Lulu Xu, Zhenxue Dai, Yi Du, Xiaoying Zhang, Huichao Yin, Mohamad Reza Soltanian, Hung Vo Thanh, Meifeng Cai, Kenneth C. Carroll
{"title":"Second‐Order Degradation Modeling and Multiscale Feature Fusion for High‐Fidelity Segmentation of Low‐Quality Digital Rock Images","authors":"Lulu Xu, Zhenxue Dai, Yi Du, Xiaoying Zhang, Huichao Yin, Mohamad Reza Soltanian, Hung Vo Thanh, Meifeng Cai, Kenneth C. Carroll","doi":"10.1029/2025gl117039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl117039","url":null,"abstract":"Digital Rock Physics (DRP) is a critical tool for characterizing rock properties and modeling multiphase flow, but segmenting low‐quality (LQ) rock images remains a key challenge due to partial volume blurring. In this study, we propose a method that leverages a second‐order degradation model to generate physically meaningful synthetic LQ and high‐quality (HQ) image pairs for training a full‐scale connected UNet 3+, enabling accurate segmentation of LQ rock images with varying degradation levels. It captures the overall pore structure in LQ rock images while recovering fine details from HQ Scanning Electron Microscope data. We validate its effectiveness by benchmarking against the watershed‐based segmentation method in terms of porosity, permeability, and pore size distribution. Our method delivers an efficient solution for LQ rock image segmentation, enhancing multiscale pore characterization and petrophysical predictions. This holds significant implications for advancing DRP workflows and deepening the understanding of subsurface rock systems.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"95 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145203125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Paleosalinity Context for the Ecological Pattern of the Chengjiang Biota","authors":"Chao Chang, Kuizi Li, Qingshan Wang, Liang Duan, Kangjun Huang, Xingliang Zhang","doi":"10.1029/2025gl117495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl117495","url":null,"abstract":"The Chengjiang biota provides critical insights into metazoan diversification during the Cambrian Explosion, preserved at multiple localities with varying fossil abundances across the Chengjiang Bay. This work reports new B/Ga and B/K data from three drill cores near fossil localities, to evaluate salinity influences on ecological distribution of the biota. The results document a pronounced B/Ga and B/K decline at the biota's basal horizon, alongside a southwestward‐increasing B/Ga gradient from <6 to ∼13. These findings suggest significant freshwater influx into the Chengjiang Bay and the Chengjiang biota was deposited under a temporally decreasing salinity context. Enhanced freshwater input likely promoted turbiditic deposition of the event beds preserving the Chengjiang biota. Crucially, our data demonstrate a southwestward‐increasing salinity gradient in the Chengjiang Bay that governed ecological distribution of the Chengjiang Biota, with brackish waters suppressing marine animal development in the northeast, whereas stable marine conditions sustained elevated biodiversity in the southwest.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145203129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tidal Attenuation and Poor Drainage Make Interior Microtidal Marshes Vulnerable to Sea Level Rise","authors":"Man Qi, Keryn Gedan","doi":"10.1029/2025gl118637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl118637","url":null,"abstract":"Empirical and simulation models often assume a uniform tidal range across marsh platforms to predict marsh vulnerability to sea level rise (SLR), overlooking the hydrological heterogeneity caused by tidal attenuation and drainage conditions. We measured water level fluctuations at two microtidal marshes in Chesapeake Bay to evaluate how this assumption misrepresents hydrological stress and marsh vulnerability. Tidal attenuation reduced water level fluctuations from 60 cm at tidal creeks to 20–30 cm in deteriorating interior marsh and caused increasing hydrological sensitivity to elevation loss. Poor drainage of interior marsh zones led to consistently higher water levels and slower recession at low tide. Consequently, hydroperiod and soil saturation in interior marshes were underestimated by 10%–62%, while plant performance was overestimated by 10%–25%. These biases suggest that future models must incorporate spatially decreasing tidal range and increasing baseline water levels from marsh edge to interior to improve predictions of marsh resilience under SLR.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145195081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. R. Kamaletdinov, A. V. Artemyev, V. Angelopoulos
