Organizational Restrictions for the Sustainable Development of the Artsianal Cheese Business in Argentina: The Case of Sheep Cheese

E. Dulce
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Abstract

The stagnation and presumable setback of the sheep’s milk activity in Argentina has usually been explained in terms of productive and reproductive aspects and, only recently, of organizational aspects. The organizational design of this business (actors and their relations), a possible cause of the low sustainability of artisan-type businesses, has not been properly explored in Argentina or worldwide. The object of this study is to identify and describe the organizational aspects that might be restricting the sustained development of the sheep cheese business in Argentina, in spite of the opportunities offered by the market. The methodology used was phenomenological epistemology, combining qualitative and quantitative research. A survey was conducted of 19 ovine dairy farms in the province of Buenos Aires, selected on the basis of a random sample stratified by production scale. The survey was analyzed with PC-ORD software (McCune and Meford, 1999) with multivariate analysis techniques – Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Based on the PCA, the first two eigenvalues were retained as they accumulated 59.6% of the total variance. Two principal components were identified: F1 (36.4%), interpreted as “Governance Structures” and F2 (26.14%), interpreted as “Specialization Level”. In T2 (Producer – Industry Transaction), the points of conflict revolved around the quality of the raw material, its price, the payment terms and the difficulty to change buyers for the milk, while in T3 (Industry – Distribution Transaction), these revolved around the quality of the raw material, the marketed volume and the product’s supply regularity. Vertical integration (in T2 and T3) prevails as the governance structure selected to solve transactions independently from production scale. In T3, the interests of industry and distribution were asymmetrical in relation to asset specificity. Elevated transaction costs, derived from opportunism and the bounded rationality of the actors and enhanced by asymmetrical information and isolated efforts, raised the levels of conflict. This had a negative effect on specialization, competitiveness and, therefore, on the sustainability of the businesses.
阿根廷艺术奶酪业务可持续发展的组织限制:以羊奶酪为例
阿根廷羊奶生产活动的停滞和可能的挫折通常从生产和繁殖方面来解释,直到最近才从组织方面来解释。这种业务的组织设计(参与者及其关系)可能是工匠型业务可持续性低的原因,但在阿根廷或世界范围内尚未得到适当的探索。本研究的目的是确定和描述的组织方面,可能是限制羊奶酪业务在阿根廷的持续发展,尽管市场提供的机会。研究方法为现象学认识论,定性与定量研究相结合。在按生产规模分层随机抽样的基础上,对布宜诺斯艾利斯省的19个绵羊奶牛场进行了调查。使用PC-ORD软件(McCune和Meford, 1999)和多元分析技术-主成分分析(PCA)对调查结果进行分析。基于PCA,前两个特征值被保留,因为它们累积了总方差的59.6%。确定了两个主要成分:F1(36.4%),解释为“治理结构”,F2(26.14%)解释为“专业化水平”。在T2(生产者-行业交易)中,冲突点围绕着原材料的质量、价格、支付条件和更换牛奶买家的难度,而在T3(行业-分销交易)中,冲突点围绕着原材料的质量、市场销量和产品的供应规律。垂直整合(在T2和T3中)作为独立于生产规模解决交易的治理结构而盛行。在T3阶段,行业利益和分配利益在资产专用性方面是不对称的。由于机会主义和行为者的有限理性,并由于信息不对称和孤立的努力而加剧了交易成本的上升,从而提高了冲突的程度。这对专业化、竞争力产生了负面影响,因此对企业的可持续性也产生了负面影响。
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