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Leading Satellite‐Based Evapotranspiration Products Insufficiently Capture Interannual Variability: Evidence From GRACE/FO and In Situ Observations 基于卫星的主要蒸散发产品不能充分捕捉年际变化：来自GRACE/FO和原位观测的证据
IF 5.2 1区 地球科学
Geophysical Research Letters Pub Date : 2025-10-04 DOI: 10.1029/2025gl116784
Yanni Zhao, Lucas Emilio B. Hoeltgebaum, Meetpal S. Kukal, Meng Zhao
{"title":"Leading Satellite‐Based Evapotranspiration Products Insufficiently Capture Interannual Variability: Evidence From GRACE/FO and In Situ Observations","authors":"Yanni Zhao, Lucas Emilio B. Hoeltgebaum, Meetpal S. Kukal, Meng Zhao","doi":"10.1029/2025gl116784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl116784","url":null,"abstract":"Satellite‐based evapotranspiration (ET) products such as OpenET and GLEAM are widely used for drought monitoring and ecosystem‐climate studies. However, their ability to accurately capture interannual variability (IAV), a key requirement for such applications, remains under‐evaluated. Here, we assessed IAV in OpenET and GLEAM using an independent water balance approach that combined precipitation, discharge, and GRACE/FO total water storage anomalies across nine river basins in the western United States. Even after accounting for observational uncertainty through a Monte Carlo approach, both products systematically underestimate IAV relative to water balance‐based ET, by more than 60% on average. This result is further supported by long‐term tower measurements from AmeriFlux. We also demonstrated that ET sensitivity to climate and vegetation drivers in OpenET and GLEAM differ substantially from water balance‐based estimates. These findings reveal important limitations in satellite‐based ET products and highlight the need for improved IAV representation to support ecosystem and climate applications.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"157 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145215773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Magnetic Field and Plasma Asymmetries Between the Martian Quasi‐Perpendicular and Quasi‐Parallel Magnetosheaths 火星准垂直和准平行磁鞘之间的磁场和等离子体不对称性
IF 5.2 1区 地球科学
Geophysical Research Letters Pub Date : 2025-10-04 DOI: 10.1029/2025gl118172
Abigail Tadlock, Chuanfei Dong, Chi Zhang, Markus Fränz, Hongyang Zhou, Jiawei Gao
{"title":"Magnetic Field and Plasma Asymmetries Between the Martian Quasi‐Perpendicular and Quasi‐Parallel Magnetosheaths","authors":"Abigail Tadlock, Chuanfei Dong, Chi Zhang, Markus Fränz, Hongyang Zhou, Jiawei Gao","doi":"10.1029/2025gl118172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl118172","url":null,"abstract":"The Martian magnetosheath acts as a conduit for mass and energy transfer between the upstream solar wind and its induced magnetosphere. However, our understanding of its global properties remains limited. Using 9 years of data from NASA's Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN mission, we performed a quantitative statistical analysis to explore the spatial distribution of the magnetic fields, solar wind and planetary ions in the magnetosheath. We discovered significant asymmetries in the magnetic field, solar wind protons, and planetary ions between the quasi‐perpendicular and quasi‐parallel magnetosheaths. The asymmetries in the Martian magnetosheath exhibit both similarities and differences compared to those in the Earth's and Venus' magnetosheaths. These results indicate that the Martian magnetosheath is distinctly shaped by both shock geometry and planetary ions.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"167 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145215708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Diurnal Variability of Submesoscale Chlorophyll‐a Fronts Revealed by Hourly Geostationary Satellite Observations 逐时同步卫星观测揭示的亚中尺度叶绿素a锋的日变化
IF 5.2 1区 地球科学
Geophysical Research Letters Pub Date : 2025-10-03 DOI: 10.1029/2025gl117201
Hye‐Jin Woo, Kyung‐Ae Park, Peter C. Cornillon
