Foreign Affairs最新文献

{"title":"The Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Partially Purified Polysaccharide Fractions of Cell-free Medium and Biomass of <i>Spirulina platensis</i> PCST5.","authors":"Mohammad Dehghanizadeh Baghdadabad, Nima Naderi, Vahideh Atabaki, Mohammad Ali Faramarzi, Maryam Tabarzad, Tahereh Hosseinabadi","doi":"10.5812/ijpr-136661","DOIUrl":"10.5812/ijpr-136661","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Spirulina</i> is a cyanobacteria species containing various bioactive compounds. <i>Spirulina</i> is a known source of nutrients in some traditional diets. Different activities have been reported for various extracts of <i>S. platensis</i>.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>In this study, the polysaccharide content of culture media and biomass extract of one species of <i>Spirulina</i> was partially purified, and its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong><i>Spirulina platensis</i> PCST5 was cultured in a sterile Zarouk medium at 27°C and 16/8h of light/ dark exposure cycle for 25 days. Then, the polysaccharide content of biomass and cell-free culture medium samples (BPSs and CFPSs, respectively) was partially purified. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated using animal models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong><i>16S rRNA</i> gene analysis confirmed that the organism was genetically similar to <i>Spirulina platensis</i>. The CFPSs (30 and 100 mg/kg) and BPSs (30 mg/kg) significantly reduced pain-related behaviors in rats. Similarly, all samples could significantly reduce carrageenan-induced paw inflammation volume compared with the control group. Our results suggest <i>Spirulina</i>'s polysaccharide fractions (CFPSs and BPSs) had significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Since <i>Spirulina</i> is a readily available source of bioactive compounds, finding such potent anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive compounds can provide promising leads for novel drug development.</p>","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"41 1","pages":"e136661"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10728851/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90755083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Britain, Europe and the World 1850-1986","authors":"F. Stern, B. Porter","doi":"10.2307/20041778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/20041778","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"62 1","pages":"220"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/20041778","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45625651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fathers Work for Their Sons","authors":"J. Whitaker, S. Berry","doi":"10.2307/20042454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/20042454","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"63 1","pages":"1134"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/20042454","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45401129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Collective and the Individual in Russia","authors":"Robert Legvold, Oleg Kharkhordin","doi":"10.2307/20049500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/20049500","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"78 1","pages":"180"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/20049500","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42628604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Historical-retrospective and legal analysis of the conditions, values and consequences of the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk","authors":"L. Spytska","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.33(1).2023.32-38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.33(1).2023.32-38","url":null,"abstract":"The history of the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk is sufficiently studied both in Ukrainian and foreign historiography, but the issue remains rather relevant for a full historical and legal review, so the interpretation and consideration of events of those times, and especially the legal study of the underlying document, is still important. The purpose of this article is to study the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk, for the sake of interpretations of the events of 1710, to trace the processes and reasons that followed, to analyze the historical and legal role, the conditions and consequences of the adoption of the constitution, and consider the role of Pylyp Orlyk in its establishment. The study used various historical methods and approaches to analyze and select information relevant to the adoption of the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk. Also, the article widely used methods of analysis and synthesis, general methods of scientific knowledge and methods of empirical research. Historical comparative, retrospective and abstract methods made it possible to reconstruct and model in greater detail the processes that were taking place before the adoption of the Constitution, as well as its consequences. It is argued that the Constitution was created based on democracy, which was the main factor in the creation of the historical goal, which was the development of state reforms. From the point of view of the law, a complete analysis of the new state system, which was referred to by the provisions of the Constitution, was carried out. In the process of research, the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk was studied, as well as some factors that helped construct and reconstruct the conditions, values, and consequences that led to the adoption of the Constitution of 1710. It was determined that the specified Constitution depicts the improvement of relations in power, and can also be used as a regulator of the state tradition of the Ukrainian people. It has been investigated that the described and analyzed historical-political aspects fully describe the motive for the adoption of the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk, caused by the completion of these events in the new time and the possibility of researching this issue as in domestic historiography","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45407995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"China policy on Taiwan