Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Functional metagenomic reconstruction of microbial pathways altered by probiotic supplementation in liver failure.","authors":"Junli Luo, Yuhan Feng, Jinzi Chen, Nuo Xu, Guoqin Zhang, Jiawei Ni, Cai Li","doi":"10.3389/fcimb.2026.1799729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2026.1799729","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Liver failure is a severe condition marked by circulatory failure, systemic inflammation, and gut microbial dysbiosis. This dysbiosis worsens liver damage by reducing beneficial metabolites and increasing harmful products. This study investigates the effects of probiotics on gut microbial functional pathways in liver failure. The aim is to link microbial metabolic reprogramming with host biochemical, inflammatory, and gut barrier responses through functional metagenomic reconstruction.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Acute liver failure was induced in male Wistar rats using D-galactosamine (700 mg/kg) and lipopolysaccharide (10 μg/kg). Probiotic treatment began 24 hours after induction and was administered daily for 14 consecutive days before euthanasia. Two doses were used: low (1×10⁸ CFU/day) and high (1×10⁹ CFU/day). Fecal samples underwent shotgun metagenomic sequencing, followed by functional pathway reconstruction. These predictions were validated using metabolite profiling, quantitative PCR of microbial genes, intestinal barrier assays, and immune cell cytokine analysis. Host phenotypic markers were correlated with microbial pathways.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>Liver failure significantly elevated serum ALT (42.6±6.8 to 512.4±48.9 U/L), AST (78.3±9.5 to 684.7±62.1 U/L), and plasma ammonia (38.9±5.2 to 128.6±14.3 μmol/L). Probiotic supplementation showed a dose-dependent improvement. ALT dropped to 382.7±41.6 U/L (low dose) and 248.9±32.4 U/L (high dose). Ammonia levels decreased to 86.4±9.7 μmol/L and 59.8±7.6 μmol/L, respectively. Metagenomic analysis revealed a 1.7- and 2.6-fold increase in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) biosynthesis pathways and a 38% and 61% decrease in urease-associated nitrogen metabolism. These changes were confirmed by higher fecal SCFAs (31.8±4.2 to 63.9±6.4 mM), lower ammonia (8.9±1.1 to 3.7±0.5 mM), improved intestinal barrier integrity (TEER: 462±38 to 721±44 Ω·cm²), and reduced TNF-α (214.6±22.8 to 74.9±12.3 pg/mL). Probiotic supplementation significantly reprogrammed the gut microbiome in liver failure. This highlights its potential as a therapeutic modulator of the gut-liver axis.</p>","PeriodicalId":12458,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1799729"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13144039/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147835721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatitis E virus-associated neurological injury and neurotropic cellular mechanisms.","authors":"Zixuan Guo, Yuewei Tian, Minheng Cheng, Wenjiao Yin, Yaxin Sun, Yubing Ou, Xiujuan Peng, Tianlong Liu, Ruiping She, Yanxin Hu, Jijing Tian","doi":"10.3389/fcimb.2026.1810452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2026.1810452","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is increasingly recognized as a cause of neurological disease beyond its hepatic manifestations. Neurological complications are the most frequently reported extrahepatic presentations and include both peripheral nervous system disorders, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and neuralgic amyotrophy (NA), and central nervous system (CNS) involvement, including encephalitis and myelitis, often in the absence of overt hepatitis. This review summarizes the clinical spectrum of HEV-associated neurological disease and integrates evidence from human studies and experimental models. Current evidence supports multifactorial pathogenesis, with direct viral neuroinvasion of the CNS and immune-mediated mechanisms predominating in peripheral neuropathies. Experimental <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> systems demonstrate that HEV can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and replicate within neural tissues, providing biological plausibility for CNS involvement. By synthesizing clinical and experimental findings, this review highlights the dual pathogenic pathways underlying HEV-associated neurological injury and outlines key unresolved questions relevant to diagnosis, pathogenesis, and clinical management.</p>","PeriodicalId":12458,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1810452"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13143879/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147835982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A primary study: high-throughput sequencing analysis of amniotic fluid microbiota in 50 high-risk pregnant women during the second trimester.","authors":"Junhua Wu, Yanbo Lu, Zhouyong Zheng, Jishan Zheng, Qiang Fu","doi":"10.3389/fcimb.2026.1748232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2026.1748232","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Whether bacteria exist in the pregnancy uterus without pathological infection has long been a controversial topic. Through this study, we aim to determine whether characteristic amniotic fluid microbiota exists in the uterus of high-risk pregnant women during the second trimester.