{"title":"Diurnal Variability of Submesoscale Chlorophyll‐a Fronts Revealed by Hourly Geostationary Satellite Observations","authors":"Hye‐Jin Woo, Kyung‐Ae Park, Peter C. Cornillon","doi":"10.1029/2025gl117201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl117201","url":null,"abstract":"The detection of submesoscale fronts is critical for understanding physical‐biological interactions and ecosystem variability. This study characterizes the diurnal variability of chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a) fronts using hourly data from the geostationary satellite GK‐2B/GOCI‐II in the East/Japan Sea. Chl‐a fronts exhibited more diverse and coherent submesoscale structures than sea surface temperature‐based fronts. During the spring bloom, front area and number followed a dome‐shaped diurnal cycle, peaking near local noon. Fronts also shifted horizontally in alignment with surface currents under strong flow, while deviating under weak flow, suggesting biological influences. These findings reveal distinct diurnal dynamics in Chl‐a fronts not captured by physical parameters alone.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"214 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145209697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Global Influence of ENSO on Rapid Intensification of Tropical Cyclones ENSO对热带气旋快速增强的全球影响
IF 5.2 1区 地球科学
Geophysical Research Letters Pub Date : 2025-10-03 DOI: 10.1029/2025gl115334
L. G. Silvers, P. J. Klotzbach, C. J. T. Allen, M. M. Bell, S. G. Bowen, S. S. Chand, M. Ekström, M. Hemmati, C. J. Schreck
{"title":"The Global Influence of ENSO on Rapid Intensification of Tropical Cyclones","authors":"L. G. Silvers, P. J. Klotzbach, C. J. T. Allen, M. M. Bell, S. G. Bowen, S. S. Chand, M. Ekström, M. Hemmati, C. J. Schreck","doi":"10.1029/2025gl115334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl115334","url":null,"abstract":"Tropical cyclone (TC) rapid intensification (RI) is a major source of uncertainty in TC prediction. Here we examine observed basin-specific relationships between RI and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), where RI is defined as a TC strengthening by ≥30 kt within 24 hr. During El Niño, the number of RI events significantly increases in the eastern North Pacific, western North Pacific and South Pacific, with the opposite behavior in the North Atlantic. During La Niña, changes in RI occurrence in the Atlantic and Pacific are approximately opposite as in El Niño. The ENSO–Indian Ocean RI relationship is weak. These changes are consistent with environmental conditions modulating RI, including mid-level moisture, vertical wind shear, sea surface temperatures and potential intensity. Because of disagreement between the recently observed La Nina-like trend and an El Niño-like trend simulated by climate models, improved model representation of ENSO could reduce future uncertainty in RI projections.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145209688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Frictional Behavior of Natural Granite Gouges at Hydrothermal Conditions With Varied Initial Grain Size 热液条件下不同初始粒度天然花岗岩沟槽的摩擦行为
IF 5.2 1区 地球科学
Geophysical Research Letters Pub Date : 2025-10-03 DOI: 10.1029/2025gl115135
Huiru Lei, Yongsheng Zhou, André R. Niemeijer, Jianye Chen, Christopher J. Spiers
{"title":"Frictional Behavior of Natural Granite Gouges at Hydrothermal Conditions With Varied Initial Grain Size","authors":"Huiru Lei, Yongsheng Zhou, André R. Niemeijer, Jianye Chen, Christopher J. Spiers","doi":"10.1029/2025gl115135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl115135","url":null,"abstract":"Fine‐grained gouge found in fault cores controls earthquake generation through its frictional behavior and microstructural evolution. Here we present friction experiments on natural granitic gouges of various initial grain sizes at hydrothermal conditions. To obtain the velocity(<jats:italic>V</jats:italic>)‐dependence of friction of both fine‐ and coarse‐grained samples, velocity‐stepping tests were conducted between 0.01 and 100 μm/s at 25–600°C, 100 MPa pore pressure and 100 MPa effective normal stress. In the rate‐and‐state friction framework, we observed that fine‐grained gouge is strongly velocity‐weakening over a substantially broader range in temperature than coarse‐grained gouge at <jats:italic>V</jats:italic> of 1–100 μm/s. Velocity‐weakening may result from a combination of mechanical comminution (grain size reduction) and dilatant granular (i.e., cataclastic) flow, operating in competition with compaction and creep involving grain scale mass transfer by pressure solution. We also infer that temperature‐dependent grain growth of ultrafine particles plays a role in determining the upper temperature limit of velocity‐weakening.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145209690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