against the backdrop of the Russia-Ukraine War","authors":"A. Hrubinko, Iryna Fedoriv","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.33(1).2023.24-31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.33(1).2023.24-31","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of the study is conditioned by the transformational trends in globalisation policy as a result of russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, especially in the political relations of the People’s Republic of China with Taiwan, which is one of the most important aspects of international security. The purpose of the study is to identify the characteristic features of the Taiwan issue. The following methodological approaches were used: functional, dogmatic, logical analysis, synthesis, deduction, method of legal hermeneutics, etc. The study found that political relations between China and Taiwan are largely determined by the party affiliation of the latter’s leadership. Parallels were drawn between China-Taiwan and russia-Ukraine relations, which are associated with the asymmetry of relations between the two countries. It was found that the russia-Ukraine war serves as a factor that will have a further impact on the development and resolution of the conflict between Taiwan and China. The possibility of resolving the China-Taiwan war will depend on the results of the russia-Ukraine war and the reaction of the international community, especially the United States of America, which is Taiwan’s main ally. The study results showed that the factor that will help reduce the likelihood of China’s intervention against Taiwan is Ukraine’s victory in the russia-Ukraine war; another factor is the active role of the international community in countering russian aggression If the United States and Europe take a passive stance, this will act as a factor that will increase the tension between China and Taiwan The practical value of the findings allows for a causal analysis of the Taiwan issue and the identification of possible solutions to the conflict against the backdrop of the russia-Ukraine war","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45685259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Restoration of Ukraine’s foreign policy activities in the context of the founding of the United Nations","authors":"Ljupcho Sotiroski, Y. Kravtsov","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.33(1).2023.16-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.33(1).2023.16-23","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of the subject matter is conditioned primarily by the desire to achieve the national interests of Ukraine and the need to fight russian military aggression for the right to pursue an independent foreign policy. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to reveal the issue of the restoration of Ukraine’s activities in the political sphere as a result of the establishment of the United Nations. The main methods of research of this problem are: analysis, induction, deduction, and synthesis, which allow describing and highlighting the most important aspects of the development of Ukraine’s foreign policy, as well as diagnostic, comparative, system and structural methods. The paper examines the process of resumption of Ukraine’s foreign policy after the establishment of the United Nations. The role of Ukraine in the founding of the United Nations is considered, and its activities in the organisation are evaluated. The prerequisites and historical traditions of Ukrainian diplomacy are revealed. The activities of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and independent Ukraine in the United Nations bodies are investigated. The main modern achievements of Ukraine’s foreign policy are considered. It is determined that one of the main goals of Ukraine’s work in the UN Security Council was to inform council members and the international community about any attempts to escalate the situation in the temporarily occupied Crimea and Eastern Ukraine by russia. The main ways of the modern foreign policy of Ukraine were described, namely: preserving the supremacy of the state on its territory, independence in international relations, territorial integrity, and Euro-Atlantic integration. The materials of the study are of practical and theoretical value for political scientists, historians, other representatives of the scientific community, and researchers of the topic of restoring Ukraine’s foreign policy, who are interested in the features and aspects of this state activity, and study the role of Ukraine in the process of founding the United Nations","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45323480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Historical significance of Germany, France and Belgium in the creation of the European Union","authors":"D. Pylypenko, Denis Spahija","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.33(1).2023.8-15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.33(1).2023.8-15","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of the study is conditioned by the need to analyse the positive experience of European countries for its use in Ukraine’s foreign policy when participating in international associations, in relations with the member states of the European Union. The purpose of the study is to investigate the role of the foreign policies of Germany, France, and Belgium in the development of the European Union, and to conduct a thorough assessment of the results of such policies. To achieve this goal, such methods as dialectical materialism, factor discourse analysis, deduction and induction, analysis and synthesis, system analysis, structural and functional analysis, and the comparative method were used. The paper examines the goals and objectives, the role and place of three states: Germany, France, and Belgium in the history of the creation of the European Union. The interests of each of the states are characterised, the specifics of their national policy and its impact on the deepening of European integration are determined. The approaches of countries to the organisation of the European Union, their common and distinctive features are analysed. The specifics of relations between Germany, France, and Belgium in the process of their cooperation are determined. It is stated that these countries have become the leading