{"title":"Energetic Electron Enhancements Near the Dayside Magnetopause: Outward Radial Transport Due To Asymmetric Drift‐Orbit Bifurcation","authors":"S. R. Kamaletdinov, A. V. Artemyev, V. Angelopoulos","doi":"10.1029/2025gl116514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl116514","url":null,"abstract":"The magnetopause boundary layer often exhibits flux enhancements in keV electrons. Intriguingly, these enhancements frequently occur in the afternoon sector, which is typically magnetopause‐shadowed. They are usually attributed to local production by dayside reconnection, wave‐particle interactions, or radial diffusion by ultra‐low frequency waves. However, under standard magnetospheric conditions, these mechanisms fail to explain the rapid appearance of the electron fluxes and acceleration from magnetosheath energies (tens of eV) to tens of keV. Using data from the THEMIS mission, we report an energetic electron enhancement forming on hour timescales. A test‐particle simulation shows it can result from rapid, non‐diffusive radial transport driven by asymmetric drift‐orbit bifurcation. While this does not exclude alternative interpretations involving radial diffusion, the finding underscores the role of drift‐orbit bifurcation in controlling energetic electron dynamics near the magnetopause, which should be considered alongside conventional mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145195084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. T. Tang, S. Y. Huang, J. Zhang, Z. G. Yuan, H. H. Wu, K. Jiang, Q. Y. Xiong, H. Bai
{"title":"Three‐Dimensional Anisotropy of Turbulence at Ion‐Scales in the Magnetotail's Bursty Bulk Flow","authors":"Y. T. Tang, S. Y. Huang, J. Zhang, Z. G. Yuan, H. H. Wu, K. Jiang, Q. Y. Xiong, H. Bai","doi":"10.1029/2025gl117532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl117532","url":null,"abstract":"Using the data from Magnetospheric Multiscale mission, we statistically investigate the anisotropy of turbulence within bursty bulk flows (BBFs) in the Earth's magnetotail. By computing five‐point second‐order structure functions, we reveal the three‐dimensional anisotropy and scaling properties of turbulence at ion scales. In the coordinate system (), the characteristic lengths of turbulence eddies for both total and perpendicular magnetic field fluctuations exhibit at ion‐scales. The anisotropy scaling relations for the total magnetic field are and . For the perpendicular magnetic field fluctuations, the scaling relations are and . In addition, the parallel magnetic field fluctuations features , with scaling relations given by and . The observed scaling laws suggest that the turbulence anisotropy in BBFs exhibits a weak scale dependence. These results provide critical observational evidence for turbulence modeling and can deepen our understanding of the turbulence anisotropy at kinetic scales in plasma turbulence.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"102 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145195087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Intensified Warm and Moist Arctic Coast in Summer Due To Future Sea Ice Retreat","authors":"Jiao Yang, Tingfeng Dou, Wei Han, Zhiheng Du, Shutong Li, Cunde Xiao","doi":"10.1029/2025gl118052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl118052","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing Arctic rainfall significantly impacts snow and ice processes, land runoff, and the ecological environment. However, the extent to which the rainfall increase is regionally dependent and how it responds to the large retreat of sea ice remains inadequately understood. This study quantifies the Arctic land rainfall increases attributable to sea ice loss under 2°C global warming using multi‐ensemble experiments combining all forcing with sea ice loss forcing. The findings indicate that sea ice retreat is responsible for 16% of the increase in summer Arctic land rainfall, with significant increases covering 46% of the region responses to 2°C warming. The most pronounced responses were observed along the Arctic coasts of Siberia and North America. Local warming caused by sea ice retreat contributes 68% of the rainfall increase, while the remainder results from the increase in total precipitation.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145195110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amar Deep Tiwari, Yadu Pokhrel, Farshid Felfelani, Ahmed Elkouk, Julien Boulange, Simon N. Gosling, Naota Hanasaki, Aristeidis Koutroulis, Vimal Mishra, Hannes Müller Schmied, Yusuke Satoh, Sebastian Ostberg, Tobias Stacke, Jiabo Yin
{"title":"Underestimation of Historical Terrestrial Water Storage Droughts in Global Water Models","authors":"Amar Deep Tiwari, Yadu Pokhrel, Farshid Felfelani, Ahmed Elkouk, Julien Boulange, Simon N. Gosling, Naota Hanasaki, Aristeidis Koutroulis, Vimal Mishra, Hannes Müller Schmied, Yusuke Satoh, Sebastian Ostberg, Tobias Stacke, Jiabo Yin","doi":"10.1029/2025gl115164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl115164","url":null,"abstract":"Enhanced drought modeling is crucial for realistic prediction and effective management of water resources, especially with climate change anticipated to exacerbate drought frequency and severity. Global water models (GWMs) simulate historical and future terrestrial water storage (TWS) with continuous spatial and temporal coverage. However, a global evaluation of TWS simulations by GWMs focused on drought is lacking. Here we evaluate, for the first time, GWMs' capability to represent TWS droughts by comparing simulations with Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellite data. We find notable underestimation of drought severity and coverage by GWMs, across diverse regions, including North America, South America, Africa, and Northern Asia. When examined without trend removal, the underestimation of TWS droughts is more pronounced in recent years (2016–2019) compared to 2002–2015, especially in northern latitudes. This underrepresentation highlights the necessity to improve GWMs to simulate TWS droughts. Our results imply that previously reported future TWS projections could have underestimated droughts.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"102 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145195079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. J. Klotzbach, E. Bercos‐Hickey, K. M. Wood, C. J. Schreck, M. M. Bell, E. S. Blake, S. G. Bowen, L.‐P. Caron, D. R. Chavas, J. M. Collins, E. J. Gibney, K. A. Hansen, A. T. Hazelton, J. J. Jones, M. R. Lowry, A. T. Nieves‐Jimenez, C. M. Patricola, L. G. Silvers, R. E. Truchelut, J. Uehling
