Foreign Affairs最新文献

{"title":"Current trends in the military-industrial integration of the EU countries and implications for Ukraine","authors":"Kateryna Leshchenko","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.33(4).2023.8-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.33(4).2023.8-21","url":null,"abstract":"In the face of common security challenges, the issue of protecting civilised countries from external military aggression is of utmost importance for the entire European continent. The research aims to analyse the existing integration processes in Europe and extrapolate them to the military-industrial complex of Ukraine since the Ukrainian state is an outpost of the European Union, where the entire range of modern military technologies is used. The objectives of the study are to identify trends in the military industries of the leading European countries and to assess the prospects for their further integration in the context of the current external military aggression. The key indicators were collected and analysed using statistical and regression analysis, as well as the longitudinal method. The study provided results on the development of defence spending in individual countries, data on the participation of EU countries in joint projects, the scope of sanctions imposed on the aggressor country, indicators of Ukraine's participation in the common customs area, and the volume of military assistance from partner countries. The analysis of the data led to the conclusion that the defence capability of both Ukraine and the entire European Union has significantly improved. It was also found that the replacement of outdated Soviet standards with modern Western ones has led to a significant increase in defence capabilities. In addition, the study found that the unjustified armed aggression against Ukraine strengthened relations between the countries of the European Defence Agency and gave them an impetus to develop collective defence capabilities and conclude joint agreements involving military-industrial complexes. From a practical point of view, the obtained indicators of changes on the continent made it possible to draw conclusions about the directions of further integration and to correct the identified shortcomings","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70549944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The language issue of Ukraine during the russian-Ukrainian war. The impact of centuries of repression of the Ukrainian language on modern society","authors":"I. Dzyublenko","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.33(2).2023.21-30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.33(2).2023.21-30","url":null,"abstract":"The study of the language issue in Ukraine is relevant considering the importance of linguistic identification: since most Ukrainians have been Russified, it is necessary to pursue a clear and strategic language policy that could ensure the gradual but steady development of all things Ukrainian in the future. The purpose of this research was to explore the current state of linguistic consciousness in Ukrainian society, and the specifics of the establishment and development of the Ukrainian language during the long linguistic crimes and after the outbreak of the russian-Ukrainian war. The following methods were used to achieve the set purposes: analytical and synthetic, comparative and contrastive, historical, diachronic and synchronous. A panoramic analysis of the prohibitions and restrictions on the functioning of the Ukrainian language over the past four centuries was conducted, in particular in the fields of education, book publishing, office work, the church, etc. The study examined the historical stages of the development and formation of the identity of the Ukrainian language and provided statistics on the language issue a few years after independence, after the russian aggression in eastern Ukraine, and after russia's full-scale invasion. It developed an understanding of the causes and consequences of linguistic crimes and assessed the stages of Russification and the impact of the russian-speaking space in different regions of Ukraine. Attention was focused on the mechanisms of linguistic decolonisation on the example of different national languages and countries, forms of linguistic planning and national policies of states affected by language bans, and the revival of identification. The materials presented in this work can be used for further scientific research in the field of linguistics, sociology, historiography, and cultural studies, in particular, in the study of colonisation and decolonisation processes in various national languages of the world","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70548996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional histories of climate mobility: Oceania","authors":"Tetiana Perga, Iurii Perga","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.33(4).2023.49-57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.33(4).2023.49-57","url":null,"abstract":"The research relevance is determined by both the growing threats of climate change to Ukraine and russian military aggression against Ukraine, which increase the number of people changing their place of residence due to the deteriorating environmental situation. The experience of countries that have already faced environmental migration predetermined the study’s relevance. The research aims to study and summarise the findings of Western researchers on the consequences of climate change for Oceania, which is seen as a threat to stability, security, and peace in the region and as a factor contributing to the spread of violence and conflict in the region, as well as internal and international population movements. The main methods used to study this issue are analysis, induction, deduction, and synthesis, which allow for describing and highlighting the most important aspects of the problem of environmental migration. The study demonstrates the relationship between climate change and environmental migration