SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Financial Contracts and the Management of Carbon Emissions in Small Scale Plantation Forests","authors":"A. Coleman","doi":"10.29310/WP.2011.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29310/WP.2011.04","url":null,"abstract":"Under the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme, foresters can obtain carbon units as their forests sequester carbon. If they sell these units as they are earned, the units must be repurchased when the forest is harvested, exposing foresters to price risk. This paper examines the way forward markets, futures markets, and carbon lending markets could be used to manage this risk. It argues that carbon lending markets are likely to be the most convenient form for foresters, as they allow the total returns from forestry investments to be increased with minimal risk. The carbon units can be lent to industrial firms or developers of new forests to minimise the carbon risk they face if they make carbon reducing investments.","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133742441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Change and Agriculture Policies: Managing Potential Risks to Agriculture Trade Liberalization","authors":"Adriana Dantas","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1635883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1635883","url":null,"abstract":"Governments and businesses worldwide are preparing for a carbon-constrained future and evaluating different policy instruments to combat climate change. Agricultural production is an important source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and practices that reduce or offset these emissions can increase farmer income, enhance wildlife habitat and improve soil productivity.The relationship between agriculture and climate change is a complex one: agriculture contributes to climate change, is part of the solution, and also a victim due to its vulnerability to extreme weather events. This complex relationship calls for a re-evaluation of the policy instruments implemented to date to support the agriculture sector; it also challenges their ability to properly address all aspects of this relationship. Agriculture policy has a well-documented impact on farmers’ production decisions (land, water, and agricultural chemical use), which in turn may affect the environment and distort trade.Ethanol, as a renewable fuel, plays a central role in the energy, agriculture and climate change policy debate. Policies to boost renewable energy from agriculture feed stocks are widespread, despite the uncertainties concerning their impacts on commodity demand, trade flows, water use and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. The paper reviews the main policy instruments adopted by the United States (U.S.) to stimulate production and consumption of ethanol, and their impacts on Brazilian producers and exporters. The main goal of the paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of World Trade Organization (WTO) rules to regulate these measures. It presents practical suggestions to improve monitoring, transparency and, possibly compliance with international trade rules.U.S. and Brazil are the two largest producers and exporters of ethanol. The trade and environmental concerns with domestic policies adopted to develop the industry position the topic at the center of the “north/south” debate, which has long characterized the history of agriculture trade liberalization.","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"53 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113971870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is Fair Trade Honey Sweeter? An Empirical Analysis on the Effect of Affiliation on Productivity","authors":"L. Becchetti, S. Castriota","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1428420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1428420","url":null,"abstract":"We evaluate the impact of affiliation to Fair Trade on a sample of Chilean honey producers. Evidence from standard regressions and propensity score matching shows that affiliated farmers have higher productivity (income from honey per worked hour) than the control sample. Additional results on the effects of affiliation on training, cooperation and advances on payments suggest that affiliation contributed both to, and independently from, the economies of scale effect. Therefore, we show that the productivity effect is partially explained by the superior capacity of affiliated workers to exploit economies of scale.","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129594268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Yield and Price Risk on Conversion from Conventional to Organic Farming","authors":"S. Acs, P. Berentsen, R. Huirne, M. van Asseldonk","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-8489.2009.00458.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8489.2009.00458.x","url":null,"abstract":"Although the benefits of organic farming are already well known, the conversion to organic farming does not proceed as the Dutch government expected. In order to investigate the conversion decisions of Dutch arable farms, a discrete stochastic dynamic utility-efficient programming (DUEP) model is developed with special attention for yield and price risk of conventional, conversion and organic crops. The model maximizes the expected utility of the farmer depending on the farmer’s risk attitude. The DUEP model is an extension of a dynamic linear programming model that maximized the labour income of conversion from conventional to organic farming over a 10 year planning horizon. The DUEP model was used to model a typical farm for the central clay region in the Netherlands. The results show that for a risk-neutral farmer it is optimal to convert to organic farming. However, for a more risk-averse farmer it is only optimal to fully convert if policy incentives are applied such as taxes on pesticides or subsidies on conversion, or if the market for the organic products becomes more stable.","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114449963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Macroeconomic Policy Approach to Poverty Reduction","authors":"S. Mallick","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1265577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1265577","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the relationship between macroeconomic policies and poverty still remains a key policy challenge. This paper develops a framework to link key macroeconomic variables with poverty and tests the effect of policies, namely the government-led channel of development spending and financing that directly influence poverty after accounting for the effect of sectoral output and price ratios, using data from India spanning over the last five decades. First, the policy-driven model emphasises the sectoral income distribution and intersectoral terms of trade as a mechanism in determining the level of poverty. Second, the paper considers key components of fiscal spending and monetary or financial policy via availability of credit, rather than the cost channel, to show that a strategy of government-led development spending and financing is a precondition for growth with poverty alleviation. The relative price of agriculture increases poverty by eroding the purchasing power of the poor as any demand pressure arising from higher income effect is not sufficient to offset the rise in food prices that comprise a large part of the consumption basket of most poor who are largely agricultural labourers or tenants. More irrigated area on the back of higher government capital spending on the other hand offsets the adverse impact, along with the extension of bank credit to agriculture, contributing significantly to poverty reduction.","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126364525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Who in Brazil Will Gain from Global Trade Reforms?","authors":"C. Azzoni, Jonathan. Brooks, J. Guilhoto, S. Mcdonald","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-9701.2007.01029.