Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Morphological and phylogenetic analyses of <i>Bipolaris</i> species associated with Poales and Asparagales host plants in Iran.","authors":"Abdollah Ahmadpour, Zeinab Heidarian, Youbert Ghosta, Zahra Alavi, Fatemeh Alavi, Dimuthu S Manamgoda, Jaturong Kumla, Samantha C Karunarathna, Pabulo Henrique Rampelotto, Nakarin Suwannarach","doi":"10.3389/fcimb.2025.1520125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1520125","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Bipolaris</i> species exhibit various ecological roles, including plant pathogens, epiphytes, saprophytes, or endophytes, primarily associated with poaceous hosts, including cultivated cereals. Iran is known for its diverse climates and rich flora, which serve as a hotspot for fungal diversity. In this study, to determine the species diversity of <i>Bipolaris</i> associated with members of the Poales and Asparagales plant orders, samples with leaf and stem lesion symptoms were collected from these plants across various locations in Iran between 2010 and 2022. Based on the morphological characteristics and multi-locus phylogeny (ITS-rDNA, <i>GAPDH</i>, and <i>TEF1</i>), nine <i>Bipolaris</i> species were identified: <i>Bipolaris avrinica</i> sp. nov., <i>Bipolaris azarbaijanica</i> sp. nov., <i>Bipolaris banihashemii</i> sp. nov., <i>Bipolaris hedjaroudei</i> sp. nov., <i>Bipolaris hemerocallidis</i> sp. nov., <i>Bipolaris iranica</i> sp. nov., <i>Bipolaris persica</i> sp. nov., <i>Bipolaris crotonis</i>, and <i>Bipolaris salkadehensis</i>. <i>B. crotonis</i> represents a new record for Iran's funga, while <i>B. salkadehensis</i> has been documented on several new hosts globally. The study provides detailed morphological descriptions and illustrations of all identified species, along with insights into their habitats, distributions, and phylogenetic relationships within the <i>Bipolaris</i> genus. This study also emphasizes the need for further research into fungal biodiversity in Iran and provides significant data on the distribution and host range of <i>Bipolaris</i> species.</p>","PeriodicalId":12458,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology","volume":"15 ","pages":"1520125"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11958717/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143763525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The proteomic landscape of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> extracellular vesicles across diverse host cell types.","authors":"Teresa Cruz-Bustos, Anna Sophia Feix, Karin Hummel, Sarah Schlosser, Ebrahim Razzazi-Fazeli, Anja Joachim","doi":"10.3389/fcimb.2025.1565684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1565684","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as powerful tools used by pathogens to manipulate host cells, delivering molecular cargo that rewires cellular processes and the immune response. <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>, a globally distributed parasite capable of infecting nearly all nucleated animal cells, uses this strategy to thrive in diverse host species and tissue environments.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Here, we reveal the adaptability of <i>T. gondii</i> EVs through proteomic analysis of vesicles released from tachyzoites cultured in four different host cell types: human fibroblasts, green monkey kidney epithelial cells, mouse myoblasts and porcine intestinal epithelial cells.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A core set of 1,244 proteins was consistently identified across TgEVs, defining a conserved signature. Beyond this conserved cargo, host-cell specific variation revealed how <i>T. gondii</i> fine-tunes EV content to exploit different cellular environments. Functional enrichment analyses revealed roles for TgEVs in targeting host protein synthesis and stress response pathways, with implications for immune evasion and infection spread.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These findings provide insight into the potential role of EVs in host-pathogen interactions and help us understand the adaptive strategies used by <i>T. gondii</i> to survive and spread.</p>","PeriodicalId":12458,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology","volume":"15 ","pages":"1565684"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11958994/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143763581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical experience of primary subcutaneous mycoses in Shanghai: a retrospective analysis.","authors":"Qian Yu, Lulu Li, Yuanyuan Wang, Zhiqin Gao, Siyu Liu, Jingwen Tan, Xiaoping Liu, Wei Li, Lianjuan Yang","doi":"10.3389/fcimb.2025.1520608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1520608","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Primary subcutaneous mycoses are a heterogeneous group of fungal infections caused by pathogenic or opportunistic organisms. In recent years, cases have steadily increased in Shanghai, an area where the disease was previously uncommon. This study aimed to summarize clinical experiences with primary subcutaneous mycoses in Shanghai, to optimize their management.