initiators of deepening integration in Europe. The study shows that relations between France and Germany in the late 20th century became an example of cooperation in European security issues. It is established that France is the author of successfully implemented projects and approved laws and regulations in the European Union. It is noted that despite the small territory, Belgium exerted significant political influence, and the Benelux Union became an example of economic unification in the process of creating the European Union. The conclusions obtained contribute to solving practical issues related to the development of Ukraine’s own integration processes and the protection of its own interests in building foreign policy. The material can serve as a basis for the educational process in the training of political scientists, international specialists, and in the work on scientific literature","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48309792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The InBIO barcoding initiative database: DNA barcodes of Iberian Trichoptera, documenting biodiversity for freshwater biomonitoring in a Mediterranean hotspot.","authors":"Joana Pauperio, Luis Martin Gonzalez, Jesus Martinez, Marcos A González, Filipa Ms Martins, Joana Veríssimo, Pamela Puppo, Joana Pinto, Cátia Chaves, Catarina J Pinho, José Manuel Grosso-Silva, Lorenzo Quaglietta, Teresa Luísa L Silva, Pedro Sousa, Paulo Celio Alves, Nuno Fonseca, Pedro Beja, Sónia Ferreira","doi":"10.3897/BDJ.11.e97484","DOIUrl":"10.3897/BDJ.11.e97484","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Trichoptera are an important component of freshwater ecosystems. In the Iberian Peninsula, 380 taxa of caddisflies are known, with nearly 1/3 of the total species being endemic in the region. A reference collection of morphologically identified Trichoptera specimens, representing 142 Iberian taxa, was constructed. The InBIO Barcoding Initiative (IBI) Trichoptera 01 dataset contains records of 438 sequenced specimens. The species of this dataset correspond to about 37% of Iberian Trichoptera species diversity. Specimens were collected between 1975 and 2018 and are deposited in the IBI collection at the CIBIO (Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Portugal) or in the collection Marcos A. González at the University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain).</p><p><strong>New information: </strong>Twenty-nine species, from nine different families, were new additions to the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD). A success identification rate of over 80% was achieved when comparing morphological identifications and DNA barcodes for the species analysed. This encouraging step advances incorporation of informed Environmental DNA tools in biomonitoring schemes, given the shortcomings of morphological identifications of larvae and adult Caddisflies in such studies. DNA barcoding was not successful in identifying species in six Trichoptera genera: <i>Hydropsyche</i> (Hydropsychidae), <i>Athripsodes</i> (Leptoceridae), <i>Wormaldia</i> (Philopotamidae), <i>Polycentropus</i> (Polycentropodidae) <i>Rhyacophila</i> (Rhyacophilidae) and <i>Sericostoma</i> (Sericostomatidae). The high levels of intraspecific genetic variability found, combined with a lack of a barcode gap and a challenging morphological identification, rendered these species as needing additional studies to resolve their taxonomy.</p>","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"64 1","pages":"e97484"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10848855/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90900435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The return of historical monuments removed from the territory of Ukraine after 2014. Problems of archaeological research in times of war","authors":"Kasa Arlind","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.33(3).2023.17-27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.33(3).2023.17-27","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of the research is conditioned upon the increase in the national consciousness of the Ukrainian nation, a new stage of the national revival of the Ukrainian state and consolidation of the Ukrainian people against the background of the full-scale invasion and occupation of Ukrainian territories. The purpose of this research is to explore the level of threat to the national historical and cultural heritage in Ukraine, including the temporarily occupied territories. The research methodology used in this work is a comprehensive combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis of archaeological and cultural monuments, and the following methods: ascent, synthesis, analysis, comparison, and the axiomatic method. As a result of the study, the main regions of historical and cultural monuments in the temporarily occupied territories and in the areas where hostilities are conducted were explored. The research examines the competent opinion of leading Ukrainian historians and archaeologists on the main problems of archaeological research and the restitution of the treasures of Ukrainian culture temporarily seized by the occupier. The legal foundations of such restitution are established in the context of the main provisions of national and international humanitarian law. These circumstances were the prerequisites for the cancellation of the decision of the District Court of Amsterdam in favour of the Ukrainian party. It is substantiated that the position of the authorities of the Kingdom of the Netherlands does not comply with the statute of legal identity and independence of the State and ignores the inviolability of property rights. Although, in turn, the country is based on the declaration of compliance with international law on the legal immunity of the state and its property, as established by the 2004 UN Convention. The conclusions presented based on them contain updated scientific knowledge on the areas of restoration of a fair legal status to the historical and cultural heritage of the Ukrainian nation and bring to science relevant scientific and practical recommendations for improving the current legislation of Ukraine in the field of museum and archaeological science","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70549321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}