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study recruited high-risk pregnant women in the second trimester from September 1, 2024, to August 30, 2025, and recorded their age and gestational age. Amniotic fluid samples were obtained through amniocentesis under strictly sterile conditions, and 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing was performed on the samples. The inclusion criteria mainly consisted of: advanced maternal age, non-invasive prenatal test results indicating chromosomal abnormalities, abnormal fetal ultrasound findings, history of adverse pregnancy outcomes, and high-risk Down syndrome screening results.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study included a total of 50 high-risk pregnant women who underwent amniocentesis. The results showed that bacteria were present in all amniotic fluid samples, primarily composed of <i>Actinobacteriota</i> and <i>Proteobacteria</i>. There was no difference in amniotic fluid microbiota diversity between pregnant women under 35 years old and those 35 years or older; however, the abundances of <i>Cutibacterium</i> and <i>Leifsonia</i> differed between the two groups. A slight difference in microbiota diversity was observed between women with gestational ages below 20 weeks and those at 20 weeks or above, but no significant difference was found in microbial composition between the two groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There was bacterial DNA in amniotic fluid of high-risk pregnant women in the second trimester, with <i>Actinobacteriota</i> and <i>Proteobacteria</i> being the predominant phyla, showing limited correlation with maternal age or gestational age. This study provided evidence for the presence of microorganisms in amniotic fluid during pregnancy and might offer some preliminary data for future research related to eugenics and reproductive health.</p>","PeriodicalId":12458,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1748232"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13143940/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147836177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Microplastics enhance the risk of cross-genus dissemination of carbapenemase resistance plasmids in ICU patients.","authors":"Yongliang Ni, Jianchao Zhang, Cheng Peng, Yong Yang, Yueke Lin, Ziyun Li","doi":"10.3389/fcimb.2026.1840192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2026.1840192","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2026.1781149.].</p>","PeriodicalId":12458,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1840192"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13142096/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147836148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serological insights of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in podolic cattle bred in Italy.","authors":"Donato Antonio Raele, Kerstin Fischer, Julia Holzerland, Caroline Bost, Domenico Scaltrito, Antonio Parisi, Donatella Belluscio, Anna Mattea D'Antuono, Lara Caprarella, Antonella Narducci, Goffredo Sarti, Domenico Pugliese, Michela Sordillo, Guido Di Donato, Maria Assunta Cafiero, Nicola Cavaliere","doi":"10.3389/fcimb.2026.1810497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2026.1810497","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We evaluated the presence of antibodies against <i>Orthonairovirus haemorrhagiae</i>, formerly Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) in the serum of podolic cattle from southern Italy. A subset of 20 sera (18 positive and 2 negative) from the initial 670 bovine samples screened by commercial ELISA kit were further evaluated by indirect ELISA and virus neutralization tests. Across the three serological assays, antibodies against CCHFV were detected in a proportion of samples, though the results were not fully concordant and varied according to the assay applied. These findings highlight the need for multiple tests to more accurately assess CCHFV circulation in free-range cattle, particularly in non-endemic areas, and emphasize the importance of careful interpretation when relying on serology alone.</p>","PeriodicalId":12458,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1810497"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13139184/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147836036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical utility of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in the diagnosis of severe influenza complicated by invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.","authors":"Siqiang Niu, Limin Guo, Zhihai Li, Yanshan Liu, Limin Zhao","doi":"10.3389/fcimb.2026.1746504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2026.1746504","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The incidence and mortality of severe influenza complicated by invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) have risen markedly in recent years. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) for detecting IPA in patients with severe influenza.