印度东部饲草和饲料生产的经济学观点

Krishna M. Singh, M. Meena, Abhay Kumar
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引用次数: 11

摘要

印度的混合作物-牲畜系统以作物残茬为基础,平均占每牲畜单位总干物质摄入量的40-60%。然而,主要类型的作物残留物存在相当大的区域差异:灌溉地区的水稻和小麦秸秆与干旱、半干旱地区的豆科作物的粗谷物秸秆和干草相比。本文综合了最近一系列关于作物残茬的作用和重要性以及农民对粗粮和花生饲料数量和质量的看法的研究。高粱、珍珠粟和花生的作物改良项目传统上侧重于提高籽粒/豆荚产量、害虫和抗旱性。牲畜饲养在印度人民的经济中起着重要作用。作物残茬和牧场/草原是这一活动的主要饲料资源。牧草可以简单地解决土壤侵蚀、有机质和肥力下降的问题,这是世界上许多农田的现代耕作和沿路耕作造成的问题。考虑到饲料生产中的制约因素,为了克服供需差距,需要强调增加饲料生产的几个步骤。现有的资源利用模式需要用系统的方法进行整体研究。饲料生产是农业系统的一个组成部分,需要在农业系统方法中努力提高饲料产量。综合资源管理的整体办法将以维持生产力功能和生态可持续性养护做法之间的脆弱平衡为基础。饲草生产必须作为第一管理目标,25%的森林面积应为树木,并对农民有规定的可达性。建议沿着乡村道路和村务委员会土地以及阶地(一种非竞争性土地利用系统)种植饲草和饲料树。保护本地生物多样性以改善未来,同时培育适合非耕地农业地区的生物、非生物、耐胁迫的饲料品种,可能是解决长期饲料短缺的可能答案。利用参与性技术查明问题并执行改进方案,同时深入研究迁徙放牧者、以饲料为基础的农林业系统和控制放牧以保持牧场的生产力(应根据承载能力允许放牧),这是解决这一问题的其他一些办法。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
An Economic View to Forage and Fodder Production in Eastern India
The mixed crop–livestock systems of India are underpinned by the crop residues which contribute on an average 40–60% of the total dry matter intake per livestock unit. There is however considerable regional variation in the dominant type of crop residue: rice and wheat straws in irrigated regions compared to coarse cereal straws and hay from leguminous crops in the drier, semi-arid regions. This paper synthesizes a series of recent studies on the role and importance of crop residues and farmers’ perceptions of fodder quantity and quality in coarse cereal and groundnut based feeding systems. Crop improvement programs for sorghum, pearl millet and groundnut have traditionally focused on grain/pod yield improvement, pest and water stress tolerance. Livestock rearing plays a significant role in the economy of the Indian people. Crop residues and pastures/grasslands are the major feed resource for this activity. Forages can be a simple answer to soil erosion and decline in organic matter and fertility, a problem caused by modern cultivation and fallowing practices on much of the farmland the world over. Keeping in view the constraints in fodder production and in order to overcome the gap between demand and supply, the emphasis need to be given on several steps for augmenting the fodder production. Existing resource utilization pattern needs to be studied in totality according to a system approach. Fodder production is a component of the farming system and efforts need to be made for increasing the forage production in a farming system approach. The holistic approach of integrated resource management will be based on maintaining the fragile balance between productivity functions and conservation practices for ecological sustainability. Forage production must be taken up as a first management goal and 25% of the forest area should be put under trees with regulated accessibility to the farmers. It is suggested to grow forage grasses and fodder trees along village roads and panchayat lands, and on terrace risers/bunds - a non competitive land use system. Conservation of native biodiversity for future improvement along with breeding biotic, abiotic, stress tolerant cultivars of forage species suitable for area not used under arable agriculture can be possible answer to chronic fodder shortages. Use of participatory techniques to identify the problems and to carry out the improvement programme along with In-depth studies on migratory graziers, forage based agroforestry systems and controlled grazing to maintain the productivity of pasture (grazing should be allowed as per carrying capacity) are some other solutions to this problem.
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