SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Drivers of Youth Engagement in Agriculture: Insights from Guatemala, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, and Uganda","authors":"S. Babu, S. Franzel, K. Davis, Nandita Srivastava","doi":"10.2499/P15738COLL2.134328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2499/P15738COLL2.134328","url":null,"abstract":"Engaging burgeoning youth populations in developing country agriculture is seen as an important strategy toward effective, efficient, and sustainable food system transformation. Yet the policy, institutional, technological, and capability barriers and ways to overcome them for successful participation of youth in agriculture are not fully understood. We use a conceptual framework that identifies key pathways to prosperity for youth and classifies contextual and driving factors that contribute to the success of youth engagement in agriculture. The framework comprises four broad categories of strategic interventions: policy and socioeconomic environment; institutional; technological/business infrastructure; and individual skills and capacities. In the context of this framework, we then present insights from cases of youth participation in agriculture in five countries: Guatemala, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, and Uganda. The countries and cases were purposively selected as part of ongoing research on youth engagement in agriculture. \u0000 \u0000Policies and strategies play an important role in creating an enabling environment for youth engagement in agriculture, including by fostering transparency and accountability in the policy system and promoting youth engagement in the private sector through agricultural extension and other services. Institutions and intermediaries provide financial support, training, and access to market for youth entrepreneurs. Support in these areas should be strengthened. Systems approaches, such as multi-stakeholder platforms, provide holistic support to young agripreneurs (entrepreneurs in agriculture), but require effective coordination. Similarly, information and communication technologies can play a facilitating role by providing platforms to network and receive updated market information but need to be significantly scaled up. Individual capacities can drive youth engagement in agriculture and agripreneurship but must continue to be built up through expanded education and training on technical and functional skills. \u0000 \u0000As policymakers and program managers search for interventions that can promote youth involvement in agriculture in their own countries, the insights from the five countries examined that are presented in this paper may be useful for identifying context-specific challenges and pathways to successful youth engagement in agriculture in their own countries. The framework presented here can be applied to study youth engagement issues in any country or in sub-national, decentralized contexts to generate evidence to guide the design of youth-in-agriculture development programs. There is a need to support, strengthen, and implement the driving factors identified in this paper for expanding youth engagement in agriculture.","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"205 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121527667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptation and Evaluation of Manual Hay Baller","authors":"Abayineh Awgichew, Abulasen Keberedin, Getachew Hailu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3814149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3814149","url":null,"abstract":"Baling of straw by pressing helps to feed animals with little or no wastage, conserve its nutrient for a long time, simplifies the transport and storage condition. Straw are considered among the most important materials in Ethiopia especially tef, wheat and barley straw. There are many types and models of powered and automatic baler imported in Ethiopia to assist baling facility. But those machines which are not affordable to small scale farmers due to high in cost and in another side in Ethiopia, the concept of high capacity baler could not make any impact owing to scattered and small areas of field. Therefore the manual hay baler machines was adapted and evaluated in those areas. The performance of the machine is evaluated in terms of density, mass, pressing rate and time required. Vertical hay baler has better performance in baling rate than the others manual hay balers.","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124390032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sudan – Land, Climate, Energy, Agriculture and Development: A Study in the Sudano-Sahel Initiative for Regional Development, Jobs, and Food Security","authors":"A. K. Osman, Adil M. Ali","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3769148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3769148","url":null,"abstract":"Sudan is situated in Sub-Saharan Africa, covering an area of about 1.9 million km2 and has a population of 43 million. It is regarded as one of the countries in the world where human development is least advanced with a poverty rate of about 46%. Sudan’s economy is based on agriculture, which contributes about one-third of the (GDP). Sudan’s agriculture has three distinct crop and three distinct livestock production systems. The Crop production systems are: irrigated, traditional and mechanized rain-fed farming. The livestock production systems are: nomadic, transhumant and sedentary systems. The annual cultivated land is around 20 million hectares, more than 85% of which are rain-fed. The livestock population is estimated at 105 million heads concentrated in nomadic and transhumant production systems. Water resources in Sudan are: river Nile and its tributaries, seasonal streams, underground water and surface water. Sources of energy are: biomass; electricity (hydro and fossil fuels) and petroleum products, accounting for about 78,8% and 14%, respectively, of the total energy balance. Sudan has significant renewable energy resources. Particularly solar energy is well distributed all over the country thus having the potential to facilitate the provision of energy services to rural settlements. Sudanese land cover classes indicated that 51% of the country area is bare rocks and soil, agriculture land is 13%, and tree cover and herbaceous vegetation cover 36% of the total Sudan area. The annual crop cultivated