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2007.01029.x","url":null,"abstract":"The potential impacts of multilateral trade liberalisation on developing countries are the subject of numerous controversies. One particular concern is that Brazil, a major agricultural exporter and a country with one of the world's most unequal income distributions, will reap a substantial share of the potential benefits to developing countries from agricultural trade reform, and that most of those benefits will go to large-scale commercial farmers rather than to the country's smallholders. This claim is explored via a global general equilibrium model and a national model of Brazil containing multiple agricultural and non-agricultural households. Brazil is found to account for nearly one-half of all the benefits to developing countries deriving from global agricultural trade reform. These gains are associated with improvements in the welfare of each group and a lower incidence of poverty. Large-scale producers gain more than smallholders as they tend to be relatively specialised in export products, but there are important gains to agricultural employees, who are relatively poor, and to urban households, who benefit from the expansion of the agro-food sector. Overall, there is no discernible impact on income inequality, and no evidence that the gains to commercial farmers occur at the expense of poorer households.","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114194024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Inverse Farm Size Productivity Relationship: Some New Evidence From Sub-Sahara African Countries","authors":"S. Savastano, P. Scandizzo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3304720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3304720","url":null,"abstract":"The inverse farm size productivity relationship (IR) for short implies that diseconomies of scale characterize agriculture systems for several possible reasons, including the failure of land and labor markets to equalize production efficiency across farm size distribution. From the policy perspective in turn, should smallholders be found to be more efficient, policies to facilitate the redistribution of land from large towards the small farms would be justified not only on equity but also on efficiency grounds. While many consider IR as a “stylized fact” of rural development and a guiding principle of the major land reform in the former Soviet Union, and the Eastern European countries, others find it difficult to accept without further questions for several reasons. These include the fact that in most empirical studies IR appears as smooth tendency for land productivity to decline with farm size and thus is not limited to a different pattern of resource uses between large and small farms. While different reservation wages could account for family versus non-family farms, this would not explain why land productivity appears to decline within small family farms as well. Some empirical evidence also suggests that land quality and farm size are inversely correlated, so that ignoring this relation may be the cause of a basic specification error. Finally, several studies have indicated that total factor productivity does not show any negative correlation with farm size. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between productivity and farm size from the point of view of the option value of land and its relation with management quality and efficiency. We use LSMSISA national representative datasets of five sub-Saharan African countries, which provide standardized location details of sampled communities allowing the data to be linked to any other geo-referenced data . We are thus able to control for many exogenous common and comparative geo-spatial measures of land quality, infrastructure and access to markets, climate conditions, soil and topography. We also use an estimation strategy, based on quantile regressions at the household level, that allows us to test IR existence and verify signs’ switches across the entire distribution of farm size, and between countries located in different agro-ecological zones. Our findings indicate that, as suggested by a model combining land option values and farm size related management quality, while IR may be important for certain ranges of farm efficiency and size, it is by no mean an ubiquitous characteristic of agriculture. Whether the relationship between productivity and size is positive or negative may thus depend crucially on other factors, including soil quality, agro-economic zones, and the efficiency of farm management.<br>","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115804598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The EU Common Agricultural Policy Post-2020- Continuation of or a Break from the Current Practice","authors":"W. Józwiak","doi":"10.30858/zer/83029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/83029","url":null,"abstract":"Central institutions of the European Union and academic circles in some of the EU countries have launched works that enable to outline the Common Agricultural Policy for the next EU financial perspective. Based on analyses of the official Polish and EU documents and studies prepared by academicians, the paper formulates a view that the Common Agricultural Policy in the next EU financial perspective will not be only a slightly corrected version of the policy implemented today. The circumstances force more profound changes, but a full break from the existing political practice should not be expected. The works on the development of the Common Agricultural Policy for the next financial perspective will, most probably, require the Polish Government to seek compromise solutions. However, it is impossible to predict the extent of these activities before getting to know the positions of other EU countries on the subject matter and without assessing their tendency to seek compromise solutions.","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123391642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}