Forest Ecology and Management最新文献

{"title":"Influence of landscape composition and structure on habitat selection of a large herbivore in managed forests along a latitudinal gradient","authors":"Desirée Guidobaldi Stenbacka ,&nbsp;Matteo L. Bastianelli ,&nbsp;Navinder J. Singh ,&nbsp;Marco Heurich ,&nbsp;Göran Ericsson ,&nbsp;Wiebke Neumann","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large herbivores are keystone species in forest ecosystems, influencing forest structure and biodiversity through their selective browsing. Therefore, understanding herbivore habitat selection across spatiotemporal scales in managed forest landscapes is crucial for wildlife and forest management. This study examines how landscape structure (patch size and contiguity, distance to the nearest road) and composition (habitat type and heterogeneity) influence the seasonal habitat selection of moose (<em>Alces alces</em>) across five ecological zones. Using GPS data from 392 adult moose across 21 study sites (56–67⁰N) in Sweden, we combined Hidden Markov Models and Integrated Step-Selection Analysis to apply a patch-landscape approach that considers animals’ behavior-specific responses at the scale of individual habitat patches and the broader landscape matrix. This approach allowed us to assess the role of small-scale habitat features and their spatial arrangement within the larger landscape context for moose movement and patch selection, thereby considering both landscape structure and composition. We found a dominance of landscape composition (i.e. habitat type) shaping moose selection at the patch scale, but also context-specific relevance of landscape structure (e.g. distance to the nearest road, patch size and contiguity). Moose preferred deciduous-mixed and young forests and generally avoided proximity to roads. Individuals occasionally selected for large and well-connected forest patches. Our findings highlight that forest management should prioritize preserving and connecting young and mixed-deciduous forest patches to facilitate moose access to their preferred habitats, thereby helping to distribute moose (and potentially browsing pressure) across forest patches within the managed landscape.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"597 ","pages":"Article 123167"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intraspecific variation in drought tolerance traits in a Nothofagus species (southern beech) in southern South America","authors":"Rocío Urrutia-Jalabert ,&nbsp;Danny E. Carvajal ,&nbsp;Robert Skelton ,&nbsp;Jarmila Pittermann ,&nbsp;María Paz Peña ,&nbsp;Alejandro Cárdenas ,&nbsp;Braulio Gutiérrez ,&nbsp;Roberto Ipinza","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123165","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123165","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Latitudinal gradients have commonly been used to evaluate intraspecific trait variation. However, studies assessing the mechanisms underlying this variability (i.e., genetic differentiation and/or phenotypic plasticity) are highly limited for tree species, especially for those from the Southern Hemisphere. The aim of this study was to evaluate intraspecific variability in functional traits related to drought tolerance and the underlying mechanisms in <em>Nothofagus obliqua</em> (Mirb.) Oerst. (southern beech), an ecologically and economically important tree species in Chile. We measured 11 functional traits and tree radial growth in six populations growing in a common garden and at their site of origin across a latitudinal gradient in the Andean and Coastal Cordilleras of south-central Chile. There were significant differences in most of the evaluated drought tolerance traits across the gradient, although few of them exhibited a clinal trend. From the studied populations, two located in the northern and southern limits of the Coastal Range were the most drought tolerant, probably due to restrictive site-specific conditions. Only two traits, wood vessel proportion and tree-radial growth, were genetically differentiated with the wettest population having the largest radial growth. Plasticity to local environmental conditions is likely to be the key mechanism for <em>Nothofagus obliqua</em> adaptation to climate change. Finally, a weak but significant trade-off between growth and safety was found across the gradient, with populations from wetter environments growing faster and being less drought-tolerant than populations from drier sites. This is the first study of this type carried out in adult trees of the temperate forests of South America. In a climate change adaptation context, our results demonstrated that assisted migration of provenances cannot be broadly recommended, as some northern populations perform poorly when planted in the south.