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Severe influenza patients with suspected of having IPA admitted to Xinxiang Central Hospital, Henan Province, China, from March 2020 to September 2025 were retrospectively enrolled. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and blood were collected for fungal culture, galactomannan (GM) assay, and mNGS. Final classification into IPA and non-IPA groups was based on composite clinical and microbiological criteria. Sensitivity, specificity, and receiver operating characteristic curves were used to compare the diagnostic performance of the three methods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Comparison with traditional fungal culture and GM testing, mNGS provided significantly faster results. Among 189 patients suspected of severe influenza-associated IPA, mNGS demonstrated a sensitivity of 72.1% and a specificity of 80.2%. Its sensitivity was higher than that of fungal culture (28.6%), serum GM testing (37.6%), and BALF GM testing (44.1%); however, its specificity was slightly lower than that of fungal culture (89.5%), serum GM testing (84.3%), and BALF GM testing (81.3%). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for mNGS was 0.76, which is higher than that for BALF GM testing (0.63), serum GM testing (0.61), and fungal culture (0.59). The combined diagnostic approach yielded an AUC of 0.83.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>mNGS offers a rapid, sensitive and accurate solution for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in severe influenza patients. It outperforms conventional fungal culture and galactomannan assays. Integrating mNGS with traditional diagnostic methods could substantially improve early detection and overall yield of IPA.</p>","PeriodicalId":12458,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1746504"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13138931/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147836197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The TcVps34-TcVps15 complex regulates parasite metacyclogenesis and host cell infection in <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i>.","authors":"Alejandra Cecilia Schoijet, Joaquín Iolster, Guillermo Daniel Alonso","doi":"10.3389/fcimb.2026.1668322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2026.1668322","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The processes of autophagy and metacyclogenesis are essential for the survival and progression of the cell cycle of <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i>, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. There is experimental evidence of an interconnection between both pathways in this parasite. Previously, it has been shown that the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase TcVps34 and its regulatory protein kinase, TcVps15, are essential for autophagy in <i>T. cruzi</i>. In this work, we studied the role of these two proteins in metacyclogenesis and infection. Here, we demonstrate that both proteins are involved in the differentiation process. In addition, the alternative overexpression of either TcVps15 or TcVps34 increases the autophagic process after the first two hours of induction of metacyclogenesis and increases the activity of degradative compartments. Finally, both overexpressing cell lines show reduced infection levels in Vero host cells; additionally, these parasites display a downregulation of the surface glycoprotein gp82-associated with promoting the host infection-and a mild upregulation of gp90, known to negatively modulate infectivity. In conclusion, this study highlights the critical roles of the TcVps34-Vps15 complex in regulating the interplay between autophagy and metacyclogenesis in <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i>, suggesting a contribution of both proteins to a successful infection establishment.</p>","PeriodicalId":12458,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1668322"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13139090/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147836026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating epidemiology with genomic tracing to uncover concealed transmission networks in a brucellosis outbreak, Shandong, China.","authors":"Chanjuan Huangfu, Min Wang, Junjie Fan, Xiujun Ma, Haizong Zhang, Jing Yuan, Kuo Han, Ti Liu, ShuJun Ding, Zengqiang Kou, Yan Li","doi":"10.3389/fcimb.2026.1794629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2026.1794629","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study integrated epidemiological investigation with whole-genome sequencing to elucidate the transmission chain and pathogen characteristics of a 2023 brucellosis outbreak in Shandong Province, providing evidence for targeted prevention and control.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Transmission chains were reconstructed through field epidemiological investigations, active case finding, and retrospective data review. Isolated strains were cultured and identified, followed by molecular tracing using multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) and core-genome single-nucleotide polymorphism (cgSNP) genotyping. Epidemiological and molecular data were integrated to assess transmission links.