collusion on the local market by making farmers softer competitors on that market. Conversely, direct selling may create a \"healthy emulation\" among farmers, leading to more production benefiting the cooperative.","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115190538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foreign Direct Investment in Agriculture: Land Grab or Food Security Improvement?","authors":"C. Häberli","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2087657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2087657","url":null,"abstract":"Is there something really new about \"land grab\" except its extent? What is wrong with an investment contract allowing the holder to buy a farm and to export wheat to Saudi Arabia, or soybeans and maize as cattle feed to Korea, or to plant and process sugar cane and palm oil into ethanol for Europe and China? Why would the governments signing such investment contracts not know whether and which foreign investment projects are best for their country, and how to attract them? This chapter tries to show that land grab, where it occurs, is not only yet another symptom of regulatory failures at the national level and a lack of corporate social responsibility by certain private actors. National governance is clearly the most important factor. Nonetheless, it is submitted that there is an international dimension involving investor home states in various capacities. The implication is that land grab is not solely a question whether a particular investment contract is legal or not. The numerous new codes of conduct, voluntary guidelines and principles for responsible agricultural investment tend to focus on the national dimension of land grab. This chapter deals with legal issues which seem to have largely escaped the attention of both human rights lawyers and, especially, of investment lawyers. It addresses this fragmentation between different legal disciplines, rules, and policies, by asking two basic questions: (i) Do governments and parliaments in investor home countries have any responsibility in respect of the behaviour of their investors abroad? (ii) What should they and international regulators do, if anything?","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121230459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unbiasedness, Efficiency and Cointegration in the Brazilian Live Cattle Futures Market","authors":"M. S. Bego","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2359585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2359585","url":null,"abstract":"The hypothesis that futures prices are an unbiased predictor of spot price is a joint hypothesis that the market is efficient and there is no risk premium. In order to test separately unbiasedness and market efficiency, cointegration techniques must be applied. The goal of this paper is assess both hypotheses separately for the Brazilian live cattle futures market using cointegration techniques in a variety of forecast horizon. To accomplish this goal, were generated samples from 1 to 6 months forecast horizons and the series were tested for the order of integration, difference stationarity, cointegration and an error correction model was estimated. The results show that at 95% confidence level, live cattle futures market is efficient and unbiased only for 4 months forecast horizon.","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"362 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115947607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficiency and Productivity Differential Effects of Land Certification Program in Ethiopia: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Tigray","authors":"Hagos Hosaena Ghebru, S. Holden","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2343183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2343183","url":null,"abstract":"Taking advantage of a unique quasi-experi-mental survey design, this study analyzes the productivity impacts of the Ethiopian land certification program by identify-ing how the investment effects (technological gains) would measure up against the benefits from any improvements in input use intensity (technical efficiency). For this purpose, we adopted a data envelopment analysis-based Malmquist-type productivity index to decompose productivity differences into (1) within-group farm efficiency differences, reflecting the technical efficiency effect, and (2) differences in the group production frontier, reflecting the long-term investment (technological) effects. The results show that farms without a land use certificate are, on aggregate, less productive than those with formalized use rights.","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116489856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economics of Conservation Agriculture: An Overview","authors":"Krishna M. Singh, M. Meena","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2318983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2318983","url":null,"abstract":"Conservation agriculture / RCT offer a new paradigm for agricultural research and development different from earlier one, which mainly aimed at achieving specific food grains production targets. A shift in paradigm has become a necessity in view of widespread problems of resource degradation, which accompanied past strategies to enhance production with little concern for resource integrity. Integrating concerns of productivity, resource conservation and quality and environment is now fundamental to sustained productivity growth. Developing and promoting CA systems will be highly demanding in terms of knowledge base. This will call for greatly enhanced capacity of scientists to address problems from a systems perspective; be able to work in close partnerships with farmers and other stakeholders and strengthened knowledge and information-sharing mechanisms. CA offers an opportunity for arresting and reversing downward spiral of resource degradation, decreasing cultivation costs and making agriculture more resource-use-efficient, competitive and sustainable. ‘Conserving resources-enhancing productivity’ has to be new mission.","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125438164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Food Acquisition Program in the Sertão-Apodi and A çu-Mossor ó Territory from Brazil","authors":"E. Nunes, L. Godeiro","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2327174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2327174","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this paper is to analyze the importance of the Food Acquisition Program (FAP) on the dynamics of rural development of the Territory Citizenship Serto of Apodi, from Rio Grande do Norte state, trying to understand the relationship between the economic structure and family farming organization and diversification of the agriculture family, with access to the state market from Brazil in the period 2003 to 2011. As the study methodology included municipal secondary data through desk research and used a qualitative approach, in addition to quantitative data obtained through reports Brazilian Supply Agency (CONAB), which have operations with FAP since 2004.Furthermore, we employ the LLM, Probit and Logit Models with the objective of to verify is the institution like cooperative and associations impacts the amount of investmento in the FAP. It was possible to see the relationship between the economic structure and organization of family farmers (especially cooperatives and associations) and the diversification of family farming operations with the FAP. However, there is a perceived weakness in the legalization of organizations, such as the absence of the Municipal Inspection Service (SIM), State (SIE), and Federal (SIF), especially for processed products like honey, fruit pulp and milk, as well as certification for organic products. Also we found that the number of cooperative and associations impacts the amount of investment in FAP, given that a association more increase in 58% the probability of investment in FAP be greater the R$500.000, 00.","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"462 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125812974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green Revolution 2.0: Opportunities and Challenges in the Green Economy","authors":"N. Kulatilaka","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2238481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2238481","url":null,"abstract":"The Green Agricultural Revolution greatly increased crop yields and averted mass starvation, but it also turned small farms into factory farms that concentrated production in few locations and reduced the diversity of crops. In this paper I propose a strategy for a Green Energy Revolution, centered on a smart electricity network, that takes a different path: By enabling rich information flows, it allows for diversity of energy sources. By conveying more accurate cost signals, it creates incentives to reduce levels of consumption and shifts consumption patterns to reduce the peak capacity needs. By bringing energy farms closer to demand centers, it reduces losses. And by improving the quality of power, it enables the creation of valuable new services.","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115060224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}