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A retrospective analysis was conducted at Shanghai Dermatology Hospital from January 2018 to March 2023 and enrolled 33 patients with confirmed primary subcutaneous mycoses. Their medical histories, clinical features, histopathological findings, etiological characteristics, drug sensitivity tests, therapeutic regimens, and follow-up data were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Identification of pathogens from skin tissue cultures revealed distinct colonial morphologies across diverse mycological species. The isolates included yeast (45.5%), mold (30.3%), and dimorphic fungi (24.2%). The most common species were <i>C. parapsilosis</i> (n = 8, 24.2%), <i>T. rubrum</i> (n = 5, 15.2%), and <i>S. schenckii</i> (n = 8, 24.2%). Thirty-two patients received systemic antifungal treatment based on the results of the drug sensitivity test, whereas one patient was treated with complete surgical resection, owing to a single plaque. Post-treatment surveillance was important for the effective management of the condition.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study highlights the considerable diversity among fungal species implicated in primary cutaneous mycoses and underscores the complexities involved in their accurate diagnosis and management. Correcting unhealthy lifestyles, boosting immunity, and completely removing and avoiding re-exposure to the pathogenic fungi can effectively reduce the risk of relapse in primary subcutaneous mycoses. Our findings provide valuable insights into primary subcutaneous mycoses and may contribute to improved patient prognoses.</p>","PeriodicalId":12458,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology","volume":"15 ","pages":"1520608"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11958955/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143763338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Viable but non-cultivable state in oral microbiota: a critical review of an underexplored microbial survival strategy.","authors":"Marzie Mahdizade Ari, Konstantin Johannes Scholz, Fabian Cieplik, Ali Al-Ahmad","doi":"10.3389/fcimb.2025.1533768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1533768","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The viable but non-cultivable (VBNC) state and persister cells, two dormancy phenomena in bacteria, differ in various aspects. The entry of bacteria into the VBNC state as a survival strategy under stressful conditions has gained increasing attention in recent years, largely due to the higher tolerance of VBNC cells to antibiotics and antimicrobials resulting from their low metabolic activity. The oral cavity favors biofilm growth in dental hard tissues, resulting in tooth decay and periodontitis. Despite advances in VBNC state detection in the food industry and environment, the entry capability of oral bacteria into the VBNC state remains poorly documented. Furthermore, the VBNC state has recently been observed in oral pathogens, including <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i>, which shows potential relevance in chronic systemic infections, <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>, an important taxon in endodontic infections, and <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>, which exhibits transient presence in the oral cavity. Further research could create opportunities to develop novel therapeutic strategies to control oral pathogens. The inability of conventional culture-based methods to identify VBNC bacteria and the metabolic reactivation of dormant cells to restore susceptibility to therapies highlights a notable gap in anti-VBNC state strategies. The lack of targeted approaches tested for efficacy against VBNC bacteria underscores the need to develop novel detection methods. This review discusses the VBNC state, its importance in public health, and diagnostic techniques, with a special focus on the VBNC state in oral bacteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":12458,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology","volume":"15 ","pages":"1533768"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11959090/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143763584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Divergent host humoral innate immune response to the smooth-to-rough adaptation of <i>Mycobacterium abscessus</i> in chronic infection.","authors":"Emily A Wheeler, Patricia M Lenhart-Pendergrass, Noel M Rysavy, Katie R Poch, Silvia M Caceres, Kara M Calhoun, Karina A Serban, Jerry A Nick, Kenneth C Malcolm","doi":"10.3389/fcimb.2025.1445660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1445660","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Mycobacterium abscessus</i> is a nontuberculous mycobacterium emerging as a significant pathogen in individuals with chronic lung diseases, including cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Current therapeutics have poor efficacy. Strategies of bacterial control based on host defenses are appealing; however, antimycobacterial immunity remains poorly understood and is further complicated by the appearance of smooth and rough morphotypes, which elicit distinct host responses. We investigated the role of serum components in neutrophil-mediated clearance of <i>M. abscessus</i> morphotypes. <i>M. abscessus</i> opsonization with complement enhanced bacterial killing compared to complement-deficient opsonization. Killing of rough isolates was less reliant on complement. Complement C3 and mannose-binding lectin 2 (MBL2) were deposited on <i>M. abscessus</i> morphotypes in distinct patterns, with a greater association of MBL2 on rough <i>M. abscessus</i>. Killing was dependent on C3; however, depletion and competition experiments indicate that canonical complement activation pathways are not involved. Complement-mediated killing relied on natural IgG and IgM for smooth morphotypes and on IgG for rough morphotypes. Both morphotypes were recognized by complement receptor 3 in a carbohydrate- and calcium-dependent manner. These findings indicate a role for noncanonical C3 activation pathways for <i>M. abscessus</i> clearance by neutrophils and link smooth-to-rough adaptation to complement activation.