and considers its types. The study analyses the role of various actors, regional and national initiatives in improving the efficiency of this process, as well as the case of Tuvalu, which is threatened by flooding and the resettlement of all residents and the government to other countries. The author considers the idea of virtualisation of this state – the creation of its twin in the metaverse in the event of this scenario. Ways to improve climate mobility planning and a set of measures that can contribute to better integration of environmental migrants into host societies are proposed. Potential problems that could lead to conflict situations in the case of environmental displacement are identified. It is concluded that the negative effects of climate change make it important to develop changes in international legislation and to study this aspect in depth by scientists and various international, regional, and local organisations. The author outlines the ways of further research on the problem of environmental migration. The results of the study are of theoretical and practical value for ecologists, historians, sociologists, politicians, and those involved in migration issues","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70549850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The model of Ukrainian-Iranian relations: Establishment and decline","authors":"Alena Kliuchnyk","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.33(3).2023.36-42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.33(3).2023.36-42","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of the study is conditioned upon the sharp deterioration of diplomatic relations between Ukraine and the Islamic Republic of Iran against the background of the latter's cooperation with the russian federation, which could potentially result in the severance of all ties. The purpose of this research is to identify the main preconditions that contributed to the decline of relations between Ukraine and Iran. The main methods include logical analysis, functional analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, historical, formal and legal, etc. The study explored the history of diplomatic relations between the two countries since the beginning of the existence of independent Ukraine. The main events that were significant for both sides were considered. In particular, trade and economic relations were analysed, which consisted of exploring statistics on exports and imports of products. It allowed determination that Iran was among the top 10 exporters of Ukrainian products. The most important stage was to determine Iran's role in the full-scale invasion of Ukraine by the russian federation in 2022. The positions of representatives of the international community were considered, and data from American and Ukrainian intelligence agencies were presented, which demonstrated Iran's involvement in war crimes on the territory of Ukraine, and the possibility of future liability. Based on this, the main reason that called into question the possibility of further cooperation was identified. Notably, the severance of ties reduces Iran's status in the international arena. The practical value of the results obtained is to highlight the bilateralism of Iran's policy and to establish the necessity of further cooperation between Ukraine and this country","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70549899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Consequences and threats of international terrorism for Ukraine","authors":"Tetiana Borko, A. Vilks","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.33(3).2023.43-50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.33(3).2023.43-50","url":null,"abstract":"Terrorism is one of the greatest threats to the existence of the world order in the 21st century. Its main features are suddenness, a large number of civilian casualties and a low probability of learning about a possible attack. The purpose of the study is to identify terrorist threats to Ukraine and the possible consequences of this criminal activity. The research was conducted using methods such as comparison, induction, deduction and the analytical hierarchical process. The study identified that terrorist attacks cause many deaths of citizens of a particular country, undermine trust in the official authorities and disrupt economic processes. The main source of the terrorist threat to Ukraine is the russian federation, and after the start of the full-scale invasion on 24 February 2022, the probability of new terrorist attacks in Ukraine has increased significantly. A basic analysis of the activity of terrorist groups on the territory of Ukraine was conducted, and the main consequences of terrorist activity in the political and social sphere in this country were identified. The biggest threat to Ukraine is the loss of independence and sovereignty due to russia's criminal actions, which could result in panic in society and undermine economic processes. The results of the study can be used as a foundation for identifying the main terrorist threats on the territory of Ukraine and developing a state plan for countering possible terrorist attacks. This research can be used as a foundation for comparing the activities of terrorist organisations in other countries against the background of Ukraine","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70549984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"European protection of Ukrainians during the martial law: The experience of Poland","authors":"Samuel Stróż, Zdzisław Kieliszek, Oleg Yaroshenko","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.33(4).2023.22-32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.33(4).2023.22-32","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of the study is due to the need to find ways to improve the temporary protection of Ukrainians in Europe during the hostilities in Ukraine. The purpose of the work is to analyze the norms of European legislation on the protection of Ukrainians and identify directions