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 26 related cases were identified in this outbreak. Epidemiological investigation revealed that the outbreak originated from a flock of infected lambs introduced by an index case in 2022, with subsequent spread through local livestock trading networks affecting multiple villages. Ten <i>Brucella</i> strains were isolated, including nine of <i>Brucella melitensis</i> biovar 3 (<i>B. melitensis</i> bv. 3) and one of <i>B. melitensis</i> bv. 1. cgSNP analysis showed that the nine bv. 3 strains formed a single clonal cluster (0 SNP difference) and grouped with historical Shandong strains, indicating sustained local transmission. The bv. 1 strain represented a separate infection event, genetically distinct from the main outbreak cluster. Integrated analysis confirmed a complete molecular-epidemiological concordance for 38.5% (10/26) of cases; the remaining 61.5% could not be definitively linked due to missing epidemiological data or lack of isolate recovery. Phylogenetic analysis further indicated co-circulation of multiple lineages in the region.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This outbreak was primarily driven by the trade of locally infected sheep, facilitating regional spread. High-resolution molecular typing effectively complemented traditional epidemiology by uncovering concealed transmission chains and revealing the co-circulation of multiple lineages. These findings underscore the value of integrated molecular surveillance systems in key endemic regions to support human brucellosis control.</p>","PeriodicalId":12458,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1794629"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13138912/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147836031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Insight into healthcare-associated fungal infections.","authors":"Nour Fattouh, Sadri Znaidi, Roy A Khalaf","doi":"10.3389/fcimb.2026.1843184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2026.1843184","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12458,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1843184"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13136005/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147835405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic impacts of COVID-19 on immune cells and inflammatory indicators in Chinese medical health workers: a retrospective longitudinal study.","authors":"Juanjuan Yang, Wei Jiang","doi":"10.3389/fcimb.2026.1782892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2026.1782892","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The outbreak and ongoing impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have significantly affected people's physical and mental health, particularly among medical health workers. However, the effects of COVID-19 on the immunity of this population remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective longitudinal study analyzed data from blood routine examinations of medical health workers conducted in 2019, 2020, 2022, and 2024. Data were collected from 1,818 participants, with subgroup analyses stratified by gender.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>White blood cell (WBC), lymphocyte (LYM), and eosinophil (EOS) counts increased significantly in the post-COVID-19 year compared with the pre-COVID-19 year. Neutrophil (NEUT) counts decreased in COVID-19 year 1 and COVID-19 year 3 but returned to pre-COVID-19 year levels in the post-COVID-19 year. Monocyte (MONO) counts and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) decreased in COVID-19 year 1, increased to pre-COVID-19 year levels in COVID-19 year 3, and reached their highest levels in the post-COVID-19 year. Basophil (BASO) counts and hemoglobin-to-red blood cell distribution width ratio (HRR) were significantly higher in COVID-19 year 1, COVID-19 year 3, and post-COVID-19 year than in pre-COVID-19 year. Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in pre-COVID-19 year was significantly higher than in COVID-19 year 1 and post-COVID-19 year, but not significantly different from COVID-19 year 3. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) significantly decreased in post-COVID-19 year when compared with pre-COVID-19 year. Aggregate index of systemic inflammation (AISI) in pre-COVID-19 year was significantly higher than in COVID-19 year 1 and COVID-19 year 3, but significantly lower than in post-COVID-19 year. Systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) decreased in COVID-19 year 1, but up to their pre-COVID-19 year levels in COVID-19 year 3 and post-COVID-19 year. Stratified analysis showed that the impacts of COVID-19 on immune cells and inflammation indicators were more pronounced in female.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Immune cells and inflammatory markers in medical health workers underwent changes between 2019 and 2024, particularly among female. Increased attention should be paid to the immune function and mental health of medical health workers.</p>","PeriodicalId":12458,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1782892"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13135938/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147836226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}