On the Rapid Warming in the Subtropical North Atlantic in 2011–2021 2011-2021年副热带北大西洋快速变暖研究
IF 5.2 1区 地球科学
Geophysical Research Letters Pub Date : 2025-10-03 DOI: 10.1029/2025gl116280
Lei Huang, Denis L. Volkov, Shenfu Dong, Claudia Schmid
{"title":"On the Rapid Warming in the Subtropical North Atlantic in 2011–2021","authors":"Lei Huang, Denis L. Volkov, Shenfu Dong, Claudia Schmid","doi":"10.1029/2025gl116280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl116280","url":null,"abstract":"A rapid warming trend was observed in the upper 2,000 m of the subtropical North Atlantic in 2011–2021, with significant heat accumulation not only in the upper ocean layers (0–300 m, 300–700 m) but also in the mid‐depth layer (700–2,000 m). Warming in the mid‐depth layer accounted for approximately 40% of the upper‐2000 m warming, exceeding the global average in this layer. Our analysis indicates that warming in the upper 700 m was primarily driven by isopycnal heave changes, closely linked to anomalous anticyclonic atmospheric circulation. In contrast, warming in the mid‐depth layer was mainly attributed to spice variability, influenced by advection and water mass changes in both the subtropical and subpolar regions. Overall, this study highlights the importance of mid‐depth ocean heat uptake in shaping the ocean heat content variability in the subtropical North Atlantic and reveals the combined impact of local and remote processes.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145209691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Persistent Coastal Temperature Biases in km‐Scale Climate Models Due To Unresolved Oceanic Tidal Mixing 由于未解决的海洋潮汐混合，千米尺度气候模式中持续的沿海温度偏差
IF 5.2 1区 地球科学
Geophysical Research Letters Pub Date : 2025-10-03 DOI: 10.1029/2025gl118014
Audrey Delpech, Anne‐Marie Tréguier, Louis Marié, Rohit Ghosh, Malcolm J. Roberts
{"title":"Persistent Coastal Temperature Biases in km‐Scale Climate Models Due To Unresolved Oceanic Tidal Mixing","authors":"Audrey Delpech, Anne‐Marie Tréguier, Louis Marié, Rohit Ghosh, Malcolm J. Roberts","doi":"10.1029/2025gl118014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl118014","url":null,"abstract":"Recent advances in numerical modeling have enabled km‐scale climate simulations, improving global climate representation and local‐scale projections, critical to climate adaptation strategies. In this context, the present study assesses the performance of such models over coastal shelf seas—key climate‐sensitive regions—in their ability to represent the sea surface temperature (SST) and air temperature. Compared to satellite and reanalysis data, the models exhibit systematic warm biases (3°C in SST, 1.5°C in air temperature) in summer across several shelf seas: the European shelf, the Gulf of Maine, the Yellow sea, the Arctic and Patagonian shelves. These biases strongly correlate with tidal mixing fronts, driven by the dissipation of the barotropic tide and identified by the Simpson‐Hunter parameter. These findings suggest that missing tidal mixing is a significant error source on coastal shelves, highlighting the need for improved ocean mixing representations to enhance model accuracy.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145209694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Magnetic Aspect Sensitivity of Nonspecular Meteor Trail Echoes 非镜面流星轨迹回波的磁向灵敏度
IF 5.2 1区 地球科学
Geophysical Research Letters Pub Date : 2025-10-03 DOI: 10.1029/2025gl116736
Alexander Q. Green, Meers M. Oppenheim
{"title":"Magnetic Aspect Sensitivity of Nonspecular Meteor Trail Echoes","authors":"Alexander Q. Green, Meers M. Oppenheim","doi":"10.1029/2025gl116736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl116736","url":null,"abstract":"The ablation of micrometeoroids entering Earth's atmosphere leaves behind a hot, dense column of plasma between 80 and 120 km altitude. Sharp density gradients can drive the plasma unstable, leading to turbulence and waves at the same altitude, which are often observed as coherent radar echoes. These echoes persist for 10s of milliseconds up to several minutes and are known as nonspecular trails. The turbulence from these trails is highly aspect sensitive and typically only observed within a few degrees of perpendicular to the magnetic field. In this letter, we present a new approach to measure the magnetic aspect sensitivity of nonspecular meteor trail echoes using the AMISR‐14 radar system. Using multiple beams, we simultaneously observe each trail at several different angles and directly observe aspect angle effects. Using this approach, we find that at 445 MHz, the observed power decays at 4.58 ± 0.46 dB/degree.