Foreign Affairs最新文献

{"title":"The transition from the Ukrainian orthodox church of the Moscow patriarchate to the Ukrainian orthodox church of the Kyiv patriarchate: History, causes, consequences","authors":"Jun-Ki Chung, Olena Falova","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.33(4).2023.41-48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.33(4).2023.41-48","url":null,"abstract":"The process of transition and eradication of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate is actively continuing in our time, which is why this study is relevant. The article is devoted to the history of the origin of the Ukrainian religion and church, namely the transition from the Moscow Patriarchate to the Kyiv one. The main purpose of this work is to study the prerequisites for the transition of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyiv Patriarchate. The study was carried out using several methods, including: the historical method – it describes the main phenomena and events; the historical-chronological method – it is used to establish the correct order of development of events; the comparative-historical method – it is usually necessary for comparing the studied historical phenomena; the logical method – it describes the historical phenomena on every stage of development. In the article, it is noted the history of the Ukrainian religion, from the beginning of its formation to gaining independence, considering the main events that have influenced the future of the church. The types of church organizations have also been analyzed, and the approximate number of their parishes throughout the country has been noted. Particular attention is paid to the pressure from the leaders of the Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate on other churches in Ukraine, the unwillingness to grant autonomy to the Ukrainian church in order to divide the Ukrainian people and have an impact on society. The prerequisites and reasons for the transition to the Orthodox Church of the Kyiv Patriarchate are determined and the consequences of this event are noted. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the results of the work can be used for further research of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church and it is aimed at researchers and historians involved in the study of this issue","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70549740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The establishment of the countries of “American friends” to the USSR and their current role in world politics","authors":"Antony Miller, Nataliya Galunets","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.33(3).2023.28-35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.33(3).2023.28-35","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of this study is that the foreign policy of countries in different regions of the world in the 21st century is a significant determinant that affects the overall international political process and world politics and is the consequence of past international relations. One of the consequences of the development of Brazil and Argentina and the rapid deterioration of Venezuela was international relations with the Soviet Union in the 20th century. The purpose of this research is to identify and analyse the influence of the Soviet Union on the establishment and current role of Brazil, Argentina and Venezuela in world politics, based on the literature search. The study used the bibliographic method, analysis and synthesis, comparison and induction. It was established that the Soviet Union's international relations with its “American friends” were designed to deplete resources, develop dependence and achieve hegemony in the region, compared to the United States. It is determined that the USSR, in pursuit of leadership over the Latin American region, tried to introduce the ideas of socialism to South America, using mainly commodity relations. Proof of this influence is the establishment of Venezuela, which was influenced by the Soviet Union, followed its ideas and is now the worst-developed country in the region, in contrast to Brazil and Argentina, which, due to alienation, were able to develop both their economic and political position and role in the international arena. The practical significance of this study is manifested in the fact that the results of this work allow an understanding of some aspects of political phenomena for the final use of positive experience in modern political transformations","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70549825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"China-US Relations in the 1940s - Early 2020s: Establishment and Key Challenges","authors":"Jinsheng Zheng","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.33(3).2023.8-16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.33(3).2023.8-16","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of the research subject is conditioned upon the deterioration of diplomatic ties between the United States of America and the People's Republic of China. Clarifying this issue is, in addition, crucial considering the current unstable geopolitical situation. The purpose of the study was to identify the main stages of development of economic, political and social relations between the two countries and the problematic issues faced by the respective states. Methods used in the study: historical method, statistical method, systemic method, method of analysis and synthesis, comparative method etc. The chronology of China-US diplomatic relations was clarified, and the historical events that accompanied the development of the relevant relations were considered. The author examines the impact of these relations on the state of China-US ties, including the impact of World War II, the communist regime in the People's Republic of China, etc. In addition, the study includes statistics related to the so-called “trade war” between China and the United States. The main aspects of the Taiwan issue and the position of both the US and Chinese sides on this territory are clarified. In addition, attention was paid to the US and China's response to the Ukrainian-russian war, etc. The results of the research can be used by sociologists, lawyers and historians to write essays and dissertations. The data obtained can serve as a foundation for improving and enhancing diplomatic relations between the countries examined","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70550045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of