of improvement. The following methods make a basis of methodological approach: analysis of statistical data; comparison method; graphic method; generalization method. It was identified the countries of Europe to which more people applied for protection during the war in Ukraine. Shortcomings in the Polish legislation on the organization of temporary protection were revealed; in particular, in terms of confirming the registration of the place of Ukrainians’ stay, which allows them to move within Europe. It was made an assessment of ensuring the rights to temporary protection for Ukrainians, in particular, the employment and residence, and the feasibility and benefits of changes in Polish legislation that provide for optimization of assistance for displaced persons. According to the Polish citizens’ results of assessment of the support level for Ukrainians, it has been revealed a tendency of decline of support due to an increase in the violation of rules of conduct by Ukrainians. Directions for improving the organization of temporary protection of Ukrainians in Poland are outlined, which consist in stimulating immigrants to learn the Polish language and get a more qualified job. It is proposed to strengthen the Polish authorities’ control over the receipt of social assistance by displaced persons, to prevent the misuse of such assistance and to direct it to the necessary needs for health, education and full life of people under temporary protection in Europe. The results and conclusions are of practical importance for the authorities in the EU countries when improving the policy of temporary protection of migrants and the heads of migration and social services – when assigning social benefits","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70550131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diplomacy of Ukrainian statehood from the establishment to the present (the late 1910s - 2020s): Major international partners, dynamics, and specific features","authors":"T. Stoyan","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.33(2).2023.42-56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.33(2).2023.42-56","url":null,"abstract":"Throughout its history, Ukrainian diplomacy has gone through different periods; the legacy of the events of the 20th century is of practical importance for modern Ukraine, the establishment of its statehood, and recognition as an equal subject in the global international arena. Using the achievements of predecessors in this area, considering past mistakes and miscalculations, it is now possible to strengthen the state's diplomatic activity on a democratic basis with specific national characteristics. The purpose of the study is to provide practical recommendations for the development and strengthening of Ukrainian diplomacy at the present stage by identifying theoretical and conceptual approaches to the ways, methods, and means of developing the diplomatic service of the state in different historical periods of the 20th and 21st centuries. The comparative historical method was used to prepare this work, which, through comparison and analysis, identified the key points, features, nature of the interaction, and specifics of the process of diplomatic activity of the Ukrainian state in the 20th – early 21st centuries. The originality and identity of the diplomatic service of the Ukrainian state and the strengths and weaknesses of foreign policy at different stages of the country's historical development were identified. The author outlines the most significant international achievements of the first independent Ukrainian Republic and identifies the key features and basic features that determined the future development of the country's domestic diplomatic corps. The most optimal mechanisms, instruments, and means of Ukraine's international activity to implement them in the modern practice of international relations were indicated. Considering the priority areas for bilateral and multilateral diplomatic cooperation, the author proposes variant solutions and possible scenarios for further transformation of the country's foreign policy course regarding specific vectors of cooperation. The results and conclusions of the work can be used as a framework for future practical research, in particular, in the development and implementation of new systems and mechanisms of the best international practices in the field of diplomatic service in the national foreign policy","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70549553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experience in the fight against separatism in Belgium","authors":"Bakyt D. Kakeshov, Aibek Adilov","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.33(4).2023.33-40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.33(4).2023.33-40","url":null,"abstract":"Many countries in the modern world have faced with the problem of separatism, which can threaten not only the well-being of one individual state, but also the world order as a whole. Thus, it is necessary to study and use the experience of countering this phenomenon on the example of other countries, in particular, Belgium. In this country, there were social contradictions, and eventually the separatist sentiments throughout the entire period of independence. The purpose of this research is to study the methods of combating separatism in the history of Belgium and to analyze the possible use of these methods to counter separatist sentiments at the present stage of development of this country. In the course of this study, a number of methods of theoretical knowledge were used: analysis, synthesis, abstraction, concretization and generalization. As a result of the study, it was determined that different ethnic groups were formed on this territory due to the events unfolded on the territory of modern Belgium, back in the days of ancient history. In the course of the study, it was stated that after gaining independence, two mature national communities were combined in one state. The domination of Wallonia over Flanders was the cause