Genes and immunity最新文献_第4页

Inhibition of cGAS in dendritic cells suppresses maturation and prolongs allograft survival in mice 抑制树突状细胞中的cGAS可抑制小鼠的成熟并延长同种异体移植物的存活时间。

IF 4.5 3区医学

Genes and immunity Pub Date : 2026-03-03 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-026-00381-7

Hanyuan Zhang, Long Zhang, Hanyu Wang, Xuzhi Zhang, Shuai Wang, Yifang Gao, Yi Ma

{"title":"Inhibition of cGAS in dendritic cells suppresses maturation and prolongs allograft survival in mice","authors":"Hanyuan Zhang, Long Zhang, Hanyu Wang, Xuzhi Zhang, Shuai Wang, Yifang Gao, Yi Ma","doi":"10.1038/s41435-026-00381-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41435-026-00381-7","url":null,"abstract":"Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is critical for dendritic cell (DC) maturation. This study investigates how cGAS suppression in DCs influences graft immune tolerance. Bioinformatics analysis assessed cGAS involvement in transplant immunity. Immature DCs were transduced with an adenoviral vector to knockdown cGAS and divided into three groups: cGAS-shRNA-DCs, EGFP-DCs and PBS (control). These were administered intravenously before transplantation to establish a mouse model. Graft survival and histopathology were evaluated. Splenic T cell subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry. After lipopolysaccharide stimulation, MHC-II and co-stimulatory molecule expression, antigen uptake, and T cell proliferation were measured in three groups. Cytokine levels in supernatants were quantified. Western blotting was used to explore the mechanism of cGAS in DC maturation. Bioinformatics revealed elevated cGAS expression in allografts. cGAS-shRNA-DCs showed reduced MHC-II and co-stimulatory molecule expression, enhanced phagocytosis, and decreased T cell activation. IFN-γ, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels were lower, while IL-10 was higher. Mice receiving cGAS-shRNA-DCs exhibited prolonged graft survival and improved function. Flow cytometry showed increased regulatory T cells and reduced Th1 and Th17 cells. WB indicated that cGAS regulates DC maturation via NF-κB signaling. In conclusion, suppressing cGAS in DCs inhibits their maturation, thereby enhancing graft survival.","PeriodicalId":12691,"journal":{"name":"Genes and immunity","volume":"27 3","pages":"261-275"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147348206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Nlrp12-driven PANoptosis exacerbates liver injury in ConA-induced autoimmune hepatitis nlrp12驱动的PANoptosis加重了cona诱导的自身免疫性肝炎的肝损伤。

IF 4.5 3区医学

Genes and immunity Pub Date : 2026-03-02 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-026-00386-2

Jun Lin, Kaiyu Feng, Feiyang Wang, Ziqi Zheng, Xingyan Luo, Chunfen Mo

{"title":"Nlrp12-driven PANoptosis exacerbates liver injury in ConA-induced autoimmune hepatitis","authors":"Jun Lin, Kaiyu Feng, Feiyang Wang, Ziqi Zheng, Xingyan Luo, Chunfen Mo","doi":"10.1038/s41435-026-00386-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41435-026-00386-2","url":null,"abstract":"Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) involves chronic liver injury from abnormal immune responses, leading to hepatocyte death and inflammation. Currently, the role of pyroptosis in AIH has not been fully elucidated. Emerging evidence indicates that Nlrp12, a cytosolic sensor of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), participates in inflammasome assembly and pyroptotic signalling. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the role of Nlrp12 in AIH. Using a concanavalin A (ConA)-induced AIH mouse model, we observed that ConA challenge significantly upregulated Nlrp12 expression in liver tissues. Genetic ablation of Nlrp12 improved survival rates, lowered serum aminotransferase levels, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and ameliorated histological liver damage. Further studies revealed that Nlrp12 drives the assembly of PANoptosomes (including ASC, RIPK3, and Caspase-8), promoting the release of PANoptosis-related proteins and inflammatory factors. The RIPK3 inhibitor GSK-872 blocked PANoptosome formation, mitigating liver injury and inflammation. These findings unveil a previously unrecognized role for Nlrp12 in aggravating immune-mediated liver injury via PANoptosis activation, highlighting the Nlrp12-PANoptosis axis as a promising therapeutic target for AIH.","PeriodicalId":12691,"journal":{"name":"Genes and immunity","volume":"27 2","pages":"236-244"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147343585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