</p>","PeriodicalId":12458,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology","volume":"15 ","pages":"1445660"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11959001/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143763388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and validation of a clinical prediction model for pneumonia - associated bloodstream infections.","authors":"Zhitong Zhou, Shangshu Liu, Fangzhou Qu, Yuanhui Wei, Manya Song, Xizhou Guan","doi":"10.3389/fcimb.2025.1531732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1531732","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of this study was to develop a valuable clinical prediction model for pneumonia-associated bloodstream infections (PABSIs).</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>The study retrospectively collected clinical data of pneumonia patients at the First Medical Centre of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital from 2019 to 2024. Patients who met the definition of pneumonia-associated bloodstream infections (PABSIs) were selected as the main research subjects. A prediction model for the probability of bloodstream infections (BSIs) in pneumonia patients was constructed using a combination of LASSO regression and logistic regression. The performance of the model was verified using several indicators, including receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, calibration curve, decision curve analysis (DCA) and cross validation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 423 patients with confirmed pneumonia were included in the study, in accordance with the Inclusion Criteria and Exclusion Criteria. Of the patients included in the study, 73 developed a related bloodstream infection (BSI). A prediction model was constructed based on six predictors: long-term antibiotic use, invasive mechanical ventilation, glucocorticoids, urinary catheterization, vasoactive drugs, and central venous catheter placement. The areas under the curve (AUC) of the training set and validation set were 0.83 and 0.80, respectively, and the calibration curve demonstrated satisfactory agreement between the two.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study has successfully constructed a prediction model for bloodstream infections associated with pneumonia cases, which has good stability and predictability and can help guide clinical work.</p>","PeriodicalId":12458,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology","volume":"15 ","pages":"1531732"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11959005/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143763360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MAGs-based genomic comparison of gut significantly enriched microbes in obese individuals pre- and post-bariatric surgery across diverse locations.","authors":"Hang Shi, Jia Li","doi":"10.3389/fcimb.2025.1485048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1485048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Obesity, a pressing global health issue, is intricately associated with distinct gut microbiota profiles. Bariatric surgeries, such as Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy (LSG), Sleeve Gastrectomy (SG), and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB), induce substantial weight loss and reshape gut microbiota composition and functionality, yet their comparative impacts remain underexplored.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study integrated four published metagenomic datasets, encompassing 500 samples, and employed a unified bioinformatics workflow for analysis. We assessed gut microbiota α-diversity, identified species biomarkers using three differential analysis approaches, and constructed high-quality Metagenome-Assembled Genomes (MAGs). Comparative genomic, functional profiling and KEGG pathway analyses were performed, alongside estimation of microbial growth rates via Peak-to-Trough Ratios (PTRs).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>RYGB exhibited the most pronounced enhancement of gut microbiota α-diversity compared to LSG and SG. Cross-cohort analysis identified 39 species biomarkers: 27 enriched in the non-obesity group (NonOB_Enrich) and 12 in the obesity group (OB_Enrich). Among the MAGs, 177 were NonOB_Enrich and 14 were OB_Enrich. NonOB_Enrich MAGs displayed enriched carbohydrate degradation profiles (e.g., GH105, GH2, GH23, GH43, and GT0 families) and higher gene diversity in fatty acid biosynthesis and secondary metabolite pathways, alongside significant enrichment in amino acid metabolism (KEGG analysis). Post-surgery, Akkermansia muciniphila and Bacteroides uniformis showed elevated growth rates based on PTRs.