Frontiers in Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Comprehensive review on COVID-19: etiology, pathogenicity, and treatment.","authors":"Amr El Zawily, Sarah Eckert, Reed Adajar, Nardin Wagih, Abeer H Elmaidomy, Abdelrahman M Helmy, Mazen Mustafa, Mazhar Elshorbagi, Erin Ghali, Rehab G Fadl, Jochen Bodem, Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen, Marco Y W Zaki","doi":"10.3389/fmed.2025.1569013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2025.1569013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the unprecedented surge of severe COVID-19 cases in early 2020, researchers and medical professionals worked actively to identify effective viral infection treatments based on a scientific understanding of viruses. Over the past few years, an enormous amount of research has investigated the viral infection and replication processes following the first SARS-CoV-2 case. With this knowledge, many drugs have been explicitly created to inhibit viral replication or decrease the severity of the immune response. Additionally, scientists have utilized decades of research and techniques to expedite SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development. SARS-CoV-2, a positive-strand RNA virus, belongs to the Sarbecovirus subgroup of Betacoronaviruses. Its emergence is not unique; previous outbreaks like SARS and MERS have shaped our understanding of coronavirus-related diseases. Molecular clock analysis suggests that the ancestor of all current coronaviruses existed over 10,000 years ago, with subsequent evolution occurring around 3300-2400 BC. Researchers have explored synthetic and natural treatments alongside other antiviral therapies, corticosteroids, and immunotherapies. Additionally, using artificial intelligence and nano-based technologies enriched SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis and management. In this comprehensive review, we provide recent literature on COVID-19, exploring its evolving etiology, pathogenicity, and pathophysiology, alongside developments in synthetic and natural therapeutic strategies, vaccines, artificial intelligence in diagnosis, and nano-based technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12488,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Medicine","volume":"12 ","pages":"1569013"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12502089/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145250664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of serum complement C3 level with disease severity in primary pterygium.","authors":"Young In Yun, Jung Sun Heo, Seung Hyeun Lee, Kyoung Woo Kim","doi":"10.3389/fmed.2025.1671768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2025.1671768","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate whether various systemic inflammatory and immunologic markers-including complement C3, C4, antinuclear antibodies (ANA), rheumatoid factor (RF), and other autoantibodies-are associated with the clinical severity of primary nasal pterygium.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively reviewed 26 eyes from patients with primary nasal pterygium. Serum complement levels (C3, C4), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and autoimmune markers (ANA, RF, perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody [P-ANCA], cytoplasmic ANCA [C-ANCA], human leukocyte antigen [HLA]-B51, HLA-B27, anti-Ro [SSA], and anti-La [SSB]) were measured. Pterygium severity was graded using T (stromal translucency), V (vascularity), and the loss of plica semilunaris (LPS).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 26 patients (mean age 52.9 ± 14.9 years; 42.3% female), 61.5% tested positive for ANA. However, neither ANA positivity nor titer correlated with T, V, or LPS grades. Five patients (19.2%) had low C3 (<90 mg/dL). Although C4 and ESR did not correlate with disease severity, C3 levels showed a significant inverse correlation with the T grade (<i>r</i> = -0.477, <i>p</i> = 0.014). No significant association was found between C3 and the V grade or LPS, suggesting that severe stromal changes (T3) may be linked to modest complement consumption.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Lower serum C3 levels were associated with advanced stromal opacification in pterygium, indicating possible complement activation in severe disease. While ANA was frequently positive, it did not correlate with clinical severity. These findings suggest that complement C3 may serve as a potential biomarker for advanced pterygium.</p>","PeriodicalId":12488,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Medicine","volume":"12 ","pages":"1671768"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12500725/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145250667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Hepatocellular carcinoma: novel treatment strategies, volume III.","authors":"Fan Feng, Xiaojie Xu","doi":"10.3389/fmed.2025.1690673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2025.1690673","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12488,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Medicine","volume":"12 ","pages":"1690673"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12500657/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145250622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the effectiveness of vitrectomy with silicone oil or perfluoropropane tamponade for myopic foveoschisis with foveal detachment.","authors":"Handong Dan, Dongdong Wang, Zixu Huang, Yizong Liu, Huiming Hou, Yujia Jin, Zongming Song","doi":"10.3389/fmed.2025.1602386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2025.1602386","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Vitrectomy with silicone oil or perfluoropropane (C3F8) tamponade is a standard of treatment for myopic foveoschisis with foveal detachment (MFFD). In this study, we compared the pre- and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and maximum foveal thickness (MaxFT) of patients with MFFD who underwent vitrectomy with silicone oil or C3F8 tamponade.