RETN exacerbates sepsis by GBP5/NLRP3 signaling pathway-mediated pyroptosis of macrophage RETN通过GBP5/NLRP3信号通路介导巨噬细胞焦亡而加重脓毒症。

IF 4.5 3区医学

Genes and immunity Pub Date : 2026-02-28 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-026-00387-1

Zhen Chen, Yongpeng Su, Genglong Liu, Huimei Yin, Yu Zuo, Gege He, Ruijin Feng, Liuer Zuo

{"title":"RETN exacerbates sepsis by GBP5/NLRP3 signaling pathway-mediated pyroptosis of macrophage","authors":"Zhen Chen, Yongpeng Su, Genglong Liu, Huimei Yin, Yu Zuo, Gege He, Ruijin Feng, Liuer Zuo","doi":"10.1038/s41435-026-00387-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41435-026-00387-1","url":null,"abstract":"Current therapeutic options remain insufficient for sepsis, driving the search for alternative treatment approaches. Accumulating evidence suggests that resistin (RETN) serves as a crucial factor in sepsis initiation and development. Nevertheless, the specific pathways through which RETN influences sepsis pathophysiology have yet to be elucidated. Single-cell sequencing analysis reveals RETN is primarily expressed in monocytes/macrophages. RETN in macrophages is markedly upregulated in septic patients, exhibiting a marked positive correlation with pro-inflammatory cytokines and disease severity. Bioinformatics analysis and in vitro experiments reveal that knockdown of RETN alleviated macrophage pyroptosis. RNA-Seq analysis and in vitro experiments revealed that the overexpression of RETN markedly upregulates the expression of GBP5 and NLRP3. Further in vivo experiments revealed that RETN knockdown markedly downregulates GBP5 expression, inhibits NLRP3 activation, and mitigates macrophage pyroptosis. This consequently reduces organ (lung, spleen, and heart) damage and improves survival in sepsis. Finally, knocking down GBP5 can reverse the promoting effect of overexpressed RETN on macrophage pyroptosis, organ damage and sepsis lethality. This investigation initially demonstrates that the RETN/GBP5/NLRP3 signaling axis regulates macrophage pyroptosis to aggravate sepsis, providing new potential targets and theoretical support for the research on the pathogenic mechanism of sepsis and clinical treatment.","PeriodicalId":12691,"journal":{"name":"Genes and immunity","volume":"27 2","pages":"223-235"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147321662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

CD11d+ NK cell-derived exosomal HSPB1 suppresses angiogenesis in adenomyosis CD11d+ NK细胞来源的外泌体HSPB1抑制子宫腺肌症血管生成。

IF 4.5 3区医学

Genes and immunity Pub Date : 2026-02-27 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-026-00379-1