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"597 ","pages":"Article 123165"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population phase-dependent niche requirements may limit outbreaks of the range-expanding mountain pine beetle in the western boreal forest","authors":"Stanley W. Pokorny ,&nbsp;Brian H. Aukema ,&nbsp;Kenneth F. Raffa ,&nbsp;Allan L. Carroll","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123172","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123172","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate warming has exacerbated hyperepidemics by irruptive species in habitats outside their historic range. However, range expansion during epidemics may not result in long-term persistence or proliferation in novel habitats if requirements of sub-outbreak (endemic) populations differ from those of epidemic populations. Mountain pine beetle (<em>Dendroctonus ponderosae</em>), an irruptive bark beetle in western North American lodgepole pine forests, recently breached the Rocky Mountain geoclimatic barrier and expanded into evolutionarily naïve lodgepole pine and jack pine forests. We examined its potential to naturalize in newly invaded habitats by quantifying biotic interactions with trees known to predispose hosts to endemic beetle populations in 16 stands along a transect from the native range to eastern edge of the invasion front. The density of trees susceptible to endemic mountain pine beetle was 3 × greater in native and naïve lodgepole pine than in jack pine. The quality of the endemic niche in novel habitats for <em>D. ponderosae</em>, especially in jack pine, was further constrained by greater competition with other subcortical species. In newly invaded jack pine forests, 50 % of defensively compromised trees were co-occupied by woodboring beetle species versus 20 % in naïve lodgepole and &lt; 1 % in historical lodgepole pine forests, and when woodborers were present, 17 × , 6 × , and 0.25 × more phloem was consumed, respectively. Thus, the niche available to endemic <em>D. ponderosae</em> in western boreal jack pine forests appears to be constrained by both lower resource availability and higher competition, suggesting recurrent outbreaks originating there are unlikely. In contrast, novel lodgepole pine habitats appear suitable for endemic populations, and may generate outbreaks during favorable conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"597 ","pages":"Article 123172"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Typhoon-driven spatiotemporal dynamics of landslides and the implications on carbon fluxes in a subtropical montane forest","authors":"Hsueh-Ching Wang ,&nbsp;Su-Fen Wang ,&nbsp;Chih-Hsin Chung ,&nbsp;Cho-ying Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123166","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Long-term spatiotemporal mapping of landslides is crucial for understanding land surface dynamics and their impact on forest carbon fluxes. In a warming climate, clarifying how landslides interact with changing rainfall and typhoon extremes is critical for hazard assessment and regional forest carbon budgets. This study analyzed 33 years (1990–2022) of Landsat imagery and topography using machine learning (Random Forest) to map landslide dynamics in a 24,386-ha subtropical montane forest in Northeast Taiwan. We also quantified forest aboveground biomass (AGB) losses from landslides using temporally corresponding Landsat and lidar data. We observed pronounced interannual variability, with total landslide coverage ranging from 0.68 % to 3.19 %, and forest-to-landslide transitions driving annual AGB losses of 2–85 Gg yr⁻¹. Although landslide frequency, persistence, and reoccurrence declined exponentially over time, nearly half of affected sites failed repeatedly, indicating persistent spatial susceptibility. Elevation, slope, and aspect emerged as key topographic controls on landslide susceptibility. Extreme rainfall during typhoons, particularly daily maxima (<em>r</em> = 0.559, <em>p</em> = 0.004), was the most dominant driver, underscoring typhoons as primary drivers of disturbance and biomass loss, with AGB losses approximately 14-fold higher in extreme typhoon years than in quiet years. Post-landslide vegetation recovery exhibited a highly variable trajectory and plateaued at ∼63 % of pre-disturbance biomass within 25 years, based on a non-linear asymptotic model. Our analysis highlights that while vegetation recovery contributes to carbon uptake, its effectiveness is constrained by recurrent landslides driven by slope instability and frequent extreme rainfall. As climate change increases typhoon intensity and extreme rainfall frequency, landslide risks and associated carbon losses are expected to rise, while repeated landslides may further disrupt recovery and amplify uncertainty in future carbon dynamics. These findings underscore the need to integrate spatiotemporal disturbance–recovery interactions into global carbon cycle assessments, particularly in vulnerable, typhoon-prone mountain regions like East Asia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"597 ","pages":"Article 123166"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Replication defines reliability – A meta-analysis of aerial insecticide effects on forest arthropods","authors":"Frederik Stein ,&nbsp;Rico Fischer ,&nbsp;Nadine Bräsicke","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123169","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123169","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aerial insecticide application is considered a last-resort measure to prevent tree mortality and stand dieback from insects and is thus an important tool for maintaining forest ecosystem services, particularly in the face of global warming. However, concerns have been raised about the potential adverse side effects of insecticide applications in forests on arthropods. Further contributing to the ongoing debate are several studies that have reported effects that diverge from predictions based on known insecticide properties and application techniques. Yet the empirical evidence for such unpredictable toxic effects remains inconsistent, presumably due to an inadequate study design.