natural resources in international relations in the 20th – early 21st century","authors":"Valery Tsybukh","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.33(2).2023.57-64","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.33(2).2023.57-64","url":null,"abstract":"The availability of natural resources has always been one of the most important aspects of international relations, which have historically developed as a system of interconnections between different countries. However, there is a problem of natural resource scarcity in the world, thus, it is necessary to understand how markets influence national policies and how states can intervene and regulate the balance of natural resources and energy markets, which is the relevance of the study. The purpose of the study is to determine the impact of natural resources on the development of international relations in the 20th – early 21st centuries. To achieve this purpose, the study uses general scientific and special methods: historical, synchronous and diachronic, logical, analysis and synthesis, generalisation and quantitative comparison, scientific abstraction, and comparative analysis. The study established that the United States of America, South America and the Middle East had significant reserves of oil, natural gas, coal and precious metals. In addition, as noted, at the end of the 20th century, the issue of energy security was increasingly used to define international energy policy, and at the beginning of the 21st century, energy became one of the important aspects of geopolitics and an instrument of geopolitical competition. The consolidation of economic interests realised through the exploitation of natural resources is becoming the foundation for conflicts between different countries seeking to dominate the global resource market. It is established that the policy of the United States of America in the Middle East was based on an attempt to control natural resources, and in South America - on supporting its national interests. The practical significance of the study allows exploring key issues in international relations for an in-depth understanding of the balance of geopolitical forces in the 20th – early 21st centuries","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70549675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human rights in Europe","authors":"E. Morse, A. H. Robertson","doi":"10.2307/20039820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/20039820","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"56 1","pages":"227"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/20039820","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49550480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"South Africa in Crisis","authors":"J. Blumenfeld","doi":"10.2307/20043453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/20043453","url":null,"abstract":"The policies, perceptions and actions of the different interest groups in South Africa are documented, and their responses to the continuing state of political turmoil analysed in the face of increasing pressure for genuine reform.","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"66 1","pages":"451"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/20043453","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45223077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increased Reach and Effectiveness With a Low-Burden Point-of-Care Tobacco Treatment Program in Cancer Clinics.","authors":"Alex T Ramsey, Timothy B Baker, Faith Stoneking, Nina Smock, Jingling Chen, Giang Pham, Aimee S James, Graham A Colditz, Ramaswamy Govindan, Laura J Bierut, Li-Shiun Chen","doi":"10.6004/jnccn.2021.7333","DOIUrl":"10.6004/jnccn.2021.7333","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tobacco cessation after a cancer diagnosis can extend patient survival by improving outcomes for primary cancer and preventing secondary cancers. However, smoking is often unaddressed in cancer care, highlighting the need for strategies to increase treatment reach and cessation. This study examined a low-burden, point-of-care tobacco treatment program (ELEVATE) featuring an electronic health record-enabled smoking module and decision support tools to increase the reach and effectiveness of evidence-based smoking cessation treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study included adult outpatient tobacco smokers (n=13,651) in medical oncology, internal medicine, and surgical oncology clinics from a large midwestern healthcare system. We examined reach and effectiveness of ELEVATE with 2 comparisons: (1) preimplementation versus postimplementation of ELEVATE and (2) ELEVATE versus usual care. Data were evaluated during 2 time periods: preimplementation (January through May 2018) and postimplementation (June through December 2018), with smoking cessation assessed at the last follow-up outpatient encounter during the 6 months after these periods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The proportion of current tobacco smokers receiving cessation treatment increased from pre-ELEVATE to post-ELEVATE (1.6%-27.9%; difference, 26.3%; relative risk, 16.9 [95% CI, 9.8-29.2]; P<.001). Compared with 27.9% treatment reach with ELEVATE in the postimplementation time period, reach within usual care clinics ranged from 11.8% to 12.0% during this same period. The proportion of tobacco smokers who subsequently achieved cessation increased significantly from pre-ELEVATE to post-ELEVATE (12.0% vs 17.2%; difference, 5.2%; relative risk, 1.3 [95% CI, 1.1-1.5]; P=.002). Compared with 17.2% smoking cessation with ELEVATE in the postimplementation time period, achievement of cessation within usual care clinics ranged from 8.2% to 9.9% during this same period.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A low-burden, point-of-care tobacco treatment strategy increased tobacco treatment and cessation, thereby improving access to and the impact of evidence-based cessation treatment. Using implementation strategies to embed tobacco treatment in every healthcare encounter promises to engage more smokers in evidence-based treatment and facilitate smoking cessation, thereby improving care cancer for patients who smoke.