Ting Gui, Duoduo Zhang, Qi Yu, Shan Deng

{"title":"CD11d+ NK cell-derived exosomal HSPB1 suppresses angiogenesis in adenomyosis","authors":"Ting Gui, Duoduo Zhang, Qi Yu, Shan Deng","doi":"10.1038/s41435-026-00379-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41435-026-00379-1","url":null,"abstract":"Our study aimed to explore the mechanisms underlying abnormal angiogenesis in adenomyosis (AM). Endometria of internal adenomyosis (AM-in) and external adenomyosis (AM-ex) were collected for single-cell RNA-sequencing. Cells showing consistent change tendency in AM-in and AM-ex groups were selected as the research target. Functional experiments were performed to assess angiogenesis regulation. Specific proteins in target cell-derived exosomes and the signaling pathways involved were analyzed. In the single-cell landscape of the endometrium in adenomyosis, fibroblasts and T cells had the largest number in non-immune and immune cells. CD11d+ NK cell was found to be negatively correlated with angiogenesis. CD11d+ NK cell-derived exosomes inhibited tube formation and cell proliferation and migration; interrupting exosome secretion could attenuate the inhibitory effects. A total of 175 unique proteins were identified in CD11d+ NK cell-derived exosomes, primarily involved in angiogenesis-related signaling pathways. One protein, HSPB1, was annotated in the star MAPK signaling pathway. Interference of HSPB1 could regulate angiogenesis inhibited by CD11d+ NK cell-derived exosomes. In summary, cell compositions and functions in the endometrium of adenomyosis were heterogeneous. CD11d+ NK cells suppress angiogenesis through exosomal protein HSPB1, offering a cellular-level understanding of the angiogenesis regulation in adenomyosis from the perspective of immune cells.","PeriodicalId":12691,"journal":{"name":"Genes and immunity","volume":"27 2","pages":"245-257"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147316882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Immunoglobulin gene polymorphisms shape the naïve B-cell receptor repertoire; relevance to celiac disease 免疫球蛋白基因多态性塑造naïve b细胞受体库；与乳糜泻相关。

IF 4.5 3区医学

Genes and immunity Pub Date : 2026-02-26 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-026-00384-4

Aengus Officer, Corey T. Watson, Eric Engelbrecht, Shiva Dahal-Koirala, Louise F. Risnes, Knut E. A. Lundin, Eivind Ness-Jensen, Ida Lindeman, Ludvig M. Sollid

{"title":"Immunoglobulin gene polymorphisms shape the naïve B-cell receptor repertoire; relevance to celiac disease","authors":"Aengus Officer, Corey T. Watson, Eric Engelbrecht, Shiva Dahal-Koirala, Louise F. Risnes, Knut E. A. Lundin, Eivind Ness-Jensen, Ida Lindeman, Ludvig M. Sollid","doi":"10.1038/s41435-026-00384-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41435-026-00384-4","url":null,"abstract":"Genetic variation in the loci encoding immunoglobulin genes (IGH, IGK and IGL) affects the repertoire of B-cell receptors (BCRs). Such effects were previously demonstrated for total peripheral blood B cells, but so far have not been investigated at scale for isolated naïve B cells. As B cells are implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, genetically encoded features of the naïve BCR repertoire may affect disease risk, for instance in celiac disease (CeD) which is hallmarked by stereotyped disease-specific antibodies that recognize antigen in their germline configuration. Here we have characterized the BCR repertoire of naïve B cells in 102 individuals with CeD and 102 control subjects by undertaking gene usage quantitative trait loci analyses based on repertoire sequencing and single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping. Variants within each of the loci had significant effects on the naïve BCR repertoires, with the usage of 80% of IGH genes, 54% of IGK genes and 84% of IGL genes being significantly affected by gene polymorphisms. Effects of genetic polymorphisms on BCR usage were observed for genes implicated in stereotypic responses previously associated with CeD, yet no strong evidence for CeD predisposing effects of polymorphisms within the IGH, IGK and IGL loci was uncovered.","PeriodicalId":12691,"journal":{"name":"Genes and immunity","volume":"27 2","pages":"210-222"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147304922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Relevance of polymorphisms in TLR2/4 genes and their association with plasma cytokines for schizophrenia 精神分裂症患者TLR2/4基因多态性及其与血浆细胞因子的相关性

IF 4.5 3区医学

Genes and immunity Pub Date : 2026-02-26 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-026-00383-5

Saahithh Redddi Patlola, Aodán Laighneach, Derek W. Morris, Brian Hallahan, Colm McDonald, John P. Kelly, Gary Donohoe, Declan P. McKernan