</div><div>Here, we provide a systematic meta-analysis of 22 studies on the side effects of aerial applied insecticide, that are currently authorized by German plant protection agencies. In only five studies, we confirmed the employment of true replication; in the remaining 17 studies, we could not exclude the possibility of pseudoreplication. In studies with true replication, we found that, on average, 94 % of the statistically analyzed non-target arthropod study groups responded as predicted. By contrast, only 64 % of responses aligned with these predictable toxic effects in studies lacking true replication. Our findings suggest that the empirical basis of the reported unpredictable toxic effects may not be robust due to inappropriate study design, particularly with respect to replication.</div><div>We provide guidance on incorporating true replication into field design, and recommend appropriate data pooling strategies in statistical analysis to avoid temporal and sacrificial pseudoreplication—both essential for generating reliable and interpretable results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"597 ","pages":"Article 123169"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dearth under earth: Understudied plant-soil-fire feedback as drivers of forest mesophication and oak regeneration failures","authors":"Eva O.L. Legge ,&nbsp;Akihiro Koyama ,&nbsp;Christopher W. Fernandez ,&nbsp;Katherine E.A. Wood ,&nbsp;Narda J. Triviño Silva ,&nbsp;Lars A. Brudvig ,&nbsp;Andrew L. Vander Yacht","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123147","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Regeneration of drought-tolerant and fire-adapted (pyrophytic) trees like oaks (<em>Quercus</em> spp.) is broadly limited by mesophication – a positive feedback where darker, wetter, and cooler microsites promoted by fire suppression favor drought-intolerant and fire-sensitive (pyrophobic) trees like maples (<em>Acer</em> spp<em>.</em>). Given projected increases in fire and drought, mesophication could reduce forest resilience to future stressors. Although the issue is widely recognized, corrective management has almost exclusively focused on aboveground drivers (<em>i.e.</em>, fire suppression effects on fuel and microclimatic properties). We propose a complex feedback framework involving mature and immature trees, fire, and abiotic and biotic soil properties (<em>i.e.</em>, “plant-soil-fire feedback”) that may provide a more complete understanding of mesophication. Focusing on the eastern US, we: 1) review the current mechanistic understanding of mesophication, 2) identify overlooked belowground drivers (<em>i.e.</em>, plant-soil-fire feedback), 3) explore future research needs, and 4) derive forest management implications. We argue that fire suppression directly and indirectly increases soil moisture and nutrient availability and alters soil microbial communities in ways that favor pyrophobic tree species. Such trees then outcompete pyrophytic trees by further promoting such belowground conditions that reinforce their dominance and further exclude fire. We conclude that mesophication cannot be fully understood – or reversed – without considering plant-soil-fire feedback. Such perspective can inform forest management that ensures resilience by promoting drought-tolerant and pyrophytic trees like oaks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"597 ","pages":"Article 123147"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of nitrogen application on growth and mortality of stemwood biomass in coastal forests of British Columbia","authors":"Robbie A. Hember ,&nbsp;Woongsoon Jang ,&nbsp;Melanie Plett","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123174","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123174","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forest nutrient management (FNM) is implemented as a climate change mitigation strategy in coastal British Columbia, Canada. To help parameterize ecosystem carbon balance responses to nitrogen (N) application, we summarized 10-year response of stemwood biomass fluxes to single applications of urea across 68 unique sites. Adding 225 kg N ha⁻¹ increased gross growth and mortality in unthinned coastal Douglas-fir and western hemlock. The increase in net growth was only significant in Douglas-fir owing to high mortality in western hemlock. Responses of gross and net growth were greater in thinned vs. unthinned Douglas-fir. Gross growth response was similar in thinned and unthinned stands of western hemlock, while the mortality response was lower in thinned vs. unthinned stands, leading to significant responses of net growth in thinned western hemlock. Responses to 450 kg N ha⁻¹ were consistently greater than those to 225 kg N ha⁻¹, but nitrogen-use efficiency was lower at the higher dose. In a multiple linear regression analysis, responses increased with stand density index (SDI) and decreased with average tree height at age 50 years (H₅₀). We propose that the correlations with SDI and H₅₀ may represent variation in N demand and supply, respectively. We describe how this predictive model might be applied to improve performance of FNM across the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"597 ","pages":"Article 123174"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reducing logging intensity in north temperate rainforests for climate and economic benefits","authors":"Caren C. Dymond ,&nbsp;Michelle Venter ,&nbsp;Erica Lilles ,&nbsp;Luizmar De Assis Barros ,&nbsp;Ingrid Farnell ,&nbsp;Kristen Hirsh-Pearson ,&nbsp;Juan Pablo Ramírez-Delgado ,&nbsp;Oscar