area is around 20 million ha and the main crops occupying more than 90% of the cultivated area are sorghum, millet, wheat, sesame and groundnut. Rangelands are the backbone of the livelihood of pastoralists and agro-pastoralists producing annually about 73% of the total feed required for national herds. The forest area is about 22 million ha thus comprising three different classes: federal, state, and community/private forests. Sudan is one of the most seriously affected countries by desertification in Africa. Recent GIS and remote sensing results indicated that between 1958 and 2017 the desert boundary was moved more to the south pushing the country into a historical desertification disaster. Several attempts were made to formulate regulations and legislations to combat soil degradation and desertification. However, desertification in Sudan remains a major environmental threat. \u0000 \u0000Sudan is among the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change, ranking 175th out of 181 countries. Analyses of rainfall and temperature have demonstrated a high rainfall variability and a clear rise in maximum and minimum temperature. Key climate change impacts include: reduced crops and livestock productivity, reduction in the duration of the growing season and socioeconomic impact such as conflict over resources and migration to urban centres. \u0000 \u0000Sudan has implemented several plans and policies which directly relate to climate change adaptation and ","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"156 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115744714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inter-Sectoral Key Success Factors of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Ghana","authors":"Porscha Opoku-Afriyie","doi":"10.31014/aior.1992.02.03.142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1992.02.03.142","url":null,"abstract":"SMEs are a major source of livelihood for most people in the developing world, but most of them fail within a very short period. Several studies have been conducted on SME success, but the focus is usually on one section of SMEs, with no study yet on a cross-section of SMEs to allow inter-sectoral comparisons. This study, therefore, set out to conduct an inter-sectoral study amongst 600 SMEs with 150 SMEs each from the agriculture, hospitality, manufacturing and trading sectors in Ghana. There may be inherent differences between the success factors for the various SME sectors and as such, the need for a study that cuts across four sectors to better inform policy and investment decisions. The study employed a survey strategy to obtain quantitative data through the random distribution of questionnaires. The data were then coded into NCSS 19 software. Multiple regression was used to analyze data, and generalizations were made based on these analyses. From the findings, there is no key success factor common to all four factors. However, number of employees affect three sectors, namely: agriculture, manufacturing, and trading sectors. Infrastructure and education affect the agriculture and manufacturing sectors. Cost control and access to finance affect both the hospitality and manufacturing sectors. Some factors are peculiar to specific sectors, for example, tax and business plan for the hospitality sector, leverage, and inflation for the manufacturing sector while work experience, training, and marital status affect the trading sector. The study makes recommendations based on the findings of the study.<br>","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132690728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is There a Balloon Effect? Coca Crops and Forced Eradication in Colombia","authors":"Eleonora Dávalos, L. Morales","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3429145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3429145","url":null,"abstract":"One explanation for the increasing number of hectares with coca cultivation is that eradication strategies displace coca crops but fail to completely clear affected areas. In the drug policy literature, that dynamic shifting is commonly known as the balloon effect. This study integrates georeferenced agricultural data through spatially explicit econometric models to tests the hypothesis that forced eradication generates spillover effects. Using annual data for 1,116 contiguous municipalities in Colombia between 2001 and 2010, we estimate a spatial Durbin model (SDM) with municipal and time fixed effects. At municipal level, we find no evidence of the balloon effect. Our results suggest that aerial eradication activities in a municipality reduce the new area under coca cultivation by 8 percent inside that municipality and by 3 percent in neighboring municipalities. Therefore, and contrary to the balloon effect hypothesis aerial eradication generates negative spillover effects. Our results provide deeper insights for policy design. In our analysis, we are able to distinguish between the change in coca cultivation as a result of eradication activities inside and outside the municipality.","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"153 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123318124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can One Improve Now-Casts of Crop Prices in Africa? Google Can.","authors":"R. Weber, Lukas Kornher","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3333018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3333018","url":null,"abstract":"With increasing Internet user rates across Africa, there is considerable interest in exploring new, online data sources. Particularly, search engine metadata, i.e. data representing the contemporaneous online-interest in a specific topic, has gained considerable interest, due to its potential to extract a near real-time online signal about the current interest of a society. The objective of this study is to analyze whether search engine metadata in the form of Google Search Query (GSQ) data can be used to improve now-casts of maize prices in nine African countries, these are Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. We formulate as benchmark an auto-regressive model for each country, which we subsequently augment by two specifications based on contemporary GSQ data. We test the models in in-sample, and in a pseudo out-of-sample, one-step-ahead now-casting environment and compare their forecasting errors. The GSQ specifications improve the