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145209696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Runaway Cooling From Large Solar Reductions Modulated by Ocean Overturning Circulation and Heat Uptake 由海洋翻转环流和热吸收调节的大量太阳减少导致的失控冷却
IF 5.2 1区 地球科学
Geophysical Research Letters Pub Date : 2025-10-03 DOI: 10.1029/2025gl117821
Maya V. Chung, Wenchang Yang, Gabriel A. Vecchi
{"title":"Runaway Cooling From Large Solar Reductions Modulated by Ocean Overturning Circulation and Heat Uptake","authors":"Maya V. Chung, Wenchang Yang, Gabriel A. Vecchi","doi":"10.1029/2025gl117821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl117821","url":null,"abstract":"The climate system can respond asymmetrically to warming and cooling, yet this asymmetry remains underexplored. This study uses multi‐century experiments with two coupled global climate models under idealized abrupt solar forcing changes of 1%, 2%, 4%, and 6%. In both models, cooling has a larger impact on surface temperature than warming, driven by the ice‐albedo feedback. However, under strong cooling (−4%, −6% Solar), the models diverge significantly. One model undergoes runaway ice growth, while the other has slower ice expansion and even transient sea ice retreat in the north Pacific. The latter is linked to the development of a strong Pacific meridional overturning circulation, which transports heat northward and slows ice growth. The model with less ice growth also exhibits greater “cold uptake into” (or heat release from) the deep ocean. These findings motivate further investigation of inter‐model differences in ocean‐ice‐atmosphere interactions and their impacts on climate feedbacks.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145209695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Unveiling High-Resolution CH4 Profiles Over Southeast China: Novel Insights From AirCore Balloon Observations 揭开中国东南部高分辨率CH4剖面：来自AirCore气球观测的新见解
IF 5.2 1区 地球科学
Geophysical Research Letters Pub Date : 2025-10-03 DOI: 10.1029/2025gl116203
Shuo Liu, Kangxuan Wei, Bingjiang Chen, Zeping Jin, Ziyi Chen, Ziyan Wu, Zihan Fan, Shaohui Li, Kunpeng Zang, Chao Zhang, Honghui Xu, Philippe De Maeyer, Shuangxi Fang
{"title":"Unveiling High-Resolution CH4 Profiles Over Southeast China: Novel Insights From AirCore Balloon Observations","authors":"Shuo Liu, Kangxuan Wei, Bingjiang Chen, Zeping Jin, Ziyi Chen, Ziyan Wu, Zihan Fan, Shaohui Li, Kunpeng Zang, Chao Zhang, Honghui Xu, Philippe De Maeyer, Shuangxi Fang","doi":"10.1029/2025gl116203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl116203","url":null,"abstract":"Vertical profiles of methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) are essential for validating satellite observations and quantifying regional sources and sinks. This study presents the first two high-resolution CH<sub>4</sub> profiles (0–25 km) over southeastern China, an economically developed region, using AirCore measurements. The profiles exhibited distinct variations: CH<sub>4</sub> increased from 25 to 15 km, remained stable (15–6 km), decreased sharply (6–3 km), then rose toward the surface (∼600 ppb range). While trends align with observations in northwest China, concentrations were higher. Wind patterns and balloon trajectories influenced the profiles, with long-range air mass transport from coastal megacities elevating upper-atmosphere CH<sub>4</sub>. Comparisons with TCCON, TROPOMI, and GOSAT-2 revealed 26–39 ppb discrepancies in column-averaged CH<sub>4</sub>, exposing resolution limitations and retrieval uncertainties. Pronounced day-to-day variability highlight influence from meteorological conditions and regional transport. These findings emphasize the need for higher spatiotemporal resolution monitoring to improve CH<sub>4</sub> assessments and climate modeling.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145209689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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