{"title":"Relevance of polymorphisms in TLR2/4 genes and their association with plasma cytokines for schizophrenia","authors":"Saahithh Redddi Patlola, Aodán Laighneach, Derek W. Morris, Brian Hallahan, Colm McDonald, John P. Kelly, Gary Donohoe, Declan P. McKernan","doi":"10.1038/s41435-026-00383-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41435-026-00383-5","url":null,"abstract":"Schizophrenia is associated with altered levels of plasma cytokines. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) can be responsible for cytokine synthesis. It remains unclear whether genetic changes in TLRs, e.g. single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), account for altered levels. Here, we investigate the relationship between SNPs in TLR2 and TLR4 genes, cytokine levels, and cognition. This study included 281 participants (190 controls and 91 schizophrenia patients). Cognitive tasks using CANTAB and WAIS-III were administered to participants. Genotyping was performed using the Axiom-PMRA-R3 platform. Data were handled using Plink.V.1.9. We used ELISA to quantify plasma levels of cytokines (Interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-10, and Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α)) and TLR activity as indicated by cytokine release from whole blood stimulated with TLR-2, -3, and -4 ligands. Linear regression of clumped SNPs revealed one TLR2 SNP [rs115751519] was associated with plasma IL-8 levels in patients. Four TLR4 SNPs [rs10983755, rs1927906, rs5030711 and rs57863323] were associated with plasma levels of IL-6 & TNF-α in patients. Three TLR4 SNPs [rs4986790, rs1554973 and rs5030711] were associated with IL-6 levels in controls. Finally, no significant associations were observed with cognition. Patients possessing a specific TLR2 or TLR4 genotype may be predisposed to elevated levels of cytokines but have no association with cognition.","PeriodicalId":12691,"journal":{"name":"Genes and immunity","volume":"27 2","pages":"203-209"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41435-026-00383-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147304940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Correction: Folate metabolism-associated CYP26A1 is a clinico-immune target in colorectal cancer 更正：叶酸代谢相关的CYP26A1是结直肠癌的临床免疫靶点。

IF 4.5 3区医学

Genes and immunity Pub Date : 2026-02-10 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-025-00374-y

Yifei Zhu, Teng Zhou, Yao Zheng, Yanxi Yao, Mingxi Lin, Cheng Zeng, Yuxin Yan, Yifei Zhou, Dou-Dou Li, Jian Zhang

引用次数: 0

Epitope mapping of vaccine antigens Tc24 and TSA1 with antibodies from Trypanosoma cruzi-infected patients 疫苗抗原Tc24和TSA1与克氏锥虫感染患者抗体的表位定位

IF 4.5 3区医学

Genes and immunity Pub Date : 2026-02-10 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-026-00380-8

Eric Dumonteil, Claudia Herrera

{"title":"Epitope mapping of vaccine antigens Tc24 and TSA1 with antibodies from Trypanosoma cruzi-infected patients","authors":"Eric Dumonteil, Claudia Herrera","doi":"10.1038/s41435-026-00380-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41435-026-00380-8","url":null,"abstract":"Chagas disease is a zoonotic disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi parasites. Tc24 and TSA1 parasite antigens are leading candidates for a therapeutic vaccine to treat infected patients to stop/delay the progression of chronic cardiomyopathy. As these antigens are nearing clinical trials, we aimed to assess their epitope recognition profile by antibodies from Chagas disease patients to better understand their immunogenicity in humans. Peptide microarrays covering Tc24-C4 and TSA1-C4 vaccine antigens were incubated with IgG from 27 T. cruzi-infected patients from Argentina, Honduras and Mexico. Most patients (20/27, 74%) had a highly similar recognition profile of both vaccine antigens, with the same immunodominant epitopes (three epitopes for Tc24-C4 and four for TSA1-C4). Remaining patients had limited reactivity against these antigens, targeting epitopes that varied among patients. All immunodominant epitopes were well conserved among T. cruzi strains and DTUs, and most were accessible on the surface of the proteins. The immunodominant epitope recognition profile was observed independently of patient HLA profile, diagnostic test reactivity or T. cruzi parasite burden. Patients were infected with mixtures of TcI, TcII, TcIV, TcV and TcVI parasites. These results present an important baseline for assessing potential changes in epitope profiles following therapeutic vaccination in future clinical trials.","PeriodicalId":12691,"journal":{"name":"Genes and immunity","volume":"27 2","pages":"195-202"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41435-026-00380-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146156884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Association of tumour-associated macrophage states with nonconserved lncRNAs in lung cancer 肺癌中肿瘤相关巨噬细胞状态与非保守lncrna的关联