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These findings underscore RYGB's superior impact on gut microbiota diversity and highlight distinct microbial functional adaptations linked to weight loss, offering insights for targeted therapeutic strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12458,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology","volume":"15 ","pages":"1485048"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11958714/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143763415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomarkers associated with the diagnosis and prognosis of <i>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</i> pneumonia in children: a review.","authors":"Lele Ding, Yonghong Jiang","doi":"10.3389/fcimb.2025.1552144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1552144","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a major cause of death in children, and <i>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</i> (MP) is the main pathogen of CAP in children in China. Although <i>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</i> pneumonia (MPP) is usually a self-limiting disease, many children develop multiple complications due to drug resistance or untimely diagnosis and treatment, and may even progress to severe MPP or refractory MPP with a poor prognosis. It is important to explore the value of biomarkers that can be used in clinical practice to assess the severity of pneumonia and assist in clinical decision making. In this article, we searched the literature in the last four years to review the roles of various types of biomarkers in MPP and the associated clinical predictive models, with the aim of helping pediatricians to understand the evaluation indexes related to MPP in children other than microbiology.</p>","PeriodicalId":12458,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology","volume":"15 ","pages":"1552144"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11958718/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143763325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Umbilical cord blood level of interleukins used as a predictor of early-onset neonatal sepsis: a comprehensive review.","authors":"Maria Andreea Răcean, Maria Oana Săsăran, Cristina Oana Mărginean, Manuela Cucerea","doi":"10.3389/fcimb.2025.1518088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1518088","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neonatal sepsis (NS) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in both preterm and term infants; early-onset NS (EONS) occurs in newborns within the first 72 h of life. Cytokines are messengers with low molecular weight that are produced by macrophages and lymphocytes in response to antigenic stimulations or products of inflammation. Different interleukins (IL) have higher values in EONS, when detected from peripheral venous blood. This review aims to analyze if the cytokines determined from the umbilical cord blood (UCB) of newborns may help in the rapid and accurate diagnosis of EONS in newborns originating from pregnancies with maternal-fetal infectious risk. Three databases, namely, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, were searched for original research articles that assessed the relationship between interleukins and EONS. The search results retrieved a number of 18 articles that complied with the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Some studies report that neonates with EONS had higher umbilical plasma levels of cytokines such as IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18, and IL-27. However, results are controversial, as many authors failed to establish the cut-off values of cytokines detected from UCB that may predict EONS. The main limitations of the current studies remain the small study samples, the heterogeneous population, and the lack of stratification of the studied population according to gestational age (GA). The cytokines that seem to be more accurate in the early diagnosis of EONS, as reported by the majority of the studies, are IL-6 and IL-8. The level of these cytokines may guide clinicians in the careful administration of antibiotics, thus aiding in the overall reduction of antimicrobial resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":12458,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology","volume":"15 ","pages":"1518088"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11959072/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143763582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chebulinic acid suppresses porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection by inhibiting viral entry and viral main protease.","authors":"Zhonghua Li, Yizhi Huang, Yi Zhang, Di Zhao, Lei Wang, Zhanchang Wang, Qunbing Hu, Ling Yang, Tao Wu, Yongqing Hou","doi":"10.3389/fcimb.2025.1531415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1531415","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has resulted in significant economic losses in the global swine industry, making the development of effective therapeutic approaches a pressing need. In this study, we found that chebulinic acid significantly restrained PEDV replication in CCL-81 and LLC-PK1 cells, demonstrated by reductions in viral genome, viral protein, and titer. Molecular docking analysis made it clear that chebulinic acid might bind the key amino acids of binding pocket and the active center of PEDV main protease. Subsequent <i>in vitro</i> experiments confirmed the inhibitory effects of chebulinic acid on PEDV main protease, with an IC₅₀ value of 61.53 ± 2.12 μM determined through a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay. Additional investigations demonstrated that chebulinic acid could inhibit the attachment and penetration processes of PEDV infection. Overall, our results provide experimental evidence supporting the inhibitory effects of chebulinic acid on PEDV infection by targeting viral entry and the inhibitory effects on main protease. The results of this study offer potential for creating new treatments for porcine epidemic diarrhea.</p>","PeriodicalId":12458,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology","volume":"15 ","pages":"1531415"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11958964/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143763333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}