now-casting fit in 8 out 9 countries and reduce the now-casting error between 3% and 23%. The largest improvement of maize price now-casts is achieved for Malawi, Kenya, Zambia and Tanzania, with improvements larger than 14%.","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127862139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sources of Return on Equity in Economically Diversified Agriculture of the European Union Countries","authors":"Joanna Bereżnicka","doi":"10.30858/ZER/94477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/ZER/94477","url":null,"abstract":"The study analysed sources of return on equity in countries with strong and economically weak farms. The economic size used in FADN was used as the breakdown criterion. In the group of countries where farms reached a relatively small economic size, there were Bulgaria, Greece, Croatia (from 2013), Malta, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Slovenia. Farms with a high standard value of production came from the Netherlands, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany and Slovakia. The studies used panel methods, and the model with fixed effects was used to estimate model parameters. Factors that influenced the return on equity in the group of weaker countries included asset productivity, sales profitability (sales margin) and operating subsidies. In the group of countries with economically stronger farms, the return on equity rate was positively affected by the margin on sales and profitability of production measured by the ratio of total production to total costs and property debt. Which confirms that foreign capital can contribute to achieving positive effects from the perspective of the return on equity.","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133161315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Within-Season Producer Response to Warmer Temperatures: Defensive Investments by Kenyan Farmers","authors":"M. Jagnani, C. Barrett, Yanyan Liu, L. You","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3056840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3056840","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We present evidence that farmers adjust agricultural inputs in response to within-season temperature variation, undertaking defensive investments to reduce the adverse agro-ecological impacts of warmer temperatures. Using panel data from Kenyan maize-growing households, we find that higher temperatures early in the growing season increase the use of pesticides, while reducing fertiliser use. Warmer temperatures throughout the season increase weeding effort. These adjustments arise because greater heat increases the incidence of pests, crop diseases and weeds, compelling farmers to divert investment from productivity-enhancing technologies such as fertiliser to adaptive, loss-reducing, defensive inputs such as pesticides and weeding labour.","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114317264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When Assessing Burdens for Farmers, Other Landowners, White House Shouldn't Duck Overhaul of Wetlands Regulatory Juggernaut","authors":"L. Kogan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3122790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3122790","url":null,"abstract":"Last year, two WLF Legal Pulse posts (here and here) explored the federal government’s incremental expansion of control over privately owned agricultural property through the Clean Water Act (CWA) and the law’s hydra-like oversight of wetlands. Those commentaries presented one Erie, Pennsylvania farmer’s 30-year legal battle as a microcosm of how agenda-driven regulators can upset the balance between environmental protection and individual rights. Ironically, that balance empowers small and family-farmers’ contribution to another goal of green activists: sustainable local food production. New information discovered from the legal battle against farmer Robert Brace reveals that his plight has been part of a broader, decades-long crusade led by a select group of environmental officials, with the active support of special-interest activists, to expand wetlands and challenge decisions by agriculture regulators. That campaign, and its success over the course of numerous presidential administrations, should not go unnoticed as the current regulatory reform effort, especially as it relates to “waters of the U.S.” (WOTUS), moves forward.","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130906847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Farmers Who Don't Farm: The Curious Rise of the Zero-Sales Farmer","authors":"N. Rosenberg","doi":"10.5304/JAFSCD.2017.074.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5304/JAFSCD.2017.074.005","url":null,"abstract":"While researchers have extensively studied the growth in the number of small farms between 1982 and 2012 reported in the Census of Agriculture (COA), there has been little discussion of trends among farm operators who do not sell any agri­cultural products. Using previously unreleased COA data collected between 1982 and 2012, this research empirically examines these “zero-sales farmers” for the first time. There was a large increase in the number of zero-sales farmers from 104,000 in 1982 to 466,000 in 2012, as well as a remarkable rise in their share of the farming popu­lation, from 5 percent in 1982 to 22 percent in 2012. Women and minority farmers were dispro­portionately likely to be zero-sales operators: at least 30 percent of women, Native American, and black farmers reported no sales in 2012. Older and beginning farmers were also more likely to report zero sales in 2012 than younger and experienced ones, respectively. Zero-sales farmers dramatically influenced recent census data on farm income, farm size, and operator age, among other results, due to their substantial share of the overall population. In order to effectively utilize COA data, practitioners, policymakers, and researchers should include zero-sales farms in their analyses. There are several steps the U.S. Depart­ment of Agriculture (USDA) can take to make information about zero-sales farmers more readily available and widely understood, such as introducing a zero-sales category in the census results.","PeriodicalId":127358,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Farming & Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124437746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}