Foreign Affairs最新文献

{"title":"Prerequisites for the 1994 Budapest Memorandum in the Context of Ukrainian-American Relations","authors":"Ostap Serneda, Alex Tsummer","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.32(5).2022.24-31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.32(5).2022.24-31","url":null,"abstract":"The Budapest Memorandum is one of the many international guarantees of Ukraine's territorial integrity. That is why the study of this treaty turned out to be relevant and necessary not only in the context of Ukrainian-American relations but also in the context of modern events related to the threat to the territorial integrity of Ukraine. The purpose of the research work was to study the development of Ukrainian-American relations against the background of the nuclear disarmament of Ukraine. It was also necessary to find out the main prerequisites that became catalysts for the signing of the Budapest Memorandum. The main methods used in writing the work are: historical, terminological, statistical methods of scientific knowledge, systematic, and others. As a result of conducting scientific research on the specified topic, some events that became the reasons for signing the Budapest Memorandum were outlined, and the relationship between the development and improvement of Ukrainian-American relations and the signing of the relevant international agreement was clarified. The question of the influence of the United States of America on the nuclear disarmament of Ukraine was also investigated. Attention was also paid to the issue of guarantees and assurances of the signatory states regarding the territorial integrity of Ukraine and the obligation to fulfill them. The research paper also provided some statistical data on the nuclear potential of Ukraine as the third nuclear power in the world after the USA and the Russian Federation. The consequences of signing the Memorandum and its direct effect in the context of encroachments on the territorial integrity of Ukraine were outlined. The results of research work can be used in further research by historians, legal scholars, and other authors as a comprehensive study of American-Ukrainian relations in the conditions of nuclear disarmament of the Ukrainian state","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70548342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The “Ukrainian Question” on the Eve of the First World War","authors":"Anton A. Yarosh","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.32(3).2022.22-28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.32(3).2022.22-28","url":null,"abstract":"After analysing the current socio-political conditions in Ukraine caused by the war unleashed on February 20, 2014 by the Russian Federation, the author noted that they have common features with those that were before the outbreak of the First World War. This fact made this study relevant, since it requires an analysis of the “Ukrainian Question” from the standpoint of different countries at the beginning of the 20th century. Thus, the purpose of the study was to determine the essence of the Ukrainian national question on the eve of the First World War. For this purpose, the study used the methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison, deduction, generalisation, and historical method. As a result, the content of the “Ukrainian Question” was determined for the countries that participated in the First World War. In particular, it was established that Russia's goal was to capture Eastern Galicia, northern Bukovina and Transcarpathia, while under the auspices of the pan-Slavist policy and the Association of “Half-Blood Russian brothers”. Initially, Austria-Hungary also pursued the desire for territorial expansion, in particular, through the annexation of Volhynia and Podillia. As a result, the unification of Western and Eastern Europe was expected. Germany's goal was to divide the Russian empire into different territorial units and to seize the countries of Eastern Europe, in particular Ukraine, and settle its citizens on them. The positions of foreign countries on the “Ukrainian Question” considered in the study allowed for the conclusion that none of them considered the interests and aspirations of the Ukrainian people. The practical significance of the study was revealed in the fact that it can be used by modern researchers, in particular historians, when determining the prerequisites and nature of the current war of Russia against Ukraine","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70547864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Women of Europe in the Great War (1914-1918)","authors":"Tyrell Hook, Laura Oane","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.32(2).2022.40-47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.32(2).2022.40-47","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of this topic was primarily conditioned upon the need to cover women's experience during combat operations, both on and off the front lines. The importance of highlighting such experiences was the insufficient level of study of the relevant issue, as a result – the unsatisfactory level of awareness among the population of the importance of women during military operations. The purpose of the study was to investigate and clarify the issue of the participation and role of European women in the First World War. The following methods were used to conduct the study: comparative, statistical, historical, systematic, terminological, etc. The findings revealed the place of women during the World War in 1914-1918, and identified the main changes observed among the female population in the corresponding time intervals, in particular, the issue of women's emancipation and the feminist movement. On the example of a number of countries, including France, Romania, and Ukraine, statistics on women's employment in jobs that belonged to men before the war were presented. A comparative analysis of the involvement of women in direct military operations during 1914-1918 was carried out. Some changes in the political, social, and economic environment of European countries in relation to women are presented as the main results of emancipation and