of social contradictions. It has been determined that reaching a compromise is the main method of counteracting social protests and separatism, which manifested in many historical events. It is substantiated that the use of forceful methods of struggle was ineffective. Simultaneously with the use of method of compromise decisions, the principle of balance in the federal authorities is important for Belgium. The results made it possible to note that many decisions (although they were able to preserve the unity of Belgium) increased social contradictions between ethnic groups. This study puts into science a new perspective on the issues of combating separatism in Belgium, and also provides an analysis of how these methods affect the modernity and what variants are possible for the solution of modern problems","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70550188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Main activities of representatives of Ukrainian political emigration in France during the interwar period","authors":"Arian Arian","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.33(2).2023.8-20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.33(2).2023.8-20","url":null,"abstract":"After the defeat in the struggle for independence of Ukraine in 1917-1921, the Ukrainian people faced the question of defending their national interests and protecting their own identity. The events and phenomena that took place in the next 20 years after the Ukrainian revolution were crucial for both Ukrainian and pan-European statehood. The purpose of the study was to: determine the prerequisites, nature, and features of political emigration from Ukraine, in particular, to France, in the interwar period; outline the main activities of Ukrainian political emigrants at the end of the Third French Republic; analyse the main results and consequences of the activities of emigrants from Ukraine in the political and economic field of France and Europe. The main method of scientific knowledge that was used during the writing of this study is the historical-systematic method, by which, using the system principle, key facts, events, and phenomena that took place during the Ukrainian political emigration to France between the First and Second World Wars were identified and structured; the main consequences of the emigrant movement of Ukrainians for the political and social life of France and European countries were outlined and structured. The main results obtained in the course of the study of the presented subject are as follows: the prerequisites and reasons for the emigration of Ukrainians to France after the end of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917-1921 were described, the key areas of activity of representatives of the Ukrainian political elite in Paris were identified, the main consequences and important events that played a historical role in the establishment of Ukrainian statehood during the time of the Third French Republic, as a component of a single European community, were formulated. The results of the study and the conclusions that were obtained during the examination of this issue can be used as a theoretical basis for further research in this area; in addition – for higher education institutions in history, political science, and country studies – as an example of one of the stages of the national struggle of the Ukrainian people for the right to create their own independent state; for scientists in the field of history, archaeology, documentary – as a subject of study to better understand the root causes and consequences of events on the scale of global geopolitical changes; for other scientists whose field of activity is related to the subject of the study","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70549333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The political path of independent Ukraine from the national-state revival to its place in the modern historical process","authors":"Tatyana Meleshchenko","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.33(2).2023.31-41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.33(2).2023.31-41","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of the stated research subject is conditioned upon the fact that at the beginning of 2022, Ukraine faced new challenges that threaten its sovereignty and territorial integrity and are related to russia's armed aggression. The full-scale invasion is frequently justified by russian politicians as a “fall from grace” and a historical misunderstanding. However, there are hundreds of facts that confirm the thesis that Ukrainian statehood is the result of the centuries-long struggle of the Ukrainian people for independence from the empire. The purpose of this research is to analyse the political path of Ukraine from the period of national and state revival to the present stage of historical development. To address the tasks set, the author used a range of general scientific and special research methods, including historical and genetic, political and legal analysis, and comparative and institutional analysis. The results obtained in the course of the study should be considered as the identification of the main stages of the establishment of Ukrainian statehood and the analysis of the events that established and strengthened Ukraine's independence. In addition, the author identifies the reasons for the strengthening of national-democratic movements and ideas during the Ukrainian Revolution in the late 1980s and in independent Ukraine, explains the content of national revival processes in different historical periods, and analyses the prospects for the development of the state against the backdrop of the war with russia. The materials of this study can be used in research and applied fields, and to explore the issues of Ukrainian state-building, nation-state building in the context of independence and transformation of political institutions","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70549401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}