Venter","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123163","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123163","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interior temperate rainforest’s role as a global carbon sink conflicts with lucrative logging revenues. Yet, the relationship between the proportion of trees harvested and whole-ecosystem carbon flux is still unclear. In a large, replicated trial in western Canada, we monitored carbon in the ecosystem and wood products in response to logging of varying intensity: clearcuts, light and heavy partial-cuts, and no harvest. Averaged over the 26 years, net-CO₂e yr⁻¹ emissions increased linearly with logging intensity (R²=0.80 for mature stands). Unharvested stands were sinks (2.2 ± 1.9 MgCO₂e ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹; mean ± standard deviation) and clearcuts were sources (-21 ± 11 MgCO₂e ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), whereas light partial-cuts almost recovered their pre-harvest carbon (-2.9 ± 2.7 MgCO₂e ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). An economic exercise suggests that partially or fully retaining mature trees in interior temperate rainforests can help meet 2050 ‘net-zero’ targets while still providing economic benefits greater than logging if emissions are priced above ∼CAD65 $ MgCO₂e⁻¹.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"597 ","pages":"Article 123163"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The float test as a method to determine acorn viability and activity of insect herbivores during masting and non-masting years in Quercus garryana","authors":"Anastasia L. Popchock,&nbsp;Gareth R. Hopkins,&nbsp;Oswaldo A. Moreno,&nbsp;Angela R. Bullock,&nbsp;Ava R. Howard","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123159","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123159","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oak habitats are declining globally, creating concern for the biodiversity they support. The acorn float test is a widely relied-upon technique for oak conservationists to identify damaged acorns due to its simplicity and speed. However, the biological basis and accuracy of the float test are not well studied. This study used acorns from Oregon white oaks (<em>Quercus garryana</em> Douglas ex Hook.) collected in both masting (2019, 2023) and non-masting (2021) years to examine the biological basis and accuracy of the test for application in oak habitat conservation efforts. Acorns were float tested, examined for damage and presence of insects, and germinated to determine whether the test could detect insect damage and acorn viability. The test accurately predicted 84–89 % of germination in both masting and non-masting years. External and internal examinations for damage yielded significant associations between damage and float test results, damage and acorn density, and insect infestation and float test results. Our data indicate that the float test does have a biological basis in insect-caused damage and is a legitimate method to rely on for quickly determining acorn viability. This technique holds practical applications for ecologists and managers in estimating viable acorn crop size, insect predation rates, and wildlife food availability in oak ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"597 ","pages":"Article 123159"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrogen fertilization has a small but detectable effect on the spectral properties of needles in Norway spruce","authors":"Jussi Juola ,&nbsp;Miina Rautiainen ,&nbsp;Heli Peltola ,&nbsp;Samuli Launiainen ,&nbsp;Aarne Hovi","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123170","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optical remote sensing has been proposed as a tool to guide precise application of fertilizers; however, the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization on the spectral properties of coniferous needles from mature forests are not known. In this extensive pilot study, we present how N fertilization affects the spectral properties, nutrient content, and morphological properties of Norway spruce needles collected from a controlled fertilization experiment in Finland. We found small mean differences (&lt;3 % across the 400–2500 nm range) in reflectance, transmittance, and albedo spectra between the needles collected from fertilized and unfertilized plots. In addition, the results suggest a saturation in the spectral changes beyond moderate (&lt;200 kg N ha⁻¹) levels of N fertilization. The needle spectra enabled predicting morphological properties using partial least squares regression. Specific leaf area and water content showed moderate-to-good generalization (R² values of 0.7 and 0.8, respectively) with low-to-very-low relative RMSEP-% values (6.2 % and 2.2 %, respectively) and narrow confidence intervals (4.8–7.4 % and 1.5–2.8 %, respectively). Nitrogen fertilization had a statistically significant effect on spectra only in current-year needles. We found that an absorption feature centered between 1112–1272 nm showed the best accuracy (83.3 %) in differentiating current-year needles collected from fertilized and unfertilized plots. Our results highlight that N fertilization has a small yet detectable effect on the spectral properties of needles in Norway spruce trees which could be used to develop remote sensing applications for assessing N fertilization in forests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"597 ","pages":"Article 123170"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}