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>All patients underwent comprehensive ophthalmological examinations, including measurement of BCVA, axial measurement, optometry, intraocular pressure, slit-lamp examination, fundus examination, and optical coherence tomography. Patients with MFFD were divided into two groups. All patients underwent with 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy with fovea-sparing internal limiting membrane peeling, and fluid-air exchange. One group underwent tamponade with silicone oil, whereas the other group underwent tamponade with C3F8. The silicone oil was completely removed upon complete resolution of MFFD. Phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation was performed when a lens opacity was noted during vitrectomy or along with silicone oil removal. BCVA and MaxFT were assessed at 1, 3, 6, and 12-months post-operatively. Patients with silicone oil were additionally assessed 3-months after silicone oil removal. All data were calculated using GraphPad Prism.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Forty-one patients with 41 eyes were enrolled in the study. Eighteen eyes were included in the silicone oil group, whereas 23 eyes were included in the C3F8 group. Both groups demonstrated significant improvement in BCVA and MaxFT at 1, 3, 6, and 12-months post-operatively. There was no significant difference in BCVA and MaxFT between both groups post-operatively. Transient ocular hypertension was noted in six and three cases in the silicone oil and C3F8 groups, respectively. One case in the C3F8 group developed a macular hole. There were no other complications in the two groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Vitrectomy with fovea-sparing internal limiting membrane peeling, and silicone oil or C3F8 tamponade are effective and practical treatment options for MFFD.</p>","PeriodicalId":12488,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Medicine","volume":"12 ","pages":"1602386"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12500636/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145250630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The detrimental effects of microplastic exposure on kidney function.","authors":"Na Jiang, Xiya Zheng, Nan Zhang, Yingjie Cao","doi":"10.3389/fmed.2025.1620733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2025.1620733","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microplastics (MPs) are plastic particles with a diameter of less than 5 millimeters, primarily originating from the degradation of plastic products (11). In recent years, increasing attention has also been given to the impact of MPs on the health. Important questions have surfaced, including whether MPs can be cleared by the kidneys, whether reduced kidney function affects their clearance, and whether MP accumulation contributes to the progression of kidney diseases. This review explores the effects of MPs on the kidneys and focuses on their accumulation, toxic effects, and potential molecular mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":12488,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Medicine","volume":"12 ","pages":"1620733"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12500543/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145250755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiological frontiers in understanding paraspinal muscle pathophysiology in chronic low back pain.","authors":"Xuerou Li, Fuwen Dong, Xiaofei Chen, Xingxin Luo, Wenqi Wang","doi":"10.3389/fmed.2025.1653876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2025.1653876","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Paraspinal muscles have a profound role in maintaining spinal stability and are often implicated in spinal degenerative conditions as well as chronic low back pain (CLBP). Alterations in these muscles have significant clinical implications for early prevention, treatment strategies, prognosis, and understanding the underlying mechanisms of CLBP. Recent advances in imaging techniques can generate prominent structural and functional characteristics of these muscles.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study is specifically to review recent advancements in imaging techniques focusing on the regenerative and degenerative properties pertinent to paraspinal muscles in the context of CLBP.