feminist movements during the First World War, in particular, the Ukrainian women's movement of 1914-1918 is considered. The results of this study can be used to further clarify women's experience during military operations by historians and researchers, as well as public figures to highlight the participation of women in the First World War among the population","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70548124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Law-Conservative Ideology of Orban’s Government the Main Reason for the Systemic Conflict between the EU and Hungary","authors":"D. Tkach","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.32(1).2022.9-15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.32(1).2022.9-15","url":null,"abstract":"The Ukrainian-Russian war, which began on February 24, 2022, accelerated Ukraine’s process of becoming a member of the European Union. In recent months Kyiv approached one step closer to the EU membership. Of course, the path to full membership into the European Community is long and thorny. But today we must be aware of what difficulties and problems await Ukraine when it acquires this status. Therefore, the task of studying the experience of our neighbours, who have been within the EU and NATO since 2004, is extremely important and relevant for both domestic and foreign policy of Ukraine.The aim of the article is to analyze the experience of Hungary within the European Union and the problems and contradictions that have arisen between Budapest and Brussels during the years of Hungarian membership. It is also important to find out the causes of the conflict between the EU and Hungary in order to prepare the Ukrainian society and the government already today to prevent the recurrence of Hungarian mistakes. As a result of the analysis in this article of the influence of the rightwing conservative ideology of Viktor Orban`s government on Hungary’s relations with the EU, it was found, that this is the main cause of acute conflicts that arise from time to time between the parties. The European Union, whose main ideology is liberalism, absolutely does not accept the enshrinement in the Hungarian Fundamental Law that one religion is dominant in the country, the prerogative of the Hungarian national minority living abroad to demand collective rights, intolerance of same-sex marriages and doubts about the rights on abortion. It was also found that Hungary has had a dictatorship of the constitutional majority in the National Assembly since 2010, which allows Viktor Orban`s government to pass any laws in support of his course to establish illiberal democracy in the country. It is confirmed that despite sharp criticism from Brussels of the Hungarian government coalition’s policy, Budapest continues to pursue its policy of strengthening the governance of democracy and public sector reform towards centralization, returning to the conservative traditions of the Hungarian state, curtailing democratic governance and strengthening authoritarian trends. All this has led to the imposition of the EU sanctions on Hungary in the form of cuts in funding for certain programs, sharp criticism of the EU leaders, and even threats to terminate membership in the organization. The author used the following methods preparing the article: structural and functional; conflict theory; behaviorism; historical; informal (traditional) document analysis. Further research on this topic is promising due to Ukraine’s future membership in the EU. From a practical point of view, this article can be used in the activities of those government agencies that are currently working on Ukraine’s European integration into the EU, as well as units of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, whic","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70547384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"European Integration of Ukraine. What will be the Path to Full Membership and How will Military Operations Affect it?","authors":"Helena Dovc, Magdalena Nalepka, Nina Nero","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.32(4).2022.17-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.32(4).2022.17-24","url":null,"abstract":"The urgency of the subject matter is primarily conditioned upon the desire of the Ukrainian people for economic and cultural integration into the European community of democratic states and the need for Ukraine to defend its European choice by military means. It is also worth paying attention to the fact that this topic is not sufficiently covered by other researchers, political scientists, and sociologists. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to reveal the topics of economic, political, and cultural integration of Ukraine into the European Union. Moreover, the objectives of this study are to reveal the problems on the way to full membership of Ukraine in the European Union and to investigate the impact of Russia's invasion of Ukraine on the integration process. The main methods of research are analysis, induction, deduction, and synthesis, which allow the study to describe and highlight the most important aspects of Ukraine's European integration. The paper investigates the process of integration of Ukraine into the economic, social, and cultural space of the European Union; defines the European Union, describes its power institutions; reveals the problems and difficulties of Ukraine related to the integration process; examines how the military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine would affect the further development of the country's European integration. The materials of the study are of practical and theoretical value for political scientists, sociologists, other representatives of the scientific community and researchers on the topic of European integration of Ukraine, who are interested in the features and aspects of this process, investigate the problems that prevent the Ukrainian state from moving along the path of European integration","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70547935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Foreign Policy of the UPR Directorate Through the Prism of Cooperation with the Entente","authors":"Lisa