{"title":"The Remarkable 2024 North Atlantic Mid‐Season Hurricane Lull","authors":"P. J. Klotzbach, E. Bercos‐Hickey, K. M. Wood, C. J. Schreck, M. M. Bell, E. S. Blake, S. G. Bowen, L.‐P. Caron, D. R. Chavas, J. M. Collins, E. J. Gibney, K. A. Hansen, A. T. Hazelton, J. J. Jones, M. R. Lowry, A. T. Nieves‐Jimenez, C. M. Patricola, L. G. Silvers, R. E. Truchelut, J. Uehling","doi":"10.1029/2025gl116714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl116714","url":null,"abstract":"The 2024 North Atlantic (hereafter Atlantic) hurricane season started quickly, with the earliest Category 5 on record (Beryl) and three hurricanes forming through 14 August. Following Ernesto's dissipation on 20 August, the Atlantic hurricane season became extremely quiet during the climatological peak of hurricane season, with only one Category 2 hurricane (Francine) and one tropical storm through 23 September. Several environmental factors likely contributed to this unexpected, prolonged lull. During mid‐to‐late August, subseasonal conditions were broadly favorable for Atlantic hurricanes, but a northward shift in African easterly wave emergence latitude yielded fewer tropical cyclone seed disturbances that also traversed unfavorably cool ocean water. During early‐to‐mid September, subseasonal variability driven by the Madden‐Julian oscillation was less conducive to hurricane activity, with several bouts of increased vertical wind shear across the central Atlantic. Throughout most of the lull, the tropical Atlantic was anomalously dry and subsident, suppressing hurricane formation chances.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145195108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Connecting Large‐Scale Atmospheric and Land Surface Patterns to New England Riverine Peak Flow Events","authors":"L. Lawrence, Z. Armand, S. E. Muñoz","doi":"10.1029/2025gl116899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl116899","url":null,"abstract":"Riverine flooding in the New England region of the United States of America is devastating, arises from multiple processes during any season, and lacks ties to common climate indices. Here the connection between large‐scale atmospheric patterns and surface conditions prior to and during the occurrence of riverine peak flow events in the heavily‐populated, flood‐vulnerable region of New England is explored. Understanding the mechanisms governing peak‐flows improves the near‐ and long‐term forecasts of hydroclimatic extremes as well as provides supplemental process‐level knowledge for regional water resource planning and emergency response. Through the application of self‐organizing maps, several distinct meteorological and hydrological patterns associated with river discharge events in New England are identified. Using case‐studies of major floods in July and December of 2023, we demonstrate that this methodology provides a mechanistic foundation for understanding the drivers of New England floods and how they might change in a future climate.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"157 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145195063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dike Swarms in the Oceanic Lithosphere Beneath the Ontong Java Plateau","authors":"Azusa Shito, Daisuke Suetsugu, Akira Ishikawa, Masako Yoshikawa, Takehi Isse, Hajime Shiobara, Hiroko Sugioka, Aki Ito, Yasushi Ishihara, Satoru Tanaka, Masayuki Obayashi, Takashi Tonegawa, Junko Yoshimitsu","doi":"10.1029/2025gl115219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl115219","url":null,"abstract":"The Ontong Java Plateau (OJP) is believed to have formed through large‐scale Cretaceous volcanism, but the impact of the massive volcanism on the lithosphere remains largely unknown. In this study, the ascent process of the thermochemical plume and its impact on the physicochemical properties of the pre‐existing lithosphere were explored. High‐frequency seismic wave analysis revealed that the internal structure of the lithosphere beneath the OJP is a hybrid structure comprising dike swarms that are superimposed on the laminar structure. Moreover, the lithosphere exhibits lower seismic wave velocities than normal oceanic lithosphere, suggesting that the lithospheric mantle was physicochemically altered by the intrusion of dike swarms filled with magma from a large‐scale thermochemical plume. Our results advance the current understanding of the alterations in the lithosphere caused by a thermochemical plume.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145195082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}