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A literature review was executed to ascertain the databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, RelMed, and the National Library of Medicine. The search included studies elucidating recent imaging advancements, fiber-type composition analysis, level/depth-specific muscle characteristics, and clinical applications of novel radiological techniques in evaluating paraspinal muscle morphology and function. We performed this review without comprehensive meta-analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The review identified significant advancements in imaging modalities for assessing paraspinal muscles, including functional MRI (fMRI), quantitative MRI (qMRI), and T2 mapping techniques. Key findings include: Fiber-type composition analysis: Recent studies elucidate the role of depth-dependent fiber-type gradients along with their correlation with muscle function in health and disease. Standardized imaging protocols: The lack of uniform imaging protocols remains a challenge, emphasizing the need for standardization to improve reproducibility and reliability. Radiological advances: Emerging techniques such as advanced fMRI and qMRI enable detailed visualization of muscle structure and function, overcoming limitations of traditional imaging methods. Age-related microvascular changes: age-related microvascular alterations significantly impact paraspinal muscle morphology and can be effectively captured by modern imaging biomarkers.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Advances in imaging techniques have enhanced our understanding of the structural and functional changes in paraspinal muscles associated with CLBP. The integration of imaging biomarkers into clinical practice holds promise for early diagnosis, targeted interventions, and better prognostic evaluations. Future research should focus on developing standardized imaging protocols and further exploring depth-specific properties of paraspinal muscles to enhance clinical outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12488,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Medicine","volume":"12 ","pages":"1653876"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12502087/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145250731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A phase 2b basket trial approach to treat multiple rare and fibrotic skin diseases.","authors":"Sebastian Volc, Peter Martus, Matthias Schefzyk, Claudia Günther, Pia Moinzadeh, Laura Susok, Rubén A Ferrer, Manola Zago, Christiane Pfeiffer","doi":"10.3389/fmed.2025.1637040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2025.1637040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fibrotic skin diseases are rare, chronic, and often debilitating conditions characterized by excessive extracellular matrix deposition, leading to tissue scarring and functional impairment. Despite their severity, diseases-such as lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA), frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA), radiation-induced skin fibrosis (RISF), eosinophilic fasciitis (EF), pansclerotic disabling morphea (PDM), and linear circumscript sclerodermia (LCS)-lack approved therapies and are underrepresented in clinical research. This phase 2b multicenter basket trial proposes a novel approach to evaluate a common antifibrotic therapy across these diverse but pathophysiologically related conditions. The trial employs a two-stage Simon design to address the statistical challenges posed by small patient populations, allowing the inclusion of ultra-rare diseases while maintaining analytical rigor. LSA and FFA serve as primary study groups due to higher prevalence, while EF, RISF, PDM, and LCS are included as exploratory arms. The study aims to assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of the selected therapy, while also providing mechanistic insights into fibrosis through molecular analyses. The primary endpoint is a ≥ 1-point improvement in the Investigator Global Assessment (IGA) at 24 weeks. Secondary endpoints at 52 weeks encompass quality of life (Dermatological Life Quality Index (DLQI), EuroQol Group Quality of Life Questionnaire (EuroQol five dimensions (EQ-5D))), symptom relief (itch and pain Numeric Rating Scale (NRS)), and disease-specific clinical scores. The trial excludes a placebo arm due to ethical considerations in progressive, untreated diseases but allows rescue therapies for disease progression. This design not only facilitates access to treatment for underserved populations but also leverages shared clinical and molecular features to enhance statistical power. By integrating disease-specific and global outcome measures, the study aims to generate robust evidence for repurposing existing therapies. If successful, this trial could serve as a model for future research in rare fibrotic diseases, accelerating drug development and improving patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12488,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Medicine","volume":"12 ","pages":"1637040"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12500455/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145250646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Rotavirus gastroenteritis complicating meningitis caused by <i>Bacteroides uniformis</i> detected using mNGS: a case report and literature review.","authors":"","doi":"10.3389/fmed.2025.1703987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2025.1703987","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1601953.].