Merio, Alain Lemonier","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.32(5).2022.40-47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.32(5).2022.40-47","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of the article lies in the need to study the topic of the peculiarities of the functioning of the Directory of the Ukrainian People's Republic and its international policy with the countries of the Entente and Europe, because in recent years access to new archival documents from the times of the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917-1920 has opened. The purpose of the research work is to analyze the aspects of creation and management of foreign policy of the UNR Directorate, in particular V. Vinnichenko and S. Petliura, taking into account the specifics of cooperation with the Entente countries, as well as the determination of the achievements and losses of the Directorate, which influenced the creation of the Ukrainian state. Research methods were used in the work, namely: chronological, historical, and analytical methods. Ukrainian and foreign historiography was analyzed, which described aspects of the foreign policy activity of the Directorate of the Ukrainian People's Republic, highlighted the greatest achievements during the conduct of foreign policy and the peculiarities of the Directorate's struggle for the liberation of the Ukrainian people and the recognition of Ukraine as a state by Europe and the world as a whole. The results of the study are the determination of specific actions by the Directory that led to the recognition of the Ukrainian People's Republic, namely the establishment of rights and laws for the population. It was established that the authorities did not have a specific example from the side of running the state, which explains the use of erroneous policies by the leadership, and despite all the problems created on the way to the creation of a new state, the result of such work was the formation of a clear structure of diplomacy and the recognition of the Ukrainian People's Republic. The practical significance of the results obtained in the research lies in their use to continue learning about the topic of the formation and work of the Directory, as well as the movements of national diplomacy during the creation of state entities and the creation of Ukraine. The results of the study can serve as a basis for creating analytics regarding Ukraine's foreign policy and possible prospects for cooperation with neighboring countries","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70548563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcarpathia in Ukrainian-Hungarian Relations 1991-2022","authors":"Andri Kryvets, Bettina Szokodi","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.32(5).2022.8-16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.32(5).2022.8-16","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of the research lies in the fact that in the conditions of the modern stage, cooperation and relations between Ukraine and Hungary are tense. This is related to the pro-Russian position of Hungarian politicians, which arose after the appearance of the conflict in Donbas in 2014. Additionally, Hungarians defend their position regarding the level of protection and support of their minorities on the territory of Ukraine. It is reasonable to believe that Hungary is blocking Ukraine's path to European integration through open conflicts. The purpose of the article is the study of Ukrainian-Hungarian relations in the period 1991-2022, as well as the resolution of the conflict regarding Transcarpathia to stabilize relations between the countries. The methods used in the work include the historical method, based on which the dynamics of the development of relations between countries were studied; the statistical method, which consists in studying the demography of Transcarpathia; a comparative method based on which the consequences of the influence of relations on Ukraine's integration into Europe were considered. The results of the study determined that the improvement of relations between the countries can take place through the provision of simplified conditions for obtaining Hungarian citizenship for Hungarians from other countries, as well as the promotion of the development of cross-border infrastructure in Transcarpathia to provide new opportunities for the population, which will be an impetus for development in the political and cultural aspect, as well as the termination of cooperation between Ukraine and Hungary. The found ways of resolving conflicts between the countries will be an incentive for the development of both states: Ukraine will be able to continue its integration into Europe and establish favorable conditions for cooperation with Hungary; Hungary will be able to improve its relations with neighboring countries and stabilize the political aspect of these relations. The practical value of the research lies in the use of scientific material and its results to create a unified strategy for the establishment of Ukrainian-Hungarian relations, as well as the continuation of the integration movement of Ukraine into Europe","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70549110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Countering Russian Propaganda During the War","authors":"Zlata Boronchyk","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.32(6).2022.16-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.32(6).2022.16-22","url":null,"abstract":"The conflict between Russia and Ukraine has been going on for a substantial period of history, but over the past decade, the confrontation between the two countries has taken on a major scale. At first, Russia resorted to conducting a hybrid war, and from February 24, 2022, it began a full-scale war. In the course of this, the enemy uses information influence as one of the types of weapons, so today the ability to fight back is very important. The purpose of the study will be to consider and find ways to counter Russian propaganda. In the course of writing the study, the following research methods are used: information analysis, synthesis, specification, and generalisation. As a result of the