IF 4.5 3区医学

Genes and immunity Pub Date : 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-026-00377-3

Yvessa Verheyden, Sonia Cinque, Daliya Kancheva, Jo A. Van Ginderachter, Eleonora Leucci

{"title":"Association of tumour-associated macrophage states with nonconserved lncRNAs in lung cancer","authors":"Yvessa Verheyden, Sonia Cinque, Daliya Kancheva, Jo A. Van Ginderachter, Eleonora Leucci","doi":"10.1038/s41435-026-00377-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41435-026-00377-3","url":null,"abstract":"Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) are central players in the tumour microenvironment, driving cancer progression and modulating immune responses. Renowned for their ability to rapidly adapt to environmental changes, TAMs can adopt a wide range of functional phenotypes. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying this functional plasticity are still not fully understood. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), as key regulators of epigenetic and post-transcriptional processes, are increasingly recognized for their potential role in TAM polarization. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive comparative analysis of lncRNA expression in TAMs derived from both mouse and human lung carcinomas. Although we identified a small group of murine lncRNAs as potential human orthologs through orthogonal in silico approaches, the majority of murine lncRNAs lacked clear human equivalents. Overall, our findings reveal distinct lncRNA expression patterns in lung carcinoma mouse and human TAMs, underscoring the importance of utilizing human-based models to thoroughly investigate the roles of lncRNAs in immune regulation and bridge the translational gap between murine and human cancer immunology.","PeriodicalId":12691,"journal":{"name":"Genes and immunity","volume":"27 2","pages":"185-194"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147645081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Decoding miRNA-Mediated Immunoregulation in SARS-CoV-2, HBV, HIV, and HSV Infections 解码SARS-CoV-2、HBV、HIV和HSV感染中mirna介导的免疫调节

IF 4.5 3区医学

Genes and immunity Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-026-00376-4

Suleyman Arziman, Sevim Aydemir, Vildan Bozok

{"title":"Decoding miRNA-Mediated Immunoregulation in SARS-CoV-2, HBV, HIV, and HSV Infections","authors":"Suleyman Arziman, Sevim Aydemir, Vildan Bozok","doi":"10.1038/s41435-026-00376-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41435-026-00376-4","url":null,"abstract":"Eukaryotic cells regulate gene expression through multiple checkpoints, including post-transcriptional mechanisms mediated by microRNAs (miRNAs). These small non-coding RNAs inhibit translation by binding to target mRNAs, often within a complex regulatory network involving other RNA species such as circular RNAs and long non-coding RNAs. miRNAs are now recognised as central players in the pathogenesis, immune modulation, and progression of infectious diseases. In this review, we thoroughly examine studies published over the past five years, focusing on miRNAs involved in immune regulation during four major viral infections: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, hepatitis B virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and herpes simplex virus. Our analysis centres on the core signalling pathways most frequently targeted by miRNAs: NF-κB, MAPK, JAK-STAT, TGF-β/Smad, and pattern-recognition receptor-associated cascades. Among the miRNAs most prominently implicated are miR-21, miR-146a, miR-150, and miR-155. These miRNAs modulate key signalling pathways, thereby influencing macrophage polarisation, T- and natural killer cell activity, antigen presentation, and inflammatory cytokine production. In addition, virus-encoded miRNAs and ceRNA or extracellular vesicle-mediated interactions are discussed where mechanistically validated, illustrating virus-specific regulatory layers. Collectively, this integrative synthesis underscores the pivotal roles of miRNAs in orchestrating antiviral immunity and highlights their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in viral infections. A better understanding of miRNA-mediated immunoregulation may pave the way for precision interventions aimed at improving immune control and patient outcomes.","PeriodicalId":12691,"journal":{"name":"Genes and immunity","volume":"27 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41435-026-00376-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146010052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0