</p>","PeriodicalId":12488,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Medicine","volume":"12 ","pages":"1703987"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12498919/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145244124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel obesity and metabolic indices better predict non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in elderly T2DM patients: evidence from cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis.","authors":"Mingjie Xu, Yushuang Wei, Lingyu Ye, Boteng Yan, Shengzhu Huang, Zengnan Mo, Mingli Li","doi":"10.3389/fmed.2025.1649466","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmed.2025.1649466","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The associations between obesity- and metabolism-related indices and the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate these associations and assess their predictive value for NAFLD in this high-risk population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 789 elderly T2DM patients recruited between 2020 and 2022 were included in the cross-sectional analysis, and 382 patients without NAFLD were followed in the longitudinal cohort for a median of 25.37 months. Binary logistic regression and Cox models were used to assess associations between obesity- and metabolism-related indices and NAFLD risk. Kaplan-Meier curves, restricted cubic spline (RCS) models, subgroup analysis, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were applied to explore these relationships further.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the cross-sectional analysis, all obesity- and metabolic-related indices were significantly and positively associated with NAFLD risk, with odds ratio (OR) ranging from 1.014 (95% CI: 1.010-1.018) for LAP to 3.288 (95% CI: 2.414-4.533) for WHtR. RCS analysis revealed significant nonlinear associations for LAP, MetS scores, VAI, CMI, METS-IR, and ABSI. In the cohort analysis, 67 participants developed NAFLD, with an incidence rate of 8.35 per 100 person-years. Baseline LAP (HR = 3.10, 95% CI: 1.48-6.51), and MetS scores (HR = 4.26, 95% CI: 1.99-9.11) were independently associated with increased risk of incident NAFLD. Subgroup analysis demonstrated consistent positive associations across most subgroups. Time-dependent ROC analysis showed that LAP had the highest AUCs at 24 months (AUC = 0.725).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings from cross-sectional and cohort studies collectively supported that MetS score and LAP may be the most effective predictive indicators for the risk of NAFLD among Chinese elderly T2DM Patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":12488,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Medicine","volume":"12 ","pages":"1649466"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12497769/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145244208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elevated levels of TRAb IgG autoantibodies are not recognized in endometriosis by the current clinical methods.","authors":"Agnes Petersson, Bodil Roth, Charlotte Becker, Bodil Ohlsson","doi":"10.3389/fmed.2025.1612079","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmed.2025.1612079","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Endometriosis can cause gastrointestinal symptoms that sometimes lead to incorrect diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Receptors of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) are found in the endometrium and are overexpressed in ectopic endometrium. The role of TSH receptors and thyroid hormones in the pathophysiology of endometriosis has therefore been discussed. No biomarker is available for endometriosis diagnosis, but the findings of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb) have been found by two different methods. The present study aimed to confirm that TRAb IgG levels are elevated in patients with endometriosis compared with IBS and healthy controls.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 121 patients with a diagnosis of endometriosis and two cohorts with 50 IBS patients and 50 healthy controls were recruited for the study. All subjects had to fulfill study questionnaires regarding sociodemographic factors, lifestyle, medical history, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Blood samples were drawn, and TRAb IgG was analyzed in serum samples at the Departments of Clinical Chemistry at Sahlgrenska University Hospital using the BRAHMS TRAK Human assay from Thermo Fisher Scientific and at Skåne University Hospital using the Elecsys Anti-TSHR assay from Roche Diagnostics. Both methods were developed and used clinically to diagnose Graves' disease with high specificity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients with endometriosis had the highest BMI (<i>p</i> = 0.001) and prevalence of hypothyroidism (<i>p</i> = 0.005). Endometriosis and IBS patients had many gastrointestinal symptoms, in contrast to the healthy controls. There was no significant difference in the number of patients with detectable serum TRAb between endometriosis patients (<i>n</i> = 10, 8.3%) and controls (<i>n</i> = 2, 4%) (<i>p</i> = 0.512) or between endometriosis patients (<i>n</i> = 10, 8.3%) and IBS patients (<i>n</i> = 3, 6%) (<i>p</i> = 0.758) in Gothenburg. Similar results were found when TRAb was analyzed in serum samples in Malmö, with the same prevalence of TRAb in endometriosis patients (<i>n</i> = 4, 4.9%) as in controls (<i>n</i> = 4, 8.0%) (<i>p</i> = 0.710) and IBS patients (<i>n</i> = 4, 8.0%) (<i>p</i> = 0.710).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The available tests in clinical routine could not reveal elevated levels of TRAb in the current exploratory study. Thus, TRAb cannot yet be used clinically as a biomarker of endometriosis. Still, other variants of antibody tests may be used in a laboratory experimental setting. The role of TSH receptors and TRAb in the pathophysiology of endometriosis deserves further research.</p>","PeriodicalId":12488,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Medicine","volume":"12 ","pages":"1612079"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12497825/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145244247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}