study, a large amount of information of various types is considered, in particular, studies, books of popular science genre, legislative acts, statements and appeals of high-ranking officials, and, most importantly, publications in the media. In the course of analysing this information, it is determined which aspects of life are affected by Russian propaganda, those include: worldview, history, and information on the conduct of military operations. In addition, the methods Russians use to spread propaganda are considered, in particular, television and social networks. Thus, it is concluded that countering Russian propaganda should take place in the field of education, in particular, the introduction of media literacy courses, the development of the historical industry, statements by Ukrainian state institutions, and cybersecurity. The study creates a new perspective and ground for further investigation by sociologists who study the phenomenon of Russian propaganda in detail, teachers working to develop new teaching methods, and specialists in the field of cybersecurity","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70549203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy Security of the West in the Conditions of Russian Aggression Against Ukraine","authors":"Carsten Frenzel, Andrii Rybak, Oksana Kalynska","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.32(4).2022.25-32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.32(4).2022.25-32","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of the study is conditioned by the fact that the fuel and energy sector of the state is one of the key ones for ensuring a comfortable life of the population. In recent years, the process of energy development has been negatively affected by climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic, but now the most important problem is the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Political events have only proved that Europe is suffering significant losses in the energy sector and is quite dependent on Russia's fuel and energy resources. That is why the issue of ensuring fuel and energy security and creating a sufficient level of reserves is the most relevant. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to analyse the issue of energy security of Western countries in the context of Russia's invasion of Ukraine. The leading methods of investigating this problem are logical analysis, periodisation, induction, deduction, comparison and systematisation of approaches, which will help determine the consequences of the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the current state of energy security development in Europe. The paper describes the concept of security and its features in the energy sector; analyses the studies by historians, economists, sociologists, political scientists, and researchers who deal with the problem of energy security of the West in the context of Russia's aggression against Ukraine; describes the danger of further use of Russian gas; suggests various methods and ways to save energy and help reduce dependence on Russian gas supplies; diagnoses risks and threats in the fuel and energy sector of Ukraine and Western Europe; disclosed main statistical data and facts of dependence of European countries on fuel and energy resources from Russia. The materials of the study are of practical and theoretical value for political scientists, economists, politicians, and diplomats, which would help them create conditions for ensuring the country's energy security. In addition, the information may be relevant for researchers and scientists who are concerned about the economic damage to the whole world as a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70548027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Causality of the Abkhaz War and russia's Role in the Conflict","authors":"Zaza Gelenidze, Nana Sekhniashvili, Amiran Akhvlediani, Ostap Semeniy, Vasile Zalamai","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.32(5).2022.32-39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.32(5).2022.32-39","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of the research is determined by the active intervention of the occupying Russian troops and the implementation of the general policy of officials in the external and internal processes of the state system of post-Soviet countries, in particular, in the processes of the occupation of part of Georgia. The purpose of the work is to identify the main prerequisites for the beginning of the military conflict. The article used such methodological approaches as a theoretical approach, a formal-legal approach, a logical analysis method, a synthesis method, a deduction method, and others. The main reasons for Russia's aid to Abkhazia were identified, among which it is worth noting the geopolitical location of the territory, the obstruction of Georgia's accession to NATO, access to pipelines for the transport of hydrocarbon resources, and the increase in the sphere of influence in the space of post-Soviet countries. A detailed analysis of the factors influencing political and military processes in Abkhazia by Russia was carried out. An important stage during the work was proving the fact about the policy of a violent nature, which is manifested in the occupation and annexation of sovereign territory by another state. It was found that Russia usually uses a wide range of military and non-military influence tools and methods to implement its plans; such influence is carried out on a systemic basis and has a comprehensive character in various spheres. It is worth noting that the military confrontation between Russia and Georgia has a significant impact on the strategic and political outlook of Georgia and, directly, on the occupied region. The practical value of the obtained results will help establish the cause-and-effect relationship of the Russian-Georgian confrontation and highlight the role of Russia as an aggressor state, which will help to highlight ways to avoid possible military conflicts for other countries of the post-Soviet space","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70548402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}