</p>","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"73 1","pages":"488-495.e4"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9173433/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90972776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Primary Care and Endocrinology Clinical Settings: Co-Sponsored by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD).","authors":"Kenneth Cusi, Scott Isaacs, Diana Barb, Rita Basu, Sonia Caprio, W Timothy Garvey, Sangeeta Kashyap, Jeffrey I Mechanick, Marialena Mouzaki, Karl Nadolsky, Mary E Rinella, Miriam B Vos, Zobair Younossi","doi":"10.1016/j.eprac.2022.03.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eprac.2022.03.010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To provide evidence-based recommendations regarding the diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to endocrinologists, primary care clinicians, health care professionals, and other stakeholders.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The American Association of Clinical Endocrinology conducted literature searches for relevant articles published from January 1, 2010, to November 15, 2021. A task force of medical experts developed evidence-based guideline recommendations based on a review of clinical evidence, expertise, and informal consensus, according to established American Association of Clinical Endocrinology protocol for guideline development.</p><p><strong>Recommendation summary: </strong>This guideline includes 34 evidence-based clinical practice recommendations for the diagnosis and management of persons with NAFLD and/or NASH and contains 385 citations that inform the evidence base.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>NAFLD is a major public health problem that will only worsen in the future, as it is closely linked to the epidemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Given this link, endocrinologists and primary care physicians are in an ideal position to identify persons at risk on to prevent the development of cirrhosis and comorbidities. While no U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved medications to treat NAFLD are currently available, management can include lifestyle changes that promote an energy deficit leading to weight loss; consideration of weight loss medications, particularly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; and bariatric surgery, for persons who have obesity, as well as some diabetes medications, such as pioglitazone and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, for those with type 2 diabetes mellitus and NASH. Management should also promote cardiometabolic health and reduce the increased cardiovascular risk associated with this complex disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"40 1","pages":"528-562"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90752958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preventing healthcare-associated infections by decontaminating the clinical environment.","authors":"Sacha McMillan","doi":"10.7748/ns.2022.e11935","DOIUrl":"10.7748/ns.2022.e11935","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) continue to cause patient harm and at increasing rates. Factors contributing to this increase include suboptimal hand hygiene, antimicrobial resistance, and inadequate decontamination of the patient environment and shared patient equipment. To reduce the risk of HAIs and enhance patient safety, it is important that nurses and other healthcare professionals adhere to infection prevention and control guidance, including decontamination procedures. It is also important to identify and address the barriers that can affect adherence to this guidance. This article discusses effective decontamination of the patient environment and non-critical shared patient equipment, the barriers to adhering to guidance and strategies for improving decontamination procedures.</p>","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90862981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infertility-related stress, social support, and coping of women experiencing infertility in Vietnam.","authors":"Lam Q Truong, Thuy B Luong, Thu H Tran, Ngan H Dang, Lien H Nguyen, Trang T Nguyen, Phuong T H Nguyen","doi":"10.5114/hpr.2022.113437","DOIUrl":"10.5114/hpr.2022.113437","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Women with an infertility problem living in traditional and developing countries face extensive social pressure, infertility-related stress, and distress, which possibly affect their choices of coping strategies. The present study aims to investigate the impact of infertility-related stress and social support on coping of Vietnamese women who live with an infertility diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Participants and procedure: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted with 192 women diagnosed with infertility at two hospitals in the north and central regions of Vietnam. Participants completed a questionnaire consisting of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the Copenhagen Multi-centre Psychosocial Infertility coping scales and the Fertility Problem Inventory, and questions about their sociodemographic characteristics, infertility-related history, and key social relationships. Four linear regression analyses were performed on four coping strategies: active-avoidance coping (AAC), active-confronting coping (ACC), passive-avoidance coping (PAC), and meaning-based coping (MBC).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings show that high infertility-related stress significantly predicted the use of avoidance coping strategies (AAC and PAC) among these women, while those with a high level of perceived social support tended to use ACC and MBC. None of the four linear regression models support the moderating role of social support in the relationship between infertility-related stress and coping styles.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study findings show that levels of infertility-related stress and perceived social support have a direct effect on the choice of coping strategies among Vietnamese women diagnosed with infertility. The study results have practical implications in the Vietnamese context, including: (i) the development and adaptation of evidence-based and culturally appropriate interventions and counselling strategies; and (ii) social policy advocacy to better support women diagnosed with infertility, their husbands, and both as couples.</